ParalarvalParalarval distributiondistribution patternspatterns ofof thethe gonatidgonatid squidsquid BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus inin thethe NorthNorth PacificPacific
(Photo by Oleg Katugin) JohnJohn BowerBower HokkaidoHokkaido University,University, JapanJapan CephalopodsCephalopods
(photo from “Web of Life web site) CephalopodsCephalopods
(photo from “Web of Life web site)
・・ appearedappeared asas aa distinctdistinct classclass overover 450450 myamya ・・ livingliving formsforms originatedoriginated lessless thanthan 100100 myamya NautilusNautilus
OctopusOctopus
(photo by Richard Young) CuttlefishCuttlefish
SquidSquid
(photo by Richard Young) CephalopodCephalopod themes:themes:
(Okutani, 2001) CephalopodCephalopod themes:themes:
-- highhigh growthgrowth ratesrates
-- earlyearly attainmentattainment ofof adultadult sizesize andand maturitymaturity
-- deathdeath afterafter breedingbreeding (Okutani, 2001) CephalopodCephalopod themes:themes:
-- highhigh growthgrowth ratesrates
-- earlyearly attainmentattainment ofof adultadult sizesize andand maturitymaturity
-- deathdeath afterafter breedingbreeding (Okutani, 2001) ““livelive fastfast andand diedie youngyoung”” CephalopodCephalopod ecology:ecology:
(Okutani, 2001) CephalopodCephalopod ecology:ecology:
-- 650650--700700 describeddescribed speciesspecies
(Okutani, 2001) CephalopodCephalopod ecology:ecology:
-- 650650--700700 describeddescribed speciesspecies
-- cancan bebe roughlyroughly divideddivided intointo inshoreinshore andand offshoreoffshore (Okutani, 2001) faunafauna InshoreInshore faunafauna
(photo by Richard Young) OctopusOctopus
CuttlefishCuttlefish
(Okutani, 2001) LoliginidLoliginid squidssquids OffshoreOffshore faunafauna OffshoreOffshore faunafauna
(Okutani, 2001) OmmastrephidOmmastrephid squidssquids OffshoreOffshore faunafauna Vampire squid
(photo by Brad Siebel)
??
(Okutani, 2001)
OmmastrephidOmmastrephid squidssquids (Vecchione et al. , 2003) TheThe giantgiant squid!squid!
(Kubodera and Mori, 2005) redred (neon)(neon) flyingflying squidsquid redred (neon)(neon) flyingflying squidsquid
(Okutani, 2001) MigrationMigration ofof squidssquids inin thethe NorthNorth PacificPacific
red flying squid
Feeding grounds
Spawning grounds MigrationMigration ofof squidssquids inin thethe NorthNorth PacificPacific
Japanese common squid Feeding grounds
Spawning grounds GonatidGonatid squidssquids GonatidGonatid squidssquids
MuscularMuscular squidssquids ofof moderatemoderate sizesize GonatidGonatid squidssquids
MuscularMuscular squidssquids ofof moderatemoderate sizesize
ArmsArms havehave 44 rowsrows ofof suckers/hooks,suckers/hooks, rraatherther thanthan 22 GonatidGonatid squidssquids
MuscularMuscular squidssquids ofof moderatemoderate sizesize
ArmsArms havehave 44 rowsrows ofof suckers/hooks,suckers/hooks, rraatherther thanthan 22
1919 speciesspecies worldwideworldwide --1616 inin thethe NorthNorth PacificPacific GonatidGonatid squidssquids
MuscularMuscular squidssquids ofof moderatemoderate sizesize
ArmsArms havehave 44 rowsrows ofof suckers/hooks,suckers/hooks, rraatherther thanthan 22
1919 speciesspecies worldwideworldwide --1616 inin thethe NorthNorth PacificPacific
44 genera:genera: GonatusGonatus GonatopsisGonatopsis EogonatusEogonatus BerryteuthisBerryteuthis -- BerryteuthisBerryteuthis magistermagister -- BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus minimalminimal armhookarmhook squidsquid
