CREATING COMMUNITY When the Consulate General of Ireland Was

Home , Albert Reynolds, Bertie Ahern, Brian Cowen, Charles Poletti, Hugh Carey, John Bruton

1930The Depression s

Construction of the Empire State Building was completed in 1931 with former Governor Al Smith as ﬁrst president of the Corporation.

CREATING COMMUNITY When the Consulate General Consul General of of Ireland was established in New York City in 1930, Ireland in New York William Macauley 1930-34 the world was in the midst of the Great Depression. In Leo McCauley 1934-1946 St. Patrick’s Day Parade Ireland, the 1930s was a period of significant political Grand Marshals 1930 Sheriff Thomas M. Farley and constitutional changes that culminated in the 1931 John F. Curry 1932 Mayor James Walker 1933 Roderick J. Kennedy adoption of the “Constitution of Ireland” in 1937. In 1934 Judge Timothy A. Leary 1935 John J. Walsh the U.S., President Franklin Delano Roosevelt set 1936 Att. Gen. John J. Bennett 1937 Judge William T. Collins about reversing the worst effects of the Depression 1938 Judge William O’Dwyer 1939 Msgr. Michael J. Lavelle

through his New Deal. Culturally, the 1930s was a U.S. Presidents Herbert Hoover 1929-1933 decade of movies, radio, and big bands. Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1933-1945

Offaly Ladies Camogie Team, 1930. Courtesy Fire and Police Department baseball teams New York City Mayors of Kathleen Walsh D’Arcy. at City Hall posing with Mayor Jimmy Walker Jimmy Walker 1926-1932 Fiorello LaGuardia 1934-1945 Douglas Hyde President of Ireland New York State Governors (1938-1945) Al Smith 1923-28 Franklin D. Roosevelt 1929-1932 Herbert H. Lehman 1933-1942

Gone with the Wind, based on the 1936 novel became the movie hit of 1939.

William T. Cosgrave Taoiseach (1922-1932)

1939 Worlds Fair Poster

Éamon de Valera Taoiseach (1932-1937) At the 1939 Worlds Fair Mayor LaGuardia presents medals to Detective Thomas J. Harris and Detective James J. Shea.

Rival Camogie Captains at 1932 Tailteann Games in Ireland.

Images courtesy of Archives of Irish America at New York At the Department of Public Wel- University, Quinnipiac University Press, Irish America fare in 1930 long lines marked Magazine, Consulate General of Ireland New York Archives. 1938 Kerry Team Ribbon the Depression era. With Special Thanks to Dr Maureen Murphy, Hofstra University. Dr. Marion R. Casey, Glucksman Ireland The rst Consulate General of Ireland House, NYU and Brian Andersson, former Commissioner of NYC Records. New York was located in the newly

Produced by Turlough McConnell Communications on opened Graybar Building, near Grand behalf of the Consulate General of Ireland New York, 2011. Central Terminal on Lexington Avenue All rights reserved. 194World0 War II s

Ireland’s President Eamon deValera (on left) gets an ofﬁcial welcome from Grover Whalen, (far right) Chairman of the Mayor’s Committee for Distinguished Guests (far right) at City Hall on March 9, 1949.

World War II and the reconstruction of President of Ireland Douglas Hyde 1938-1945 Europe were the dominant world events Sean T. O’Kelly 1945-1959 of the 1940s. For historical reasons Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Eamon deValera 1932- 1948 Ireland remained neutral in World War W. T. Cosgrave 1948-1951 Consul General of II. The U.S., also initially neutral, joined Ireland in New York Leo McCauley 1934-1946 the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor Sean Noonan 1946-1947 M. Garth Healy 1947-1954

on December 7, 1941. Significant St. Patrick’s Day Parade Grand Marshals numbers of Irish and Irish Americans 1940 Judge Christopher J. McGrath 1941 John J. Splain 1942 John J. McCarthy joined in the war effort; their heroism is 2 1943 Brig. Gen. John J. Mangan 1944 Capt. Stephen J. Meany, SJ. reflected in the record number of Medal 1945 Msgr. Patrick J. O’Donnell 1946 John S. Burke of Honor recipients. 1947 Brig. Gen. William P. Cavanaugh 1948 Judge Owen W. Bohan 1949 John A. Coleman, Jr.

