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Long-Term Variability of Winter Nitrate Concentrations in the Northern Wadden Sea Driven by Freshwater Discharge, Decreasing Riverine Loads and Denitrification

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Long-Term Variability of Winter Nitrate Concentrations in the Northern Wadden Sea Driven by Freshwater Discharge, Decreasing Riverine Loads and Denitrification Helgol Mar Res (2008) 62:49–57 DOI 10.1007/s10152-007-0092-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Long-term variability of winter nitrate concentrations in the Northern Wadden Sea driven by freshwater discharge, decreasing riverine loads and denitrification Justus E. E. van Beusekom Æ Sieglinde Weigelt-Krenz Æ Peter Martens Received: 24 August 2007 / Revised: 14 October 2007 / Accepted: 19 November 2007 / Published online: 24 November 2007 Ó Springer-Verlag and AWI 2007 Abstract The hypothesis of a recent reversal in the winter nitrate concentrations in the Northern Wadden Sea eutrophication of the Wadden Sea and the potential of compared to the German Bight. It is hypothesised that a inshore waters in denitrification is explored. Salinity, large part of the unexplained variability is related to temperature and nitrate concentrations in the List Tidal weather-dependent changes in residence time of tidal water Basin (Northern Wadden Sea) have been measured about masses in the Wadden Sea and circulation patterns within twice weekly since 1984. Salinity has a clear seasonal the German Bight. cycle with lowest salinities of about 27 in late winter and highest salinities of about 31 in summer. Mean annual Keywords Wadden Sea Á Salinity Á Nitrate Á deviations from the long-term mean salinity correlate sig- Eutrophication Á Denitrification nificantly with riverine freshwater discharge. Winter nitrate concentrations are generally high (about 50 lM on aver- age). The major part of the variability is related to salinity Introduction (*35%). Temperature had a minor impact (*1%). Superimposed on this, a long-term decrease of about 1 lM Nitrogen (N) is a major nutrient limiting eutrophication in per year was found. Together, these processes account for many coastal ecosystems (Howarth and Marino 2006). In about 45% of the nitrate variability. The long-term the North Sea, human activity has increased N fluxes by a decrease of about 2% per year is similar to continental factor of about 8–10 (Van Bennekom and Wetsteijn 1990; riverine trend in total nitrogen loads. In contrast to the List Laane et al. 1992; van Beusekom 2005). Eutrophication Tidal Basin, salinity explained more than 90% of nitrate became evident in the Wadden Sea during the 1970s. De variability in the off-shore German Bight. Salinity (30) Jonge and Postma (1974) observed an increased import of normalised winter nitrate data of the German Bight also organic matter from the North Sea into the western Dutch show a long-term decreasing trend. Most of the List Tidal Wadden Sea. The effects of the increased nutrient loads on Basin data are either on or below the nitrate–salinity the Wadden Sea ecosystem became evident during the relation found in the German Bight. This observation 1980s. Cade´e(1986a, b) observed an increase in primary suggests that denitrification has a major impact on the production and a proliferation of the colony forming fla- gellate Phaeocystis globosa. The increase in primary production continued until the mid 1990s and since then a Communicated by J. van Beusekom. decreasing trend is observed (Cade´e and Hegeman 2002; Philippart et al. 2007). Especially, the Phaeocystis blooms J. E. E. van Beusekom (&) Á P. Martens Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Sciences, were considered as negative effects of eutrophication Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Hafenstrasse 43, because of the large amounts of foam that were formed 25992 List/Sylt, Germany after the collapse of these blooms (Lancelot et al. 1987). e-mail: [email protected] Other negative effects associated with an increased organic S. Weigelt-Krenz matter load are increased green macroalgae blooms (Reise BSH, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 78, 20359 Hamburg, Germany and Siebert 1994) or the ‘‘Black Spot’’ events in the lower 123 50 Helgol Mar Res (2008) 62:49–57 saxonian Wadden Sea (Michaelis 1997). In the German major impact of denitrification on nitrate levels in the Bight (south-eastern North Sea), oxygen depletion events Wadden Sea. were associated with increased eutrophication (e.g. Gerlach 1984). During the 1980s measures were taken to combat Materials and Methods eutrophication in the European continental water (de Jong 2006). First signs of a decreasing nutrient input were Area description observed for phosphorus (e.g. Van Bennekom and Wet- steijn 1990) but this had no apparent effect on the primary Study site production levels that remained high (Cade´e and Hegeman 1993). The study was conducted in the List Tidal Basin (54°500– The Wadden Sea interacts with the