(photo by Oleg Katugin) BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus minimalminimal armhookarmhook squidsquid BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus minimalminimal armhookarmhook squidsquid
MajorMajor preyprey for:for: •• salmonidssalmonids •• PacificPacific pomfretpomfret •• seabirdsseabirds •• redred flyingflying squidsquid SizeSize vs.vs. LatitudeLatitude SizeSize vs.vs. LatitudeLatitude
•• NMFSNMFS trawltrawl surveysurvey •• 77 stationsstations •• MayMay 19991999 SizeSize vs.vs. LatitudeLatitude
Bower et al. (2002) •• NMFSNMFS trawltrawl surveysurvey •• 77 stationsstations •• MayMay 19991999 SizeSize vs.vs. LatitudeLatitude
•• suggestsuggest aa northwardnorthward •• NMFSNMFS trawltrawl surveysurvey migrationmigration inin springspring •• 77 stationsstations •• MayMay 19991999 SizeSize vs.vs. LatitudeLatitude
•• suggestsuggest aa northwardnorthward •• NMFSNMFS trawltrawl surveysurvey migrationmigration inin springspring •• 77 stationsstations •• MayMay 19991999 •• spawningspawning groundground remainsremains unknownunknown StudyStudy objectives:objectives: StudyStudy objectives:objectives: 1)1) describedescribe thethe paralarvaeparalarvae distributiondistribution patternspatterns ofof BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus StudyStudy objectives:objectives: 1)1) describedescribe thethe paralarvaeparalarvae distributiondistribution patternspatterns ofof BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus 2)2) useuse thisthis informationinformation toto betterbetter understandunderstand itsits lifelife cyclecycle Why focus on the paralarvae?
:: paralarvaparalarva
:: adultadult Why focus on the paralarvae?
:: paralarvaparalarva ParalarvaeParalarvae are:are: :: adultadult 1)1) moremore numerousnumerous 2)2) easiereasier toto catchcatch Why focus on the paralarvae?
:: paralarvaparalarva ParalarvaeParalarvae are:are: :: adultadult 1)1) moremore numerousnumerous 2)2) easiereasier toto catchcatch BUT,BUT, difficultdifficult toto identify!identify! Identification key available SIZE: >30 mm 5-30 mm <5 mm Berryteuthis magister Berryteuthis anonychus Gonatopsis borealis Gonatopsis japonicus Gonatopsis octopedatus Gonatopsis okutanii Gonatus onyx Gonatus madokai Gonatus kamtchaticus Gonatus sp. type A Gonatus ursubrunae Gonatus oregonensis Gonatus californiensis Gonatus berryi Gonatus pyros Eogonatus tinro Identification key available SIZE: >30 mm 5-30 mm <5 mm Berryteuthis magister 3 Berryteuthis anonychus 3 Gonatopsis borealis 3 Gonatopsis japonicus 3 Gonatopsis octopedatus 3 Gonatopsis okutanii 3 Gonatus onyx 3 Gonatus madokai 3 Gonatus kamtchaticus 3 Gonatus sp. type A Gonatus ursubrunae 3 Gonatus oregonensis 3 Gonatus californiensis 3 Gonatus berryi 3 Gonatus pyros 3 Eogonatus tinro 3 Identification key available SIZE: >30 mm 5-30 mm <5 mm Berryteuthis magister 3 3 Berryteuthis anonychus 3 3 Gonatopsis borealis 3 3 Gonatopsis japonicus 3 Gonatopsis octopedatus 3 Gonatopsis okutanii 3 Gonatus onyx 3 3 Gonatus madokai 3 3 Gonatus kamtchaticus 3 3 Gonatus sp. type A 3 Gonatus ursubrunae 3 Gonatus oregonensis 3 Gonatus californiensis 3 Gonatus berryi 3 3 Gonatus pyros 3 3 Eogonatus tinro 3 Identification key available SIZE: >30 mm 5-30 mm <5 mm Berryteuthis magister 3 3 Berryteuthis anonychus 3 3 Gonatopsis borealis 3 3 Gonatopsis japonicus 3 Gonatopsis octopedatus 3 Gonatopsis okutanii 3 Gonatus onyx 3 3 3 Gonatus madokai 3 3 Gonatus kamtchaticus 3 3 Gonatus sp. type A 3 Gonatus ursubrunae 3 Gonatus oregonensis 3 Gonatus californiensis 3 Gonatus berryi 3 3 Gonatus pyros 3 3 Eogonatus tinro 3 SizeSize frequencyfrequency ofof allall cephalopodscephalopods (1999(1999--2001)2001)
