J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., Vol.10 (2): 147 - 153, 2019 Population Density of Empoasca Spp.; Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and the Common Natural Enemies on Faba Bean Plants in Relation to Sowing Dates in Kafr ElSheik Governorate ElSarand, E. A.; E. A. Refaei and M. E. H. ElDewy Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center ,Giza, Egypt Email / [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Leafhoppers, Empoasca spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and The serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera:) are important harmful pests of faba bean, Vicia faba L.( Sakha 1 variety ), which causes considerable loss in yield. So, population density of these and the common natural enemies in relation to sowing dates were studied on faba bean during two successive growing seasons, 2016/17 and 2017/18 at Kafr ELSheikh Governorate. The obtained results revealed that population densities of Empoasca spp. were higher in mid October plantation than mid November plantation in first and second season, respectively with two peaks during both growing season. Population densities of L. trifolii larval recorded two peaks of abundance for the first and second sowing date during the two study seasons. The rate of emerging (Opius sp.) synchronized with high parasitism. Statistical analysis cleared that the positive higher relation between rate of parasitism and population of leafminers larvae in second plantation in first season also, between rate of parasitism and emerged parasitism in second season.The population of L. trifolii in (first season) mid November was significant than first one. The rate of parasitism as well as the emerging parasitoids was significantly higher in mid –November than mid October (second season )Statistical analysis cleared that the population of leafhoppers; rate of parasitism and associated predators were insignificant differ during the two planting dates, while leafminers were significant in first seasons on contrast in the second one. On the other hand, the common predatory were significantly higher on midOctober than madNovember in the second one synchronized with the highest levels of leafhoppers and leafminers. These results could be useful in developing programs of integrated insect management in faba bean fields to reduce . Keywords: population density, parasitism; , Opius sp.; Leafhoppers, Empoasca spp.; Cicadellidae; serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii; integrated and management

