Trace Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by GC and HPLC Ikue Arikawa Ogawa Iowa State University

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Trace Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by GC and HPLC Ikue Arikawa Ogawa Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1986 Trace analysis of volatile organic compounds in water by GC and HPLC Ikue Arikawa Ogawa Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Ogawa, Ikue Arikawa, "Trace analysis of volatile organic compounds in water by GC and HPLC " (1986). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8106. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8106 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a manuscript sent to us for publication and microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to pho­ tograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. Pages in any manuscript may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. Manuscripts may not always be complete. When it is not possible to obtain missing pages, a note appears to indicate this. 2. When copyrighted materials are removed from the manuscript, a note ap­ pears to indicate this. 3. Oversize materials (maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sec­ tioning the original, begirming at the upper left hand comer and continu­ ing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. E)ach oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or in black and white paper format.» 4. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or micro­ fiche but lack clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, all photographs are available in black and white standard 35mm slide format.* *For more information about black and white slides or enlarged paper reproductions, please contact the Dissertations Customer Services Department. T Dissertation LJ iVll Information Service University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 8627141 Ogawa, Ikue Arikawa TRACE ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER BY GC AND HPLC Iowa State University PH.D. 1986 University Microfilms Intern&tion&l 300 N. zeeb Road, Ann Artwr, Ml 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other University Microfilms International Trace analysis of volatile organic compounds in water by GC and HPLC by Ikue Arikawa Ogawa A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department; Chemistry Major; Analytical Chemistry Approved; Signature was redacted for privacy. In Cha Signature was redacted for privacy. Ihe'Tia^dr ^é^k^ment Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1986 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS page PREFACE 1 REFERENCES 4 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 5 INTRODUCTION 6 CONCENTRATION BY SOLID SORBENTS 8 Resin Sorption 8 Molecular Sieve 11 HEADSFACE ANALYSIS 14 PURGE-AND-TRAP 17 DISTILLATION 24 SOLVENT EXTRACTION 29 DIRECT GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 31 DERIVATIZATION 36 REFERENCES 39 SECTION I. DETERMINATION OF LOW-MOLECULAR WEIGHT ALDEHYDEDS AND KETONES IN WATER BY HPLC 49 INTRODUCTION 50 EXPERIMENTAL 53 Solvents and Reagents 53 Test Solutions 53 Preparation of ZSM-5 Column 53 Chromatographic Instruments 54 Procedure for Determination of Capacity 55 Procedure for Determining Aldehydes and Ketones in Aqueous Samples 55 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 57 Capacity Experiments 57 Elution 57 Derivatization of Carbonyl Compounds and Solvent Extraction of the 2,4-Dinitro- phenylhydrazones 60 ill Chromatography and Recovery Studies 60 Application to Drinking Water 66 CONCLUSION 71 REFERENCES 72 SECTION II. DETERMINATION OF LOW-MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLAR COMPOUNDS IN WATER BY GC 74 INTRODUCTION 75 EXPERIMENTAL 77 Solvents and Reagents 77 Instrumentation 77 Capacity Experiments 77 ZSM-5 77 ELZ-115 78 Accumulation Experiments 78 Pump Loading Method 78 Gravity Plow Method 78 Preparation of Test Solutions 79 Desorption of Test Compounds 79 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 80 Capacity Experiments 80 Application of Concentration Method of Section I on Alcohols and Ethyl Acetate 88 Recovery 88 Gas Chromatography 90 Solvents for Desorption 98 Range of Sample Concentration 100 Diethyl Ether, Esters and Nitriles 101 Recovery 101 Sample Volume 102 Gas Chromatography 103 Aldehydes and Ketones 103 Acids 107 Recovery 107 Sample Volume 108 Baseline Problems of DBWax Column 109 Other Concentration Methods 113 CONCLUSION 120 REFERENCES 125 iv SECTION III: CONCENTRATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER BY GAS PURGING AND BOILING 126 INTRODUCTION 127 EXPERIMENTAL 130 Chemicals 130 Instrumentation 130 Columns for Concentration of Organic Compounds 133 Preparation of Tenax Column 133 Preparation of XAD Column 133 Concentration of Organic Compounds on Tenax Column' 133 Fast Heating 133 Slow Heating 134 Removal of Organic Compounds from Concentrating Column 135 Quantitation 135 Aqueous Sampling 135 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 137 Result of Aqueous Sampling 137 Result of Gas Purging and Heating 139 Sample Concentration Range 142 Recovery 142 Gas Chromatography 142 Effect of Tenax Column Dimensions 148 Evaluation of Losses 150 Effect of pH 152 Effect of Heating Rate 154 Effect of Another Adsorbent: XAD-4 155 Correlation of Recovery with Water Solubility and Molecular Weight 158 Real Samples 166 CONCLUSION 180 REFERENCES 184 SUMMARY 186 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 190 1 PREFACE As in any analysis, direct measurement is the simplest. It is toward this end that an investigator strives. If