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General Characteristics and Origins of English Idioms with a Proper Name Constituent

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General Characteristics and Origins of English Idioms with a Proper Name Constituent GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ORIGINS OF ENGLISH IDIOMS WITH A PROPER NAME CONSTITUENT A Study Based on their Etymology as Available in the Typical Compilation University of Tampere Department of English Pro Gradu Thesis Autumn 2005-09-27 Heikki Reijonen ABSTRACT The data consists of the one hundred English idioms with a proper name constituent, occurring most frequently in the ten final sources containing the most PN idioms among the twenty original works, whose 500 idioms are also used for numerical comparisons. The aim of this thesis is to chart the terrain of modern English proper name idioms, i.e. to find their general features: where they derive from, in what forms and structures they normally appear, how they are located in British and American geography, and what type of sphere of activity and attitudinal tone they represent. This study also seeks to find out what information is given in the data on each person or locality that has lent its name to the idiom. To this end, three aspects for each idiom were checked in the idiom compilations (the sources), and the Oxford English Dictionary (the reference work): definition, etymology, and the first quotations of actual use. By information value, the sources studied fell into three categories: 1) those seldom extending beyond the definition (OxfId, ChambId, LongId), 2) those adding to the definition some sort of derivation (R&S, CollId, Noble), and 3) those defining, deriving, and usually also ’backlighting’ the idiom from various perspectives (Brewer, M&M, Hunt, and Funk). In summary, the typical source is likely to enhance the general reader’s conception of some of individual idioms, but is equally likely, on the whole, to leave the inquisitive (etymologically-minded) student rather dissatisfied: the mean grade scored by the ten sources was 2.04 out of the maximum of 3. The mean value of the best presentations for each idiom, however, amounted to 2.66 as against the 2.47 attained by the OED, implying that an idiom dictionary of sound overall quality will at best be equal, even superior, to the OED in terms of information value. Findings on the Oxford English Dictionary showed that, inevitably, it has its imperfections – even failures – proving its vulnerability. Yet, in contrast with these inadequacies, it was found on several occasions to excel any of the ten sources in its accurate, factual, and reliable information. This thesis also showed that the ‘birth-date’ of a proper name idiom is seldom fixable to an accurate year, let alone month or day. Instead, it typically requires several years to gain popularity, and often a decade or more to become established. This aspect is perhaps partly due to an idiom’s frequent birth as a word of mouth, put forth to meet a given discoursal challenge; it is often a great deal later that the idiom finds its way into literary use; hence, it is usually difficult to pinpoint an idiom back to a certain date. In addition, certain structural patterns emerged from the studied proper name idioms, outstanding certain others: person name idioms over place name idioms, idioms with a British names over those with non- British ones, idioms with first names over those with other name classes, noun phrase idioms over idioms with other phrase types, male name idioms over female name ones, negative idioms over neutral ones, and neutral idioms over positive ones, whether male of female. These patterns in the data would deserve a systematic study on a large corpus, with a view to establishing the extent the present findings would coincide with the new observations. It would be of equal interest to find to what extent the structural typology developed for this thesis (the matrix) would conform to that yielded by such a massive corpus. All these interesting issues remain, however, to be investigated by future research. CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION 5 BACKGROUND II AIMS OF THE STUDY 10 III GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS – CONCEPTS RELEVANT FOR 13 THE STUDY III.1 GENERAL DEFINITIONS 13 III.2 SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS 14 III.3 GENERAL FEATURES OF PROPER NAMES 17 III.4 SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF IDIOMS 20 III.5 QUALIFICATION PROBLEMS 23 III.6 CLASSIFICATION OF IDIOMS 28 IV THE DATA 31 IV.1 ON THE GENERAL FAMILIARITY OF THE BACKGROUND OF 31 PROPER NAME IDIOMS IV.2 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE DATA 34 IV.