1 U.S. Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-1945 Harry Truman 1945-1953

New York City Mayors Fiorello LaGuardia 1934- 1945 William O’Dwyer 1946-1950

New York State Governors Herbert H. Lehman 1933-42 Charles Poletti 1942-1954 3 Thomas Dewey 1943-1954

1. The ﬁve Sullivan Brothers on board 4 5 the USS Juneau. All died in the 1942 Battle of Guadalcanal.

2. Korean War Memorial to Irish-born soldiers who died in this war (1950-1953.) Located at historic Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn.

3. Men playing cards under campaign posters for the 1941 Democratic New York mayoral candidate William O'Dwyer.

4. The Fighting Irish of the 69th Regiment landed in Makin Island in 1943. The name is said to have been given to the regiment by Robert E. Lee during the Civil War and was passed along via chaplains to the University of Notre Dame.

Images courtesy of Archives of Irish America at New York 5. 1945 Award wining movie The Bells of University, Quinnipiac University Press, Irish America St. Mary’s with Bing Crosby and Ingrid Magazine, Consulate General of Ireland New York Archives. Bergman. Crosby and Barry Fitzgerald With Special Thanks to Dr Maureen Murphy, Hofstra won Oscars for 1944 lm Going My Way. University. Dr. Marion R. Casey, Glucksman Ireland House, NYU and Brian Andersson, former Commissioner of NYC Records.

Since 1904, New York claims the largest cluster of Irish societies. Here is the United Irish Counties Association Ball, 1953. Courtesy of AIA/NYU Geraldine O’Reilly Johnson

Immigration from Ireland increased in the 1950s. While 3. Mayor William O’Dwyer’s Farewell President of Ireland Parade at City Hall, August Sean T. O’Kelly 1945-1959 a loss for Ireland, these emigrants revitalized Irish 31, 1950. Eamon deValera 1959-1973

organizations in New York like the United Irish Counties 4. Sybil Connolly was Taoiseach Ireland’s leading fashion Eamon deValera 1951-1954 and the Gaelic Athletic Association. Occurring at the designer. W. T. Cosgrave 1954-1957 Eamon deValera 1957-1959 same time was a drift to the suburbs, away from the old 5. Irish-American movie Sean Lemass 1959-1966 star Gregory Peck with fellow Irish ﬁlm director Consul General of parish-based Irish neighborhoods. In 1950s America, John Huston read from the Ireland in New York novel of their 1956 lm, M. Garth Healy 1947-1954 religious vocations were at a peak with Irish-Americans Moby Dick. John Conway 1955-1961 St. Patrick’s Day Parade 6. The Quiet Man, still a dominating the hierarchy. Ireland became a member of Grand Marshals worldwide favorite movie, 1950 Police Comm. William O’Brien was the hit of 1952 directed the United Nations during the 1950s, and has remained 1951 Rev. Donal O’Callaghan by John Ford and starring 1952 Judge Eugene McAuliffe John Wayne, Maureen 1953 Police Comm. George P. Monaghan a committed member ever since. O'Hara, Victor McLaglen 1954 Mayor Robert Wagner and Barry Fitzgerald. 1955 John R. Kane 1956 Sean P. Keating 1957 Judge James J. Comerford 1958 Timothy J. Driscoll 1959 William J. O’Brien

U.S. Presidents Harry Truman 1945-1953 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961 3 New York City Mayors William O’Dwyer 1946-1950 Vincent Richard Impellitteri 1950-1953 4 Robert F. Wagner, Jr. 1954-1965

New York State Governors W. Averell Harriman 1955-1958 Nelson A. Rockefeller 1958-1973

Sean T. O’Kelly President 1945-1959

1 5

1. Sean MacBride, Foreign Minister of Ireland at New 2 6 Sean Lemass York City Hall, with (l to r) Taoiseach Mayor William O'Dwyer 1959-1966 and Grover Whalen.

2. Memorial headstone of the are Irish born soldiers who died in Korea. 196The Kennedys0s

In June, 1963 President John F. Kennedy made an historic trip to Ireland, the birthplace of his ancestors. From Dublin to New Ross, Wexford, Cork, Galway and Limerick he received a hero’s welcome.