INTRODUCTION reliable agents of mortality of these insects (Liu et al. , 2009). In Egypt, faba bean, Vicia faba L. is a main Therefore, it is an important to determine parasitoid nutritive source for human beings and their domestic species that are effective in the region and/or season , as its seeds contain 22% protein, 58% concerned (Tran et al ., 2007; Mujica & Kroschel, 2011 and carbohydrates and 2% fat (Nopke and Nemeck, 2010) in Ueno & Tran, 2015). Amer and Hegazi, 2014) in Egypt, addition to many vitamins and other nutrients (Mohamed reported that Diglyphus isaea was the most predominant et al, 1996). Also, it has the ancillary benefits of a nitrogen species and positively correlated with the leafminer fixation and thus a reasonably low fertility requirement population. (AlAntary et al., 2007). Faba bean is subjected to Nowadays, rice crop is harvested earlier than infestation by several insect pests. Among of which are normal because of release of early maturing varieties; Leafhoppers, Empoasca spp and leafhminers, Liromyiza consequently the land after rice can receive winter crops by trifolii (Burgess) which cause considerable damage either the beginning of October. Thus, faba bean can be in quality and quantity of faba bean yield (Abdallah,2000 cultivated early in October, although the recommended and Mohamed & Silman,2001). Both adults and sowing date is the first half of November (Amer, et al ., nymphs of leafhoppers inject a toxin into the foliage during 1992). feeding causing downcurling of leaf edges, which turn So, the present work was conducted to study the yellow at first, then become brown and began to die effect of early sowing date of faba bean on the population (Nielson,1995 and ElGindy, 2002). This symptom is density of leafhoppers, Empoasca spp. ; leafminer, known as hopper burn. The leafhoppers also transmit Liromiza trifolii (Burgess) and the common natural pathogenic organisms: viruses, mycoplasma, spiroplasma enemies with compared to the recommended sowing date and bacteria. during two successive growing seasons; 2016/17 and The serpentine , Liriomyza trifolii 2017/18 at Kafr ELSheikh Governorate. (Burgess) causes considerable loss in yield as females puncture the upper surfaces of faba bean leaves to oviposit MATERIALS AND METHODS and the hatching larvae live in mines between the two A field experiment was conducted at Sakha surfaces of blades, consuming the palisade tissue, Agricultural Research Station Farm to evaluate the consequently reduces photosynthesis and the leaflets population density of leafhoppers; Empoasca spp. ; leaf become yellow and dry (Schuster and Everett,1983). miner; Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and the common natural Therefore, leafminers are often difficult to control solely by enemies on faba bean plants at two sowing dates; mid chemical (Parrella et al. , 1984), consequently October (early date) and midNovember (recommended integrated pest management with bio control measure can date) during 2016/17 and 2017/18 growing seasons. In each be a promising measure to manage these insects (Salvo & season, an area of 600 m 2 for every sowing date was divided Valladares, 2007 and Liu et al ., 2009). Many species of into three plots (replicates). Sakha 1 variety was provided parasitoids have been reported to attack leafminers, from National Legumes Research Program at Sakha Agric. Liriomyza spp . and such natural enemies are often the most Res. Station. This variety was cultivated in ; mid October(early date) and midNovember (recommended El-Sarand, E. A. et al. date) in every season. The normal agricultural practices were nearly one month of sowing and continued at weekly followed regularly without any pesticidal treatments intervals till the harvest time. Statistical analyses of the throughout the growing season. obtained data were performed by using SPSS and "t"test. To determine the leafhoppers population (nymphs RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and adults), weekly sample of 25 leaflets was chosen at random from each plot representing the three levels of the 1Population fluctuations of leafhoppers , Empoasca plant and the numbers of insects were directly counted spp. And leaf miners, liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) faba early in the morning in the field. With respect to bean plants at two sowing dates: leafminers, the previous same leaflets were picked up and At present time, because of release of early placed in the paper bags, then were transferred to the maturing rice varieties, the land after rice can be cultivated laboratory for inspection of leafminer larvae using a with winter crops by the beginning of October. Thus, the binuclear microscope. farmers cultivate faba bean early in October, although the Regarding the predators, sample of 10 branches recommended sowing date is the first half of November was randomly chosen from each plot and the number of the (Amer, et al ., 1992). Therefore, the effect of early date of common predators was directly counted in the field using a faba bean (midOctober) on the population density of suitable lens. The common predators were Crysoperla leafhoppers, Empoasca spp. , leaf miners, liriomyza trifolii carnea (Steph.); (larvae and adults); Scymnus interruptus (Burgess) and the common predators was evaluated with (Goeze), (nymphs and adults); Paederus Alfierii (Koch.) compared to the recommended date (midNovember) (adults) and Coccinella undecimpunctata (L.) (larvae and during 2016/17 and 2017/18 growing seasons. adults). 1Season of 2016/17: To determine the parasitism rate, infested leaflets Data presented in Table (1) indicated that the plants with leafminer were weekly collected and put on papers of early date (midOctober) received higher number of under laboratory conditions, then checked every day till the leafhoppers (seasonal mean of 35.3 insects/25 leaflets) than emergence of pupae and the emerged pupae were carefully plants of recommended date (midNovember) (seasonal separated from the leaflets. One hundred pupae were mean of 28.01 insects/25 leaflets) without significant divided in to four groups, 25 pupae each and transferred to difference. On the other hand, midNovember plantation petridish (10cm diam.) till the emergence of adults of L. (recommended date) recorded significantly higher numbers trifollii and of parasitoids. The number of parasitized pupae of leaf miners (seasonal mean of 51.32 insects/25 leaflets) and emerged parasitoids were counted and recorded. The than midOctober plantation (seasonal mean of 32.52 emerged parasitoids were identified at systematic insects/25 leaflets). laboratory, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt. Sampling was performed after