this cannot be attained, then the method containing the least number of processes which gives the best results is preferred. A study of the problem of analysis of trace volatile organic compounds in water begins with existing tools and knowledge. The literature review explores the traditional methods of concentrating and analyzing volatile organic compunds in water. The division of these methods becomes obscured as the analysis becomes more demanding in terms of scope of compounds and lower amounts quantitated. While impressive gains have been noted in gas and liquid chromatography, concentration is still desirable. There are emerging, a few direct methods of analyses based on fiber optics and very selective methods of detection, such as, fluorescence detection (1) or based on multiple detection systems, such as, tandem mass spectrometry (2). Sections I and II deal with the problem of analysis low- molecular weight polar compounds in water. It has been shown that the most common method used to disinfect drinking water, chlorination, produces carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds (3). These compounds have escaped detection 2 because they are highly soluble in water and difficult to concentrate. In order to study the chemistry and the fate of these harmful compounds, an analytical method is necessary. In Sections I and II, a simple method for the analysis of these low-molecular weight polar compounds is described. Section II is more comprehensive and includes a greater variety of compounds. Section I is more limited to the class of low-molecular weight aldehydes and ketones. The analysis of aldehydes and ketones was based on the formation of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives, which resulted in high selectivity and high sensitivity. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that the dumping of toxic wastes have caused these toxic compounds to percolate through various geological rock formations and contaminate the ground and surface waters which are the main sources of drinking water. As a consequence, legislation (4) has been introduced which will affect 50,000 public water supply systems in the USA. These water systems must have their water supplies analyzed within four years by chemists certified by the US Environmental Protection Agency for 8 volatile organic compounds using the prescribed method of purge-and-trap with suitable detection. Section III describes changes that can be made in the purge-and-trap method, so that a greater variety of organic compounds can be analyzed by a single experiment. A single experiment
Recommended publications
  • Environmental Quality: in Situ Air Sparging
    EM 200-1-19 31 December 2013 Environmental Quality IN-SITU AIR SPARGING ENGINEER MANUAL AVAILABILITY Electronic copies of this and other U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) publications are available on the Internet at http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/ This site is the only repository for all official USACE regulations, circulars, manuals, and other documents originating from HQUSACE. Publications are provided in portable document format (PDF). This document is intended solely as guidance. The statutory provisions and promulgated regulations described in this document contain legally binding requirements. This document is not a legally enforceable regulation itself, nor does it alter or substitute for those legal provisions and regulations it describes. Thus, it does not impose any legally binding requirements. This guidance does not confer legal rights or impose legal obligations upon any member of the public. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the discussion in this document, the obligations of the regulated community are determined by statutes, regulations, or other legally binding requirements. In the event of a conflict between the discussion in this document and any applicable statute or regulation, this document would not be controlling. This document may not apply to a particular situation based upon site- specific circumstances. USACE retains the discretion to adopt approaches on a case-by-case basis that differ from those described in this guidance where appropriate and legally consistent. This document may be revised periodically without public notice. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 200-1-19 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers CEMP-CE Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloads/DL Praevention/Fachwissen/Gefahrstoffe/TOXIKOLOGI SCHE BEWERTUNGEN/Bewertungen/Toxbew072-L.Pdf
    Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: _____________________________ ______________ Jedidiah Samuel Snyder Date Statistical analysis of concentration-time extrapolation factors for acute inhalation exposures to hazardous substances By Jedidiah S. Snyder Master of Public Health Global Environmental Health _________________________________________ P. Barry Ryan, Ph.D. Committee Chair _________________________________________ Eugene Demchuk, Ph.D. Committee Member _________________________________________ Paige Tolbert, Ph.D. Committee Member Statistical analysis of concentration-time extrapolation factors for acute inhalation exposures to hazardous substances By Jedidiah S. Snyder Bachelor of Science in Engineering, B.S.E. The University of Iowa 2010 Thesis Committee Chair: P. Barry Ryan, Ph.D. An abstract of A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Health in Global Environmental Health 2015 Abstract Statistical analysis of concentration-time extrapolation factors for acute inhalation exposures to hazardous substances By Jedidiah S.
