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Toward a Psychosocial Understanding of Suicide in American Literature and Culture of the 1990’S

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Toward a Psychosocial Understanding of Suicide in American Literature and Culture of the 1990’S University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Dissertations 2015 TOWARD A PSYCHOSOCIAL UNDERSTANDING OF SUICIDE IN AMERICAN LITERATURE AND CULTURE OF THE 1990’S Sara E. Murphy University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss Recommended Citation Murphy, Sara E., "TOWARD A PSYCHOSOCIAL UNDERSTANDING OF SUICIDE IN AMERICAN LITERATURE AND CULTURE OF THE 1990’S" (2015). Open Access Dissertations. Paper 328. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss/328 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TOWARD A PSYCHOSOCIAL UNDERSTANDING OF SUICIDE IN AMERICAN LITERATURE AND CULTURE OF THE 1990’S BY SARA E. MURPHY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2015 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DISSERTATION OF SARA E. MURPHY APPROVED: Dissertation Committee Major Professor Martha Elena Rojas Karen Stein Annemarie Vaccaro Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2015 ABSTRACT As a means of rectifying the problematic absence of multidisciplinary scholarly work on suicide, this dissertation project interrogates suicide in American literature and culture of the 1990’s across disciplines within the humanities, medicine, and the social sciences. Utilizing a psychosocial approach to the study of suicide – that is, an understanding of suicide as produced both by one’s psychological development within and by one’s social relationship to his or her environment – I address what I have identified as a unique trifurcated suicide response that arose in American culture in the 1990’s as it emerged through major societal and legal events and as it coalesced through major literary texts of the period. While suicide has had a presence in virtually every culture across history, the convergence of these societal and legal events in this decade with a radically-changing perspective on suicide in medical theory and research emergent in the 1980’s and 1990’s created a culture of suicide unique to its time and place. The five essential problems that this project addresses are: (1) ascertaining the origins of the rise of preoccupation with suicide throughout the 1990’s as seen through mass suicide events; increased social debate, political action, and legal movements for the right to die, and as suicide attempts, completions, and bereavements increased across the decade; (2) determining the ways in which grieving suicide was complicated by the degree to which survivors or the public were able to make meaning of these deaths, simultaneous to psychological theories uncovering the importance of meaning making in unresolved grief; (3) interrogating the cultural intersections of power and privilege which altered the perceived suicide risk for and attention to members of groups disenfranchised due to sexual identity during the AIDS crisis; (4) examining the ethical and historical importance of the assisted suicide movement in the 1990’s; and (5) exploring the implications of American cultural inheritances of suicide in the contemporary moment. The significance of this study rests upon three key points in addressing the deficiency in scholarship about suicide in this period. First, this project makes important interventions in the field of literature by incorporating the work of scholars practicing in the disciplines of gender and sexuality studies, history, medicine, nursing, psychology, sociology, and thanatology in order to understand and explicate more fully the pervasive and particular presence of suicide in this decade. Whereas scholars of literature or cultural studies may reference or bridge theories of medicine or social sciences in their projects, there has been an absence of solidly interlocking lenses produced from these major fields through which to consider suicide as a cultural and literary presence in the 1990’s. Vast space exists in which a multifocal discussion of suicide across the major fields of literature, social sciences, and medicine is not only possible but, indeed, necessary. Second, in synthesizing theoretical frameworks across disciplines while engaging in textual analyses of the literature in which this project is grounded, I provide a multifocal argument for the particularly troubled culture of suicide that was both reflected in and further developed by American literature in the 1990’s. Third and finally, this study will notably increase the understanding of readers in approaching suicide as a psychosocial phenomenon and in approaching suicide in literature as both historically and culturally informed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the product of labor and love given by many individuals to whom I am happily indebted. I wish first to express gratitude to my endlessly compassionate and encouraging committee chair, Professor Martha Elena Rojas, and to the members of my dissertation committee – Professor Karen Stein, Professor Annemarie Vaccaro, Professor Peter Covino, and Professor Cheryl Foster – for their enthusiastic support of this multidisciplinary project. Acknowledgments are owed as well to all the faculty and staff of the Department of English with whom I have had the pleasure to work. Additionally, it is imperative that I thank those who have given me the greatest opportunities I have received at the University of Rhode Island by allowing me to teach riskily on subjects that are normally silenced in our universities. To that end, I am deeply grateful to Professor Stephen Barber, former Chair of the Department of English; Professor Jody Lisberger, Director of Gender and Women’s Studies; Professor Lynne Derbyshire, Director of the University Honors Program; and Professor Carolyn Hames, Director of the Thanatology Program. I would like to extend my appreciation to the scholars of the Association for Death Education and Counseling for welcoming me into their community; I am inspired daily by their individual work and collective mission to further our knowlege of death, dying, and mourning. I am grateful to the many individuals who have enriched my work through dedicated teaching and scholarship. Here, I must give special thanks to Professor Jeffrey Berman and Professor Ronald A. Bosco at the University at Albany, State University of New York, the former for inspiring my work in thanatology and the latter for setting me on the path of literary studies and gifting to iv me the glorious Transcendentalists. Particular thanks are also owed to Dr. Donna Schuurman of the Dougy Center, The National Center for Grieving Children and Families, for her indelible contributions to my development as a suicidologist. My life has benefitted in important ways by the beloved friends I am privileged to have made at URI and by the wonderful family that has encouraged me from home. I would like to thank Dr. Nancy Caronia, Dr. Jennifer Lee, Dr. Benjamin Hagen, Dr. Gavin Hurley, and (soon-to-be Dr.) Brittany Hirth for their laughter, warmth, and insight. For their constant support and care, my eternal gratitude goes to Dr. Michael Becker and Dr. Kim Evelyn. For his unwavering validation of my work and for enriching my life in every way imaginable, I wish to thank my brilliant partner, Don Rodrigues. To the members of the Yeomans family across generations, I am immeasurably appreciative of the joy and encouragement they have given me. Here, I thank especially my stepfather, Richard Bouchey, for his frequent assistance in matters large and small; my grandparents, Roger and June Yeomans, for raising strong women; and my mother, Ana Yeomans: without her belief in me, anything I have would mean nothing and nothing I am would be possible. Finally, I would like to acknowledge a group of individuals who have served as my ultimate instructors: the students with whom I have had the honor of working over the last seven years. Special thanks must go to these students, who have shared their grief and pain trustingly with me and one another; who have demonstrated courage, resilience, and empathy in ways that have been moving and meaningful; and who inspire me daily to embrace even more fully the transformative potential of the sacred vocation that is teaching. v DEDICATION This project is dedicated to all persons who have been affected by suicide in their lives: those who teach and study suicide, those who seek to assist in easing the pain of individuals and families suffering due to suicide, those who have survived the deaths of their loved ones to suicide, and particularly those who live every day with suicidal histories or preoccupations. It is written in memory of those who have lost their lives to suicide. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract …………………………………………………………………………. ii Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………………. iv Dedication ………………………………………………………………………. vi Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………….. vii Introduction: The Stigma and Silence of Suicide ………….………………….… 1 Chapter 1: Manifestations of the Final Exit: Exploring the American Culture of Suicide in the 1990’s ……………………………………………………………. 19 Chapter 2: Disenfranchised Grief and the Futility of Meaning-Making Acts in The Virgin Suicides …………………………………………………………….......... 60 Chapter 3: Angels in America and Cultural Intersections of Power, Privilege, and Suicidality in the AIDS Crisis
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