Table 1. Mean numbers of leafhoppers , Empoasca spp. and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) larvae /25 leaflets in faba bean fields at two sowing dates during 2016/17 season at Kafr ELSheikh Governorate Sowing of mid October Sowing of mid November Mean Mean Mean Mean Inspection Inspection No. of No. of No. of Empoasca No of dates dates Empoasca spp. L.trifolii larvae spp. L.trifolii larvae Nov.,13 5.00 5.67 Nov.,25 0.00 0.00 Dec.,16 8.33 8.67 Dec.,16 0.00 12.00 19 14.00 17.67 19 6.00 20.00 23 19.67 38.33 23 10.00 30.00 30 26.67 45.67 30 15.00 40.00 Jun.,8 27.00 41.33 Jun.,8 20.00 45.00 15 30.00 40.33 15 25.00 56.0 19 35.67 38.67 19 35.00 70.00 24 37.00 35.67 24 40.00 71.00 30 36.00 40.33 30 38.00 68.00 35.67 47.00 Fab.,2 36.00 56.67 Fab.,2 9 40.33 61.33 9 41.00 57.00 16 45.33 65.67 16 42.00 60.00 26 50.67 59.33 26 46.00 78.00 Mar.,4 61.33 43.67 Mar.,4 20.00 80.00 12 67.00 35.33 12 25.00 79.07 21 59.33 15.33 21 28.00 68.00 28 37.67 13.33 28 33.00 60.67 Apr.,1 36.33 9.67 Apr.,1 45.00 40.00 6 33.00 7.33 6 55.00 35.00 General 35.30+ 32.52+ General 28.01+ 51.32+ mean+ SE* 3.68 4.21 mean+ SE* 0.54 5.14 SE* = Standard error; Ttabulated=2.09 at5;2.88 at 1% Tcalculated for leafhoppers=1.42ns Tcalculated for leafminers=2.68*

148 J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., Vol.10 (2), February, 2019

In general, the infestation by the two insect species Then, the population gradually increased reaching its started to appear in few numbers after one month after maximum of 70.33 and 40.00 insects by Feb.26 th and Feb.9 th sowing. After that, the population increased gradually and on plants of early and recommended date, respectively. fluctuated throughout the growing season. Leafhoppers Thereafter, gradual decrease of population took place till the population reached its maximum by January 24 th with means end of the season. With respect to leaf miners, the first of 37.00 and 40.00 insect/25 leaflets on the plants of early appearance occurred by Nov.20 th on the early sown plants and recommended date, respectively. After that, the (3.67 insect) and by Dec.10 on plants of the recommended population fluctuated and again recorded high number date (26.00 insects). The population, then gradually (67.00 insect/25 leaflets) by March 12 th on plants of early increased recording its maximum on plants of early date date, while the plants of recommended date received again with means of 38.67 and 47.67 insects by Jan.18 th and high number (46.00 insect/25 leaflets) by February 26 th . Feb.16 th , respectively. While, the plants of the After that, the insect population decreased gradually till the recommended date exhibited maximum population by Dec. end of the season. 31 th and Feb.16 th with means of 40.00 and 41.00 insects, that As for leaf miners, the population recorded respectively. After, the population gradually decreased till maximum numbers by December 30 th (45.67 insect/25 the end of the season leaflets) and February 16 th (65.67 insect/25 leaflets) on early These results disagree with Elsarand (2013) who sown plants, while the high population occurred by January found that midOctober plantation, population density of 24 th (71 insect/25 leaflets) and March 4 th (80.00 insect/25 leafhoppers were highly significant in the second season leaflets) on the plants of the recommended date. than that of the first one but he agreement with these results 2Season of 2017/18: of midOctober which it's were higher than midNovember The results shown in Table (2) revealed that the in both season . plants of early date significantly harbored higher population In the other hand, the highest numbers of larvae of L. of leafhoppers (seasonal mean of 30.03 insects/ 25 leaflets) trifolii occurred during January and February during the two than the plants of recommended date (seasonal mean of study seasons. These results agree with the findings of Abou 21.09 insects/ 25 leaflets). Meanwhile, the population of leaf Elhagag and Salman (2001) who found that the population miners did not significantly differ on the plants of the two of L. trifolii recorded three peaks of abundance on faba bean sowing dates as the seasonal mean was 26.00 and 29.38 during Jan. February and March . Also, Kotb (2001) insects/ 25 leaflets). However, the leafhoppers population reported that the larval population of L. trifolii recorded two began to appear in few numbers with means of 10.00 and and three peaks of abundance on faba bean plants. ElDash 2.067 insects/ 25 leaflets by Nov.20 th and Dec.10 th on plants and AboShaeshae (2001) detected four peaks of L. trifolii of early and recommended date, respectively. larvae on broad bean and the highest numbers of larvae occurred during Jan. and Feb. at Shebin El kom region.