60
40
20 Frequency
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Mantle length (mm) SizeSize frequencyfrequency ofof allall cephalopodscephalopods (1999(1999--2001)2001)
60 57% smaller than 5 mm ML 40
20 Frequency
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Mantle length (mm) InIn--progressprogress DNADNA analysisanalysis byby ShimuraShimura
COICOI COMPARISON COICOI paralarvaeparalarvae adultsadults Results to date morphotype ① -#1 morphotype ① -# 2 100 Berryteuthis anonychus ① = Berryteuthis anonychus morphotype ① -# 3 morphotype ① -# 4 Berryteuthis anonychus Gonatopsis borealis 98 morphotype ② ② = Gonatopsis borealis 12 73 Gonatopsis borealis 53 Gonatopsis borealis 61 69 Gonatopsis borealis morphotype ③ -# 1 morphotype ③ -# 2 100 Gonatopsis sp. unident. ③ = Gonatopsis sp. A morphotype ③ -# 3 50 morphotype ③ -# 4 71 morphotype ④ -# 1 ④ 99 morphotype ④ -# 2 = Gonatopsis sp. B morphotype ⑤ -# 1 3 100 morphotype ⑤ -# 2 morphotype ⑤ -# 3 morphotype ⑤ -# 4 63 morphotype ⑤ -# 5 morphotype ⑤ -# 6 ⑤ = Gonatopsis sp. C morphotype ⑤ -# 7 2 41 morphotype ⑤ -# 8 morphotype ⑤ -# 9 morphotype ⑤ -# 10 morphotype ⑤ -# 11 50 Eogonatus tinro Gonatus madokai 57 100 Gonatus kamtschaticus Gonatus kamtschaticus Gonatus pyros -K 100 Gonatus onyx 3 20 Gonatus onyx Gonatus berryi 5 Gonatus fabricii 43 99 Gonatus berryi Gonatus californiensis Berryteuthis magister Ommastrephes bartramii (Shimura, unpublished) (OUT GROUP) Results to date morphotype ① -#1 morphotype ① -# 2 100 Berryteuthis anonychus ① = Berryteuthis anonychus morphotype ① -# 3 morphotype ① -# 4 Berryteuthis anonychus Gonatopsis borealis 98 morphotype ② ② = Gonatopsis borealis 12 73 Gonatopsis borealis 53 Gonatopsis borealis 61 69 Gonatopsis borealis morphotype ③ -# 1 morphotype ③ -# 2 100 Gonatopsis sp. unident. ③ = Gonatopsis sp. A morphotype ③ -# 3 50 morphotype ③ -# 4 71 morphotype ④ -# 1 ④ 99 morphotype ④ -# 2 = Gonatopsis sp. B morphotype ⑤ -# 1 3 100 morphotype ⑤ -# 2 morphotype ⑤ -# 3 morphotype ⑤ -# 4 63 morphotype ⑤ -# 5 morphotype ⑤ -# 6 ⑤ = Gonatopsis sp. C morphotype ⑤ -# 7 2 41 morphotype ⑤ -# 8 morphotype ⑤ -# 9 morphotype ⑤ -# 10 morphotype ⑤ -# 11 50 Eogonatus tinro Gonatus madokai 57 100 Gonatus kamtschaticus 5 morphotypes Gonatus kamtschaticus Gonatus pyros -K 100 Gonatus onyx positively identified 3 20 Gonatus onyx Gonatus berryi 5 Gonatus fabricii 43 99 Gonatus berryi Gonatus californiensis Berryteuthis magister Ommastrephes bartramii (Shimura, unpublished) (OUT GROUP) SamplingSampling stationsstations (2002(2002--04)04)
45 stations 295 tows Jul and Aug Oshoro Maru SamplingSampling stationsstations (2002(2002--04)04)
m Strea askan Al in Doma Ridge Subarctic Current
Subarctic Boundary 45 stations 295 tows Jul and Aug Oshoro Maru DistriDistributionbution ofof BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus paralarvaeparalarvae (2002(2002--04)04)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + o • 23 stations north of 42 N + + + • >50% of catch at these stations DistriDistributionbution ofof BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus paralarvaeparalarvae (2002(2002--04)04)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + o • 23 stations north of 42 N + + + • >50% of catch at these stations DistriDistributionbution ofof BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus paralarvaeparalarvae -- 20022002