The early 1960s were the Kennedy Years in the U.S. 3. President Kennedy being kissed by his President of Ireland cousin Mary Ryan at his Eamon deValera 1959- 1973 and in Ireland. The 1960 U.S. Presidential election ancestral home in Wexford while his sisters Eunice Taoiseach (Prime Minister) proved not only that the Irish could apply, but also Shriver and Jean Kennedy Sean Lemass 1959-1966 Smith look on. Jack Lynch 1966-1973 that they could send an Irish-American to the White 4. At the White House Consul General of Ireland in New York House. During the 1960s, Ireland experienced President Eamon de Valera, inspects the U.S. guard of John Conway 1955-1961 honor with President Lyndon Joseph S. Shields 1961-1962 relative economic prosperity, which, along with B. Johnson and Commander Jack O’Brien 1962 – 1966 Joseph B. Conmy. Frank A. Coffey 1966-1968 changes in the United States Immigration Laws, led Charles V. Whelan 1968-1970 St. Patrick’s Day Parade to a drop in immigration to the U.S. The American Grand Marshals 1960 John F. Geoghan Committee for Irish Studies established Irish 1961 Bor. Pres. John (Pat) Clancy 1962 James A. Farley Studies as an academic discipline. 1963 General Martin H. Meaney 1964 Rev. Sean S. Reid 1965 David Sullivan 1966 Frank D. O’Connor 1967 Lt. Gov. Malcolm Wilson 1968 John V. Lynch 1969 Rev. John Barry

U.S. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-1961 John F. Kennedy 1961-1963 Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969 Richard M. Nixon 1969-1974

3 New York City Mayors Robert F. Wagner, Jr. 1954-1965 John Lindsey 1966-1973

4 New York State Governors Nelson A. Rockefeller 1958-1973

Jack Lynch Taoiseach 1966-1973 1

One of the most 1. The Clancy Brothers in uential writers of and Tommy Makem the 20th century, perform at their 1993 Samuel Beckett milestone concert “In Person was awarded the at Carnegie Hall” Nobel Prize for literature in 1969. 2. On July 20th 1969 while Irish-American Michael Collins orbited the moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin made the rst manned landing on the lunar surface. 1970sThe Troubles

Ten Governors from the original 13 States visit Ireland to mark the U.S. Bicentennial in 1976.

In the late 1960s, a civil rights crusade modeled on the American civil rights President of Ireland movement, arose in the North of Ireland to counter decades of discrimination Eamon deValera 1959-1973 Erskine H. Childers 1973 Cearbhall O’Dalaigh 1973-1976 in employment, housing, and politics. This pacifist movement was derailed in Patrick Hillary 1976-1990 the 1970s by widespread unrest and violence. During these troubled times, Taoiseach Jack Lynch 1966-1973 Liam Cosgrave 1973-1977 the Consulate facilitated meetings between peacemakers from both sides of Jack Lynch 1977-1979 Erskine H. Childers Charles Haughey 1979-1981 the Irish border and American negotiators, including the “Four Horsemen” President of Ireland Consul General of (1973) (Hugh Carey, Ted Kennedy, Pat Moynihan, Tip O’Neill), who supported the Ireland in New York Charles V. Whelan 1968-1970 2 Kevin Rush 1970-1975 peaceful resolution to the troubles in Northern Ireland. The visit of American Gearoid O’Clerigh 1975-1980 governors to Ireland stimulated trans-Atlantic economic ties. In 1973 Ireland St. Patrick’s Day Parade Grand Marshals 1970 John “Kerry” O’Donnell joined the EEC, a move that dramatically altered the nation’s social, economic 1971 Patrick J. Grimes 1972 Alfred Y. Morgan and political landscape. In New York City, The Irish Arts Center was founded in 1973 John W. Duffy 1974 Paul O’Dwyer 1972. New Irish immigrants arrived in the 1970s, but the 1965 U.S. restrictions 1975 Pol.Comm. Michael J. Codd 1976 Governor Hugh Carey Cearbhall O’Dalaigh 1977 Councilman Thomas Cuite sent some of them underground after their visitors’ visas expired. President of Ireland 1978 James “Barney” Ferguson (1973-1976) 1979 John J. Sweeney

U.S. Presidents Richard M. Nixon 1969-1974 1. “Treasure of Early Gerald Ford 1975-1976 1 Irish Art, 1500 B.C. to Jimmy Carter 1977-81 1500 A.D.” Exhibited at The Metropolitan Museum 3 New York City Mayors of Art and other US venues John Lindsey 1966-1973 in 1977. Abraham Beame 1974-1977 Edward I. Koch 1978-1989 4 2. Paddy Moloney and New York State Governors The Chieftains. The Nelson A. Rockefeller 1958-1973 six-time Grammy award Malcolm Wilson 1973-1974 winners also won an Oscar Patrick Hillary for Barry Lyndon in 1976. President of Ireland Hugh Carey 1975-1982 (1976- 1990) 3. The Abbey Theatre Group visit New York. A young lm director Jim Sheridan, in tee shirt, stands next to Mayor Ed Koch.