Table 2. Mean numbers of leafhoppers , Empoasca spp . and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) larvae /25 leaflets in faba bean fields at two sowing dates during 2017/18 season at Kafr ELSheikh Governorate Sowing of mid October Sowing of mid November Mean Mean Mean Mean Inspection Inspection No. of No. of No. of No. of dates dates Empoasca spp. L.trifolii 1arvae Empoasca spp. L.trifolii 1arvae Nov.,20 10.00 3.67 Nov.,20 0.00 0.00 Dec., 10 11.67 9.67 Dec., 10 2.67 26.00 18 13.33 10.67 18 6.00 30.00 25 15.00 16.33 25 8.00 39.00 31 16.00 20.33. 31 15.00 40.00 17.67 21.33 Jan.,5 16.00 35.00 Jan.,5 18.33 28.33 11 20.00 32.00 11 20.67 38.67 18 17.00 30.00 18 25.67 32.67 23 16.00 28.00 23 29 35.33 35.33 29 28.00 32.00 Feb.,2 37.00 40.00 Feb.,2 35.00 34.00 9 45.33 45.33 9 40.00 38.00 16 67.67 47.67 16 34.00 41.00 26 70.33 43.33 26 30.00 40.00 Mar.,4 68.67 42.67 Mar.,4 25.00 35.00 11 61.33 35.33 11 27.00 31.00 18 55.33 20.33 18 23.00 28.00 27 40.33 18.33 27 23.33 23.00 Apr., 4 40.67 17.67 Apr., 4 24.00 20.00 11 35.33 10.33 11 25.00 18.00 18 30.00 8.00 18 28.00 17.00 General 30.03+ 26.00+ General 21.09+ 29.38+ mean+SE* 4.37 3.04 mean+SE* 2.32 2.18 *SE= standard error SE*;Ttabulated=2.09at5;2.88 at 1% Tcalculated for leafhoppers=2.81* Tcalculated for leafminers=0.91ns

149 El-Sarand, E. A. et al.

In the other hand, the highest numbers of larvae of In the first season (2016/17), results in Table (3) L. trifolii occurred during January and February during the indicated that the numbers of predators firstly appeared in two study seasons. These results agree with the findings of few numbers coinciding with the first appearance of the Abou Elhagag and Salman (2001) who found that the considered insect pests. Then, the population increased population of L. trifolii recorded three peaks of abundance gradually and fluctuated during the growing season recording on faba bean during Jan. February and March . Also, Kotb the highest numbers during February and March on the plants (2001) reported that the larval population of L. trifolii sown in the two dates. Also, the same trend of results was recorded two and three peaks of abundance on faba bean observed in the second season (Table 4). In general, the total plants. ElDash and AboShaeshae (2001) detected four of the predators did not significantly differ on plants sown at peaks of L. trifolii larvae on broad bean and the highest two date during the first season. Meanwhile, in the second numbers of larvae occurred during Jan. and Feb. at Shebin season, the total of the predators was. El kom region. Nassef et al. (2008) recorded 23 peaks of These results agree with those obtained by Khattab L. trifolii larvae during growing season. (2003) who found P. alfierii and Ch. carnea in faba bean 2 Population fluctuations of the common natural fields during two successive seasons;1999/2000 and enemies in faba bean fields at two sowing dates: 2000/01. Also, El Sarand (2005) found P. alfierii and Ch. 1The common predators: carnea in faba bean fields during;1999/2000 and 2000/01 In this study, the common predators in faba bean seasons. Nassef et al . (2008) recorded four species of fields were Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.); Scymnus predators; Ch. carnea , p. alfierii, Sc. interruptus and the interruptus (Goeze); Paederus alfierii (Koch.) and cocenlla true spiders in faba bean fields during 2005/06 and undecemipenctata (L.) at the two sowing dates. Also, the 2006/07seasonsand Kattab et al .(2013) found that four first predator was the most abundant. Because of very low species of associated predators; Ch. carnea ;P. alfierii ; number of every species, the total of predators was taken Scymnus interruptus (Goeze) and true spiders were found into consideration and presented in Table (3 and 4). in faba bean fields