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF DATA 36 ON THE FORMATION OF PROPER NAME IDIOMS AN OUTLINE ON THE FORMATION OF PROPER NAME IDIOMS V METHODS OF DICTIONARY ANALYSIS 49 V.1 THE STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK 49 V.2 TERMINOLOGY FOR THE CREATION OF STRUCTURAL 52 FRAMEWORK V.3 THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM DEVISED FOR THIS STUDY 54 V.4 CRITERIA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE GENERAL 60 INFORMATION VALUE OF THE TYPICAL IDIOM DICTIONARY VI DICTIONARY ANALYSIS 64 VI.1 INTRODUCTORY INQUIRY INTO INFORMATION ON THE 64 COLLECTED PROPER NAME IDIOMS AS ACCOUNTED FOR IN THE STUDIED IDIOM DICTIONARIES AND IN THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY VII DISCUSSION ON DICTIONARY ANALYSIS 162 VII.1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE TREATMENT OF PROPER 162 NAME IDIOMS IN THE IDIOM DICTIONARIES STUDIED VII.2 FINDINGS ON THE OUTCOME OF ANALYSIS ON THE OED 167 VII.3 FINDINGS ON THE EXPLANATIONS PRESENTED IN THE 174 OED IN COMPARISON WITH THOSE IN THE IDIOM DICTIONARIES VIII LEXICAL FEATURES OF PROPER NAME IDIOMS 181 SOME SPECIAL FEATURES IN PROPER NAME IDIOMS ON VIII.1 ON THE DATING OF PROPER NAME IDIOMS 181 VIII.2 ON THE FREQUENCY OF PROPER NAME IDIOMS 183 VIII.3 ON THE LOCALIZATION OF PROPER NAME IDIOMS 187 VIII.4 ON THE AREAS WHERE PN-IDIOMS HAVE ORIGINATED 189 VIII.5 ON LITERARY VERSUS OTHER ORIGINS 194 VIII.6 ON THE CONTENT OF BIBLICAL PHRASES IN THE DATA 198 VIII.7 ON THE ATTITUDINAL CONTENT IN PROPER NAME IDIOMS 200 VIII.8 ON THE ATTITUDINAL CONTENT OF MALE VERSUS FEMALE 202 PROPER NAME IDIOMS VIII.9 ON THE STRUCTURAL TYPES REPRESENTED IN THE DATA 207 OBSERVATIONS ON MATRIX ANOMALIES IX CONCLUSION 216 CONCLUDING COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK IX.1 FINDINGS IN A SUMMARY 216 IX.2 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 221 WORKS CITED 226 APPENDIX 1 231 APPENDIX 2 235 APPENDIX 3 238 5 I. INTRODUCTION I.1. BACKGROUND "No one, whether of low or high degree, goes nameless once he has come into the world; everybody is named by his parents the moment he is born", is written in Homer's Odyssey (VIII, ll.552-4). This fact, stated some three thousand years ago, still fascinates minds like the present author's; for it is the very uniqueness of a proper name, whether given to a person or place, uniqueness carrying some special mysticism inherent in it that separates each and every named individual from the 'grey mass' of all nameless things. Language, then, as a mental medium, is a fascinating phenomenon - perhaps the most intriguing of the qualities particular to humanity. A few black dots on white can amount to such tremendous impacts as transforming an individual's whole life: his or her thought, attitudes and mode of experience; "Your sins are forgiven, go in peace" have worked miracles among us for two millennia. This, of course, is not an outcome of mere words; words contain power only as much as the thought behind them is powerful. Yet, the present writer has been captivated, instead of semantic power, by semantic reference and its uniqueness: the realm of proper names, which refer to a single person or place. His original interest was aroused at grammar school, when 'carrying coals 6 to Newcastle' and 'Hobson's choice' came forth on the pages of English textbooks. Further interest in proper names in English idioms was inspired by some idiom compilations, most notably the three- volume Book of English Idioms by V.H. Collins. When studies carried the student to the university, this interest took the form of finding out the origins to these many-faceted expressions, the origins of the persons and places that had lent their identities to such phrases. The next step was to collect an adequate number of such compilations of English idioms with a proper name constituent. The ideal domain for such a collection was thought to be the department library at Helsinki University. There the present research project was launched: the literary collections were charted and run through, with the outcome of some 40 books containing English idioms. (All these are listed in the bibliography; first the final selection of ten works with 100 idioms (or 'Dictionaries of idioms studied systematically'), and, next, the preliminary gathering of the 26 works ('Other dictionaries of idioms consulted in the course of the study') remaining after the exclusion of the above.) At the next stage, some twenty compilations were found to cover at least some aspects of idioms with a proper name constituent to qualify as source material. A careful study of these rendered close to 500 items with a proper name element. 7 The discovered wealth of proper name idioms, as they will be called for short from now on, was amazing. In addition, they were found to be of vastly varying types and forms, and related to greatly varying cultural connections and periods of time. With a number as large as this, especially with a view to crosschecking the idioms against the Oxford English Dictionary data at several points, some modes of exclusion proved necessary. In other words, criteria were to be created for determining an adequate and appropriate amount of source material in terms of idiom entries. These appeared to be twofold, and somewhat conflicting: it was imperative, first, to ensure that the conditions of validity and reliability were met, and second, to keep the workload of conducting the designed analysis within limits of manageability.
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