4. Mayor Ed Koch at the St. Patrick’s Day Parade.

5. Pope John Paul II is met by an enthusiastic crowd at Dublin Airport Liam Cosgrave in 1979. Taoiseach (1973 -1977)

5 1980sImmigration

Ireland’s Taoiseach Dr. Garret Fitzgerald presents shamrocks to President Ronald Reagan at the White House on St. Patrick’s Day. A tradition that continues each year.

The 1980s was a challenging decade for Ireland politically and economically. President of Ireland High unemployment let to substantial emigration and a rise in the numbers of Patrick Hillary 1976-1990 Taoiseach undocumented Irish citizens living in the U.S. In 1984, the same year that Charles Haughey 1979-1981, 1982, 1987-1992 President Reagan visited Ballyporeen, the Taoiseach, Dr. Garret FitzGerald, Garrett Fitzgerald 1981-1982, 1982-1987

addressed the U.S. Congress on the topics of Northern Ireland and Anglo-Irish Consul General of Ireland in New York relations. The signature of the Anglo-Irish Agreement the following year marked Gearoid O’Clerigh 1975-1980 Sean O’hUiginn 1980-1983 a major milestone in the Northern Ireland peace process. The Irish Repertory Jim Flavin 1983-1987 Daithi O’Ceallaigh 1987-1993

Theatre was founded in New York in 1988. St. Patrick’s Day Parade Grand Marshals 1980 William J. Burke 1981 Joseph P. Kennedy 1982 Bro. Charles B. Quinn 2 1983 Michael Flannery 1984 Thomas “Teddy” Gleason 1.Taoiseach 1985 Controller Peter King Fitzgerald addresses 1986 Alfred O’Hagan Congress with Vice 1987 John Lawe President George W.H. 1988 William Burke Bush and House Speaker 1989 Dorothy Hayden Cudahy Tip O’Neill. U.S. Presidents Jimmy Carter 1977-81 2. Taoiseach Charles Ronald Reagon 1981-1989 Haughey addresses the George H.W. Bush 1989-1993 Friendly Sons of St. Patrick Dinner in New York City Mayors Manhattan as Senator Edward I. Koch 1978-1989 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (2nd far left) looks on. New York State Governors Hugh Carey 1975-1982 3. Tanaiste Brian Mario Cuomo 1983-1994 Lenihan with the Irish Immigration Working Committee in 1988

4. Edward M. “Teddy” Kennedy was a champion 3 of immigration reform starting in the 1980s.

5. Oscar winners Daniel Day Lewis and Brenda Fricker stars of My Left Foot. Charles Haughey Taoiseach 1979-1981, 1982, 1987-1992

1 4 5 199Peace in 0sIreland

President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, at right, wave to over 100,000 Dubliners who welcomed the couple to Ireland in 1995.

Ellis Island celebrated its centenary with a statue President of Ireland of Annie Moore, the first person who landed on Patrick Hillary 1976-1990 Mary Robinson 1990-1997 the Island when it opened in 1892. With the Mary McAleese 1997- Taoiseach help of the Clinton White House, the Good Charles Haughey 1987-1992 Albert Reynolds 1992-1994 Friday Agreement brought peace to Northern John Bruton 1994-1997 Bertie Ahern 1997-2008

Ireland in 1998. The Clintons celebrated the Consul General of Ireland in New York accord with a visit to Ireland in December of Daithi O’Ceallaigh 1987-1993 Donal Hamill 1993-1997 that year. Undocumented Irish were heartened Barrie Robinson 1997-2001 St. Patrick’s Day Parade by the Morrison and Schumer programs that Grand Marshals 1990 Edward Sheehan offered a lottery visa system to those seeking 1991 Mary Holt Moore 1992 Cornelius “Connie” Dolan 1993 No Grand Marshal immigrant status in the United States. The 1 2 1994 Congressman Thomas Manton 1995 Cardinal John O’Connor Emerald Isle Immigration Center opened in 1996 William J. Flynn 1997 John L. Lahey Woodside, Queens, in 1990; the Aisling Center, 1998 Albert Reynolds 1999 Maureen O’Hara

with its special mission for seniors, was founded in U.S. Presidents George H.W. Bush 1989-1993 Yonkers in 1996. The 1990s was an outstanding William J. Clinton 1993-2001