Table 3. Mean numbers of predators/ 10 branches; percentage of parasitism and emerged parasitoids on pupal L.trifolii in faba bean fields at two sowing dates during 2016/17 season at Kafr ELSheikh Governorate Sowing of midOctober Sowing of midNovember Mean % Mean % Inspection % Inspection % No. of emerged No. of emerged dates Parasitism dates Parasitism Predators parasitoid Predators parasitoids Nov.,25 2.33 15.00 5.00 Nov.,25 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dec.,11 4.00 24.00 17.34 Dec. 11 1.67 28.00 18.60 19 4.67 27.28 18.57 19 2.00 30.00 20.00 23 5.33 35.00 25.04 23 3.00 38.00 23.00 30 7.00 40.00 28.60 30 4.67 43.00 30.00 Jan.,8 7.67 50.00 30.00 Jan. .,8 5.00 52.00 35.00 15 8.00 80.43 34.00 15 6.00 60.00 40.00 19 8.67 70.00 30.37 19 8.00 65.00 44.00 24 7.33 52.00 12.50 24 7.00 62.00 39.00 30 6.00 57.01 11.20 30 6.00 61.00 38.00 Feb.,2 8.00 42.86 34.29 Feb.,2 7.67 59.00 35.00 9 8.33 50.06 37.00 9 8.00 51.00 32.00 16 9.00 58.00 38.00 16 7.00 49.00 30.00 26 9.67 66.19 23.00 26 6.00 60.00 35.00 Mar.,4 9.00 46.07 22.12 Mar.,4 4.00 67.00 41.00 12 6.00 35.14 21.74 12 7.00 70.00 46.00 21 8.00 52.09 13.95 21 7.33 60.00 45.00 28 7.00 54.55 27.23 28 8.00 50.00 42.00 Apr.,1 6.00 61.54 23.08 Apr.,1 6.00 40.00 47.00 6 5.00 77.75 11.11 6 7.00 35.00 39.00 General 6.85 + 49.75 + 23.21 + General 5.57 + 50.28 + 34.34 + mean+SE* 0.42 3.86 2.10 mean+SE* 0.52 4.10 2.33 *SE= standard error*;Ttabulated=2.09at5% ; =2.88 at1% Tcalculated for predators=1.91ns ;Tcalculated for emerged parasitoids%=3.55** Tcalculated for parasitism%=0.36 ns Significantly higher on plants of early date than the plants of the recommended date.

2population density of parasitized pupae , Opius sp . on and on December 11 th with a mean of 28% for the second Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess): one. Then, the parasitoid increased gradually recording the The emerging parasitoid was identified as the highest rate of parasitism on January15 th (80.43%) and braconid, Opius basalis (Fischer) results of the first season Apr. 6 th (77.75%) for the first sowing date. While the Table ( 3) revealed that the Opius sp . started in few rate on second sowing date recorded the highest rate of parasitism November 25 th by mean of 15% for the first sowing date on January 19 th (65.00%) and March 12 th (70.00%).

150 J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., Vol.10 (2), February, 2019

With regard to the second season (2016/17), the results in general, the rate of emerging parasitoids synchronized with Table(4) revealed that the Opius sp . started in few rate on high parasitism. Also, the rate of parasitism and emerging November 20 th with a mean of 2% for the first sowing date parasitoids were lower during the first sowing date than and on December 10 th with a mean of 2.30% for the second during the second one in both growing season. The one. Then, the parasitoid recorded the highest rate of emerging parasitoids were significantly higher in mid – parasitism in January 29 th (45.433%) and February November than mid October in two season. Also, rate of 9th .(57.14%)for the first sowing date .While, the second parasitism in the second season were significantly higher in sowing date recorded the highest rate of parasitism on mid –November than mid October. Junuary23 rd (98.00%) and Fabruary12 th (96.00%). In