+ DistriDistributionbution ofof BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus paralarvaeparalarvae -- 20022002
am tre n S ska Ala
Ridge Domain
Subarctic Current
+ DistriDistributionbution ofof BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus paralarvaeparalarvae -- 20032003
Ridge Domain
Subarctic Current
Subarctic Boundary + DistriDistributionbution ofof BerryteuthisBerryteuthis anonychusanonychus paralarvaeparalarvae -- 20042004
am tre n S ska Ala
Ridge Domain
+ Subarctic Current + KeyKey resultsresults ofof paralarvalparalarval surveyssurveys
am tre n S ska Ala
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l A Key results of paralarval surveys Berryteuthis anonychus 1) are abundant in the Northeast Pacific Key results of paralarval surveys Berryteuthis anonychus 1) are abundant in the Northeast Pacific
: :
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l A N) N) o o 54 54 - - (42 (42 Key results of paralarval surveys Berryteuthis anonychus 1) are abundant in the Northeast Pacific 2) have a wide latitudinal distribution Key results of paralarval surveys Berryteuthis anonychus 1) are abundant in the Northeast Pacific 2) have a wide latitudinal distribution
: :
m
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Subarctic
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l A N) N) o o 54 54 - - (42 Boundary (42 Boundary Key results of paralarval surveys Berryteuthis anonychus 1) are abundant in the Northeast Pacific 2) have a wide latitudinal distribution 3) occur north of the Key results of paralarval surveys Berryteuthis anonychus 1) are abundant in the Northeast Pacific 2) have a wide latitudinal distribution 3) occur north of the CommonCommon migrationmigration patternpattern ofof squidsquid inin thethe NorthNorth PacificPacific
Feeding grounds
Spawning grounds PostPost--paralarvaeparalarvae inin MayMay PostPost--paralarvaeparalarvae inin MayMay PostPost--paralarvaeparalarvae inin MayMay ParalarvaeParalarvae inin JulJul andand AugAug
+
+ + CouldCould thesethese paralarvaeparalarvae
+ havehave beenbeen spawnedspawned nearshorenearshore??
+ + Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)
(photo by David Scheel) Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini)
(photo by David Scheel)
a benthic spawner in coastal waters (photo by Paul Hughes) Giant Pacific Octopus Distribution of Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) paralarvae (Kubodera, 1991)
(photo by David Scheel)
a benthic spawner in coastal waters (photo by Paul Hughes) Giant Pacific Octopus Distribution of Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) paralarvae (Kubodera, 1991)
(photo by David Scheel) 700 km
a benthic spawner in coastal waters (photo by Paul Hughes) Giant Pacific Octopus Distribution of Giant Pacific Octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) paralarvae (Kubodera, 1991)
(photo by David Scheel) 700 km
MoreMore studystudy isis neededneeded a benthic spawner in coastal waters (photo by Paul Hughes)
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20032003 20042004 20052005 SeoulSeoul HonoluluHonolulu VladivostokVladivostok PresentationsPresentations atat thethe PICESPICES annualannual meetingmeeting withwith “Squid”“Squid” oror “Cephalopod”“Cephalopod” inin thethe titletitle 10
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20032003 20042004 20052005 SeoulSeoul HonoluluHonolulu VladivostokVladivostok