New York City Mayors decade for Irish arts in America. The 1990s David Dinkins 1990 -1993 Rudolph Giuliani 1994-2001 also marked the election of John Sweeney as New York State Governors elected President of the AFL-CIO on a platform Mario Cuomo 1983-1994 George Pataki 1995-2006 promising to revamp, reform, and revitalize the powerful union. 3 4 5 Mary McAleese President of Ireland (1997-) 1. Liam Neeson stars as Michael 5. Jean Kennedy Smith, founder of Collins in lm by Neil Jordan. Very Special Arts, was appointed U.S. Ambassador to Ireland in 1993. 2. President Mary Robinson attends the dedication of statue to 6. Glucksman Ireland House Annie Moore, the rst person to pass opens in 1993. Left to right: Lewis through Ellis Island. L. Glucksman, L. Jay Oliva (President of NYU), Albert Reynolds (Taoiseach of 3. Michael Flatley’s pathway to Ireland), Loretta Brennan Glucksman. stardom went from Riverdance to John Bruton Lord of The Dance. 7. Poet Seamus Heaney was Taoiseach awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature (1994-1997) 4. Frank McCourt author of 1996 in 1995. Other literature laureates Pulitzer Prize winning memoir include: William Butler Yeats, 1923; “Angela’s Ashes.” George Bernard Shaw, 1925; Samuel Beckett, 1969; Seamus Heaney, 1995.

6 7 2000The Irish Diaspora s

The 2010 St. Patrick’s Day Parade pauses for a blessing from Archbishop Dolan at St. Patrick’s Cathedral

The Irish-American community suffered significant losses among the 343 members of President of Ireland the NYC Fire Department and the 23 members of the NYPD who died in the line of Mary McAleese 1997- Taoiseach duty on 9/11. The parade of honor in their memory was a moving feature of the Bertie Ahern 1997-2008 Brian Cowen 2008-2011 2002 St. Patrick’s Day Parade. President Mary McAleese opened the Irish Hunger Consul General of Ireland in New York City Memorial in Battery Park City in 2002. A new generation brought energy and diversity Barrie Robinson 1997-2001 Eugene Hutchinson 2001-200? to Irish games and to traditional Irish dance. The Irish Repertory Theatre won the Tim O’Connor 200?-2007 Niall Burgess 2007-2010 2007 Jujamcyn prize for “the resident theatre that made an outstanding contribution Noel Kilkenny 2011-

to the development of creative talent.” In 2011 the St. Patrick’s Day Parade celebrates St. Patrick’s Day Parade Grand Marshals 2000 Dr. Kevin Cahill 250 years – the longest running parade in the United States. 2001 Edward J. Malloy 2002 Cardinal Edward Egan 2003 James G. O’Connor 1 2004 Thomas W. Gleason 2005 Denis P. Kelleher 2006 Timothy J. Rooney 1. 9/11 Tribute in Light. 2007 Raymond L. Flynn On the anniversary of 9/11 2008 Thomas “Tommy” M. Smyth searchlights create two 2009 Michael “Mike” Gibbons vertical columns of light in 2010 Police Comm. Ray Kelly remembrance. 2011 Mary Higgins Clark

2. Mayor Michael U.S. Presidents Bloomberg and An William J. Clinton 1993-2001 Taoiseach Bertie Ahern George W. Bush 2001-2009 unveil a plaque at New York Barack Obama 2009- birthplace of President Eamon DeValera. New York City Mayors Rudolph Giuliani 1994-2001 3. President McAleese Michael Bloomberg 2001- addresses Congregation New York State Governors Shearith Israel of the City of George E. Pataki 1995- 2006 New York in the presence of Eliot L. Spitzer 2007-2008 Christine C. Quinn, Speaker David A. Paterson 2008-2011 of the New York City Council, New York City Mayor, Michael R. Bloomberg and Dr. Janice Shorenstein, New York Jewish Community Relations Council. 2 3

4. Irish government ministers visit Irish 4 55 6 Hunger Memorial at Battery Park City.

5. An Taoiseach Edna Kenny and Port Authority Police Of cer Kieran Reilly at Ground Zero, the World Trade Center.

6. An Taoiseach Brian Cowen opens the new Gaelic Park in the Bronx.