    [Show full text]
  • Producing Nitrogen Via Pressure Swing Adsorption
    Reactions and Separations Producing Nitrogen via Pressure Swing Adsorption Svetlana Ivanova Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) can be a Robert Lewis Air Products cost-effective method of onsite nitrogen generation for a wide range of purity and flow requirements. itrogen gas is a staple of the chemical industry. effective, and convenient for chemical processors. Multiple Because it is an inert gas, nitrogen is suitable for a nitrogen technologies and supply modes now exist to meet a Nwide range of applications covering various aspects range of specifications, including purity, usage pattern, por- of chemical manufacturing, processing, handling, and tability, footprint, and power consumption. Choosing among shipping. Due to its low reactivity, nitrogen is an excellent supply options can be a challenge. Onsite nitrogen genera- blanketing and purging gas that can be used to protect valu- tors, such as pressure swing adsorption (PSA) or membrane able products from harmful contaminants. It also enables the systems, can be more cost-effective than traditional cryo- safe storage and use of flammable compounds, and can help genic distillation or stored liquid nitrogen, particularly if an prevent combustible dust explosions. Nitrogen gas can be extremely high purity (e.g., 99.9999%) is not required. used to remove contaminants from process streams through methods such as stripping and sparging. Generating nitrogen gas Because of the widespread and growing use of nitrogen Industrial nitrogen gas can be produced by either in the chemical process industries (CPI), industrial gas com- cryogenic fractional distillation of liquefied air, or separa- panies have been continually improving methods of nitrogen tion of gaseous air using adsorption or permeation.
    [Show full text]
  • SAPRC07T Mechanism Species Definition Molecular Weight ACETONE Acetone 58.08 ACETYLENE Acetylene 26.04 ACROLEIN Acrolein 56.06 A
    SAPRC07T Mechanism Species Molecular Species Definition weight ACETONE Acetone 58.08 ACETYLENE Acetylene 26.04 ACROLEIN Acrolein 56.06 ACROLEIN_PRIMARY Acrolein emissions tracer 56.06 Lumped photoreactive monounsaturated dicarbonyl aromatic AFG1 fragmentation products that photolyze to form radicals 98.10 Lumped photoreactive monounsaturated dicarbonyl aromatic fragmentation products that photolyze to form non-radical AFG2 products 98.10 Lumped diunsaturatred dicarbonyl aromatic fragmentation AFG3 product. 124.14 Alkanes and other non-aromatic compounds that react only with OH, and have kOH between 2 and 5 x 102 ppm-1 min-1. ALK1 (Primarily ethane) 30.07 Alkanes and other non-aromatic compounds that react only with OH, and have kOH between 5 x 102 and 2.5 x 103 ppm-1 ALK2 min-1. (Primarily propane and acetylene) 36.73 Alkanes and other non-aromatic compounds that react only with OH, and have kOH between 2.5 x 103 and 5 x 103 ppm-1 ALK3 min-1. 58.61 Alkanes and other non-aromatic compounds that react only with OH, and have kOH between 5 x 103 and 1 x 104 ppm-1 ALK4 min-1. 77.6 Alkanes and other non-aromatic compounds that react only ALK5 with OH, and have kOH greater than 1 x 104 ppm-1 min-1. 118.89 SAPRC07T Mechanism Species Molecular Species Definition weight SOA precursor compounds products from largest alkanes ALK5RXN (ALK5) 118.9 APIN -pinene 136.23 ARO1 Aromatics with kOH < 2x104 ppm-1 min-1. 95.16 ARO2 Aromatics with kOH > 2x104 ppm-1 min-1. 118.72 BACL Biacetyl 86.09 BALD Aromatic aldehydes (e.g., benzaldehyde) 106.13 BENZENE Benzene 78.11 SOA precursor compounds from benzene via peroxy radical BNZHRXN reaction with HO2 127 SOA precursor compounds from benzene via peroxy radical BNZNRXN reaction with NO 127 BNZRO2 SOA precursor surrogate from benzene 127 BUTADIENE13 1,3-butadiene 54.09 BZCO3 Peroxyacyl radical formed from Aromatic Aldehydes 137.11 BZO Phenoxy Radicals 93 CCHO Acetaldehyde 44.05 CCHO_PRIMARY Acetaldehyde Emissions Tracer 44.05 CCOOH Acetic Acid.