Table 4. Mean numbers of Predators/10 branches ; percentage of parasitism and emerged parasitoids on pupal L.trifolii in faba bean fields at two sowing dates during 2017/18 season at Kafr ELSheikh Governorate Sowing of midOctober Sowing of midNovember Mean % Mean % Inspection % % No. of emerged Inspection dates No. of emerged dates Parasitism Parasitism predators parasitoid Predators parasitoids Nov.,20 1.67 2.00 1.00 Nov.,20 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dec.,10 2.33 29.60. 16.13 Dec.,10 1.33 2.30 7.00 18 3.00 32.60 21.74 18 1.67 40.00 16.00 25 4.00 31.71 17.07 25 2.67 45.00 21.00 31 6.00 37.27 15.05 31 3.00 50.00 30.00 Jan.,5 Jan.,5 4.30 25.00 12.50 3.33 66.00 32.00 11 11 5.00 33.33 12.60 3.00 78.00 35.00 18 18 5.67 20.66 10.66 2.67 90.00 36.00 23 23 6.00 12.00 7.33 3.00 98.00. 45.00 29 29 7.00 45.43 27.27 3.67 92.00 62.00 29 29 Feb.,2 8.00 27.28 18.18 Feb.,2 4.00 87.00 58.00 9 8.67 57.14 45.71 9 5.33 72.00 53.00 16 9.00 21.62 10.81 16 4.00 65.00 50.00 26 9.67 32.86 17.02 26 3.67 80.00 60.00 Mar.,4 8.00 35.29 17.65 Mar.,4 3.00 83.00 62.00 11 10.00 19.05 14.29 11 5.00 96.00 65.00 18 8 .33 38.89 22.22 18 6.00 80.00 61.00 27 6.00 12.50 6.25 27 6.67 76.00 60.00 Apr.,4 5.00 16.04 8.06 Apr.,4 7.00 72.00 56.00 11 3.67 18.65 9.00 11 9.00 66.00 54.00 18 3.00 20.00 10.00 18 3.00 60.00 50.00 General 6.27+ 27.09+ 15.26+ General 4.05+ 66.59+ 43.48 + mean +SE * 0.54 2.73 2.02 mean +SE * 0.45 5.87 4.25 *SE= standard ; Ttabulated=2.09at5% ; =2.88 at1% Tcalculated for predators=2.92** ;Tcalculated for emerged parasitoids%=5.99** Tcalculated for parasitism%=6.11**

These results are in partially agreed with those of Table 5. Relationship between numbers of larvae of Awadalla (1998 ) and El Samahy (2008) who reported that Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and rate of Diglyphs sp. and Opius sp. were dominant and highly parasitism in two sowing dates during two effective parasitoid against L. trifolii. Also,Aamer and growing seasons; 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 at Hegazi (2014) and Bassiony el al . (2017) in Egypt found Kafr ELSheikh Governorate that two parasitoid wasps Opius dissitus and Diglyphus Sowing of mid Sowing of mid isaea were commonly on faba bean fields. These Season October November parasitoids were detected throughout the growing season of R B R b bean plants. Therefore, this parasitoid can be the most 2016/2017 0.248 0.270 0.948** 1.286** promising bio control agent in Egypt. 2017/2018 0.393 0.437 0.418 0.175 r =simple correlation b=simple regression r tabulated= 0.444 at 1Relationship between numbers of larvae of L.trifollii 5% and 0.5614 at 1% in first season and rate of parasitism in two sowing dates during r tabulated =0.433 at 5% and 0.548 at 1% in second season ): two growing season 2Relationship between rate of pupal parasitoids of Statistical analysis in table (5) show that, there was Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and emerged parasitoids highly significant positive relationship between the number in two sowing dates during two growing seasons of larvae of L. trifollii and rate of parasitism during Data presented in table (6) indicate that relation second sowing date of first season ,while there was between rate of parasitism of L.trifollii and emerged insignificant and positive relation in second season and parasitoids was positive and higher significantly in two midOctober in first season these results are in agreement seasons except midOctober in first season was with those of Awadall (1998)who found that opius sp. insignificant and positive .These results were agreement occurred the highest rates of parasitism in two season . with Kattab et al. (2013) who reported that the rate of