North Sea on a much 55°100N and 8°200-8°400E), a 404 km2 semi-enclosed larger scale than its areal share. Early investigations bight in the Northern Wadden Sea (North Sea, Europe). already indicated that the high secondary production of the The basin is connected to the open North Sea by a single Wadden Sea could only be explained by the import of tidal inlet (Fig. 1). To the north and to the south, the basin organic matter from the North Sea (Verwey 1952). This is closed by two dams connecting the Island of Rømø and aspect was further elaborated by Postma (1954, 1981) and the Island of Sylt to the mainland. Eastwards, the basin is van Straaten and Kuenen (1957, 1958). Postma (1984) closed by the mainland. Water volume at mean tidal level postulated a ‘‘line of no return’’. Suspended particles within is about 845 9 106 m3. The mean water depth is 2.7 m a distance of about 40 km from the Wadden Sea have a (Loebl et al. 2007) but reaches up to 40 m in the main tidal high probability to be transported towards the coast and to channel. The water column is mostly homogenously accumulate in the Wadden Sea. Gravitation circulation is mixed. Tides are semi-diurnal; the mean tidal range is involved in transporting particles with a coastward bottom about 2 m. During low tide, about 40% of the area is current towards the Wadden Sea (e.g. Giessen et al. 1990; emerged. About 90% of the area is covered by sandy de Jonge and de Jong 2002) while particles beyond that line sediments. Salinity ranges between 24 in late winter and 32 will be transported away from the Wadden Sea with the in august, temperature between -1°C in winter and 22°C residual currents. The nitrogen biogeochemistry of the in summer. Suspended matter ranges between 20 and North Sea may also be significantly influenced by the 60 mg/L in winter to *5 mg/L in late summer. A detailed Wadden Sea on a much larger scale than its areal share. description of the area is given by Ga¨tje and Reise (1998). Shelf sediments are important sites for denitrification, a process that transforms nitrate to nitrogen gas (Howarth et al. 1996; Seitzinger and Giblin 1996) and part of the Seawater sampling and analysis accumulated particulate organic nitrogen may be removed by denitrification after remineralisation. A part of nitrate in Water was sampled twice a week by ship at two nearby the water column may also be removed by denitrification. stations (St 1: 55°01.3N, 8°27.1E; St 4: 55°2.26N, 8°26.3E) Given an average salinity in the Wadden Sea of about 28, a from 1 m depth, using a 5 L Niskin bottle or a TPN large proportion of the nitrate is assumed to be from riv- Sampler. The stations represent two distinct conditions in erine sources. As most of the continental run off flows the basin; the deep main channel and the shallow subtidal. along the Wadden Sea towards the north, we suggest that Where indicated, monthly means were calculated, other- the Wadden Sea may remove a substantial amount of the wise the individual data were used. Station 1 is situated in riverine nitrogen by denitrification. the southernmost of three major tidal channels, station 4 is A recent evaluation of the riverine total nitrogen (TN) situated in a small tidal channel draining Ko¨nigshafen, a loads into the Wadden Sea and adjacent North Sea shows a small tidal bay in the north of the Island Sylt. The latter decreasing trend, while Wadden Sea time series revealed station cannot be sampled at very low tides. In case the ship no clear temporal trend in salinity normalised winter nitrate was not available, samples were taken from a nearby jetty. concentrations (van Beusekom et al. 2005a). In this paper Temperature was measured with a reversing thermometer we analyse winter nitrate data in the List Tidal Basin from fixed to the bottle. Salinity was measured with a salinom- 1984 to 2005 in more detail. We will prove that a eter (Autosal 8400). In case the nutrients were not analysed decreasing trend does indeed exist in parallel with a immediately, the samples were stored at -20°C and for decreasing riverine TN input. A comparison with regular silicate at 4°C. Nutrients were analysed according to observations of the nitrate distribution in the German Bight Grasshoff et al. (1983). Prior to February 1999 unfiltered during winter reveals that in the Wadden Sea nitrate is samples were analysed, after February 1999 seawater was lower than expected based on salinity. This suggests a filtered through 0.47 lm pore size Nuclepore filters. 123 Helgol Mar Res (2008) 62:49–57 51 Fig. 1 Map of the List Tidal Basin showing the position of the two sampling stations (1 and 4). Tidal flats are dotted. The broken line indicates the 5 m depth line Rømø St 4 56 Sylt St 1 North Sea 55 N ° ( e d u a Ltit54 ) 53 6 7 8 9 10 Longitude (°E) Quality control Interannual variation in nitrate concentrations From 1995 to 2002 the lab participated in quality control Figure 4 presents a contour plot of the monthly nitrate exercises for nutrient analysis.
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