    [Show full text]
  • Xyfluor Chemical Compatibility Guide
    456456 Xyfluor® Chemical Compatibility Xyfluor® is a proprietary, highly fluorinated elastomer. The oxygen in the polymer backbone provides outstanding low-temperature capabilities - far better than FKM or FFKM elastomers. The polymer provides improved resistance to many harsh chemicals that can attack the hydrogen in FKM elastomers. The chemical resistance of Xyfluor® approaches but is not equivalent to FFKM elastomers. A = Swell < 10% after exposure. Suitable. B = Swell > 10% & < 20% after exposure. Generally suitable. C = Swell >20% & < 40% after exposure. May be suitable in some situations. D = Swell > 40% after exposure. Not suitable. N = Insufficient data. Test: Full immersion, Room Temperature, 3 days The information contained herein is believed to be reliable, but no representation, guarantees or warranties of any kind are made to its accuracy or suitability for any purpose. Full-scale testing and end-product performance are the responsibility of the user. CHEMICAL RATING CHEMICAL RATING acetaldehyde A amomnium phosphate A acetic acid, ammonium stearate A glacial A ammonium sulfate A hot A ammonium thiocyanate A 5% A amyl acetate A/B acetic anhydride A amyl alcohol A acetone A amyl nitrate A acetone cyanohydrin A aniline A acetyl chloride A aniline hydrochloride A acetylene gas A anti-freeze, alcohol or glycol based A acrylonitrile A aqua regia N adipic acid A argon gas A alcohol, denatured A arsenic acid A alkyl benzene A ash slurry A alkyl-arylsulphonic acid A asphalt A alumina trihydrate N barium chloride A aluminum acetate
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum Chemical Study of the Acrolein (CH2CHCHO) + OH + O2 Reactions
    8302 J. Phys. Chem. A 2010, 114, 8302–8311 Quantum Chemical Study of the Acrolein (CH2CHCHO) + OH + O2 Reactions Rubik Asatryan,† Gabriel da Silva,‡ and Joseph W. Bozzelli*,† Department of Chemistry and EnVironmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA, and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The UniVersity of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia ReceiVed: May 26, 2010; ReVised Manuscript ReceiVed: July 5, 2010 Acrolein, a -unsaturated (acrylic) aldehyde, is one of the simplest multifunctional molecules, containing both alkene and aldehyde groups. Acrolein is an atmospheric pollutant formed in the photochemical oxidation of the anthropogenic VOC 1,3-butadiene, and serves as a model compound for methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), the major oxidation products of the biogenic VOC isoprene. In addition, acrolein is involved in combustion and biological oxidation processes. This study presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the acrolein + OH + O2 addition reactions, which is a key photochemical oxidation sequence, using the G3SX and CBS-QB3 theoretical methods. Both ab initio protocols provide relatively similar results, although the CBS-QB3 method systematically under-predicts literature heats of formation using atomization enthalpies, and also provides lower transition state barrier heights. Several new low-energy pathways for unimolecular reaction of the acrolein-OH-O2 radicals are identified, with energy at around or below that of the acrolein-OH isomers + O2. In each case these novel reactions have the potential to reform the hydroxyl radical (OH) and form coproducts that include glyoxal, glycolaldehyde (HOCH2CHO), formaldehyde (HCHO), CO, and substituted epoxides. Analogous reaction schemes are developed for the photochemical oxidation of MACR and MVK, producing a number of observed oxidation products.
    [Show full text]
  • Measurement Technique for the Determination of Photolyzable
    JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 102, NO. D13, PAGES 15,999-16,004,JULY 20, 1997 Measurement techniquefor the determination of photolyzable chlorine and bromine in the atmosphere G. A. Impey,P. B. Shepson,• D. R. Hastie,L. A. Bartie• Departmentof Chemistryand Centre for AtmosphericChemistry, York University,Toronto, Ontario, Canada Abstract. A techniquehas been developed to enablemeasurement of photolyzablechlorine and bromineat tracelevels in the troposphere.In thismethod, ambient air is drawnt•ough a cylindricalflow cell, whichis irradiatedwith a Xe arc lamp. In the reactionvessel of the photoactivehalogen detector (PHD), photolyrically active molecules Clp (including C12, HOC1, C1NO,C1NO2, and C1ONO2) and Brp (including Br2, HOBr, BrNO, BrNO2, and BrONO2) are photolyzed,and the halogenatoms produced react with properieto form stablehalogenated products.These products are thensampled and subsequently separated and detected by gas chromatography.The systemis calibratedusing low concentrationmixtures of C12and Br2 in air from commerciallyavailable permeation sources. We obtaineddetection limits of 4 pptv and 9 pptv as Br2 andC12, respectively, for 36 L samples. 1. Introduction (or C12)in the Arctic, largely as a result of the lack of suitable analyticalmethodologies. This paperreports the developmentof The episodicdestruction of groundlevel ozonein the Arctic at a measurementtechnique for the determinationof rapidly sunriseis a phenomenonthat hasbeen observed for many years. photolyzingchlorine (referred to hereas Clp) and bromine (Brp) With the onsetof polar sunrise,ozone levels are often observed speciesat pansper trillion by volume(pptv) mixingratios in the to drop from a backgroundconcentration of •40 ppbv to almost atmosphere.Impey et al. [this issue]discuss the resultsobserved zero on a timescaleof a day or less [Barrie et al., 1988] for from a field studyconducted in the Canadianhigh Arctic at Alert, periodsof 1-10 days.