151 El-Sarand, E. A. et al. emerging parasitoids (successful parasitism) synchronized ElSamahy, M.F.M. (2008). Studies on faba bean aphid, with high parasitism Aphis craccivora and faba bean leafminer , Liriomyza trifolii and their natural enemies at Kafr ElSheikh Table 6. Relationship between rate of pupal parasitoids of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) and emerged Governorate. Ph.D. thesis, Fac. Agric.Tanta Univ., parasitoids in two sowing dates during two pp.167 growing seasons: 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 ElSarand, E.A.(2005). Ecological and biological studies on at Kafr ELSheikh Governorate some leafhoppers (Homoptera : Cicadellidae). M.Sc. Sowing of mid Sowing of mid Thesis, Fac. Agric.Tanta Univ; pp.99 Season October November ELSarand,E.A.(2013) Integated management of certain R B R B piercingsucking insects on soybean and faba bean 2016/2017 0.294 0.160 0.835** 0.565** plants at Kafr ELSheikh Governorate. Ph.D. thesis, 2017/2018 0.917 0.677** 0.845** 0.612** Fac. Agric.Tanta Univ., pp192 r =simple correlation b=simple regression r tabulated= 0.444 at 5% Johnson, M.W;S.C. Welter ,N.C.Toscano,I.P.Ting and and 0.5614 at 1% in first season J.T.Trumble (1983) Reduction of r tabulated =0.433 at 5% and 0.548 at 1% in second season leafletphotosynthesis rates by mining activity of Thus, the results will be useful in developing (Diptera: Agromyzidae). J. integrated insect management programs in faba bean fields. Econ.Entomol. 76:10611063 The growers could be advised to minimize use of Khattab,M.A.;R.I.E.Magouz and A.M.M.AboElNaga insecticides to conserve natural (2013). Population denisty of Liriomyza Trifolii (Burgess) in relation to natural enemies in faba bean REFERENCES at Kafer ElSheikh.Egy.J.Plant Pro.Res.1(2):7484 Aamer, N. A. and E.M. Hegazi (2014). Parasitoids Köpke, U. and Nemecek, T. 2010. Ecological services of leafminers, Liriomyza spp.(Diptera:Agromyzidae) faba bean. 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ا ااد طت ا وراق (. Empoasca spp ) و ذ ت اق ((Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess ) وا اء ا ت ال اى و ا ارا ا ا أ ا ، ا ا ر و ا اى ث و ات اث ارا – ة

طت ا وراق (Empoasca spp (Homoptera: Cicadellidae وت ا ق Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera:Agromyzida) أھ اات ا ال اى( 1 ) وا و ال ا وا ااء رب را اة ا ة اات وا اء ا ااة و ا ارا أ () و (ا ) ل ال اي ل ( 2016/ و17 2017/ 18 ) ا. أو ا ا أ ن اد طت ا وراق ن أ أ ا ذرو و ت ا ق ذرو اد ا ارا و اد ا ن أ أ وأظت أ اد وا وا ت ال ات أھ أ ا ا واوا وا ا ذو ا ا ن .Opius sp دور أ اد ذ ت ا ق ار اراء وذ دة أاد ا ا اوج اارء و اد ا . ووت طد ل وج ا ول ا و أاد ت ذ ت ا ق. أظ ا ا ود طد ا ل ا واد ت ت اق اد ا ا اول ل ا وات ار ا ا وا د ا ا اول. وأو ا أن اد طت اوراق ن أ اد اد اول ا ذرو ا و ا ا ان اد ت ت اق L. trifolii أ اد ن ذرو اد ل ا وا .وأظ ا ا ود وق ر اد ات اد ا اول ا اول را ون ل ا و ات ار اارا أ ر ا اد ا اول را ا ا ات ا اول أ ر أ و وق أاد طت اوراق اد ا اول ا ا ا .ووت وق ا ت اد اول وا ا ا. ھة ا أھ ة و ا أدارة ا ت ا ا ل ال اي اام اات.

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