    [Show full text]
  • "Determination of Total Organic Carbon and Specific UV
    EPA Document #: EPA/600/R-05/055 METHOD 415.3 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON AND SPECIFIC UV ABSORBANCE AT 254 nm IN SOURCE WATER AND DRINKING WATER Revision 1.1 February, 2005 B. B. Potter, USEPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory J. C. Wimsatt, The National Council On The Aging, Senior Environmental Employment Program NATIONAL EXPOSURE RESEARCH LABORATORY OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268 415.3 - 1 METHOD 415.3 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON AND SPECIFIC UV ABSORBANCE AT 254 nm IN SOURCE WATER AND DRINKING WATER 1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 1.1 This method provides procedures for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and UV absorption at 254 nm (UVA) in source waters and drinking waters. The DOC and UVA determinations are used in the calculation of the Specific UV Absorbance (SUVA). For TOC and DOC analysis, the sample is acidified and the inorganic carbon (IC) is removed prior to analysis for organic carbon (OC) content using a TOC instrument system. The measurements of TOC and DOC are based on calibration with potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) standards. This method is not intended for use in the analysis of treated or untreated industrial wastewater discharges as those wastewater samples may damage or contaminate the instrument system(s). 1.2 The three (3) day, pooled organic carbon detection limit (OCDL) is based on the detection limit (DL) calculation.1 It is a statistical determination of precision, and may be below the level of quantitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Safe Handling and Disposal of Chemicals Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Drugs
    Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org Guidelines for the Safe handling and disposal of chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of drugs United Nations publication USD 26 Printed in Austria ISBN 978-92-1-148266-9 Sales No. E.11.XI.14 ST/NAR/36/Rev.1 V.11-83777—September*1183777* 2011—300 Guidelines for the Safe handling and disposal of chemicals used in the illlicit manufacture of drugs UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such symbols indicates a reference to a United Nations document. ST/NAR/36/Rev.1 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.11.XI.14 ISBN 978-92-1-148266-9 eISBN 978-92-1-055160-1 © United Nations, September 2011. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Requests for permission to reproduce this work are welcomed and should be sent to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations Headquarters, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A. or also see the website of the Board: https://unp.un.org/Rights.aspx. Governments and their institutions may reproduce this work without prior authoriza- tion but are requested to mention the source and inform the United Nations of such reproduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological Decontamination Equipment for Emergency First Responders
    U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice National Institute of Justice Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program Guide for the Selection of Chemical and Biological Decontamination Equipment for Emergency First Responders NIJ Guide 103–00 Volume I October 2001 ABOUT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONS STANDARDS AND TESTING PROGRAM The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is sponsored by the Office of Science and Technology of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice. The program responds to the mandate of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, which directed NIJ to encourage research and development to improve the criminal justice system and to disseminate the results to Federal, State, and local agencies. The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is an applied research effort that determines the technological needs of justice system agencies, sets minimum performance standards for specific devices, tests commercially available equipment against those standards, and disseminates the standards and the test results to criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally. The program operates through: The Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council (LECTAC), consisting of nationally recognized criminal justice practitioners from Federal, State, and local agencies, which assesses technological needs and sets priorities for research programs and items to be evaluated and tested. The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which develops voluntary national performance standards for compliance testing to ensure that individual items of equipment are suitable for use by criminal justice agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • The LC Handbook Guide to LC Columns and Method Development Contents
    Agilent CrossLab combines the innovative laboratory services, software, and consumables competencies of Agilent Technologies and provides a direct connection to a global team of scientific and technical experts who deliver vital, actionable insights at every level of the lab environment. Our insights maximize performance, reduce complexity, and drive improved economic, operational, and scientific outcomes. Only Agilent CrossLab offers the unique combination of innovative products and comprehensive solutions to generate immediate results and lasting impact. We partner with our customers to create new opportunities across the lab, around the world, and every step of the way. More information at www.agilent.de/crosslab Learn more The LC Handbook – Guide to LC Columns and Method Development www.agilent.com/chem/lccolumns Buy online www.agilent.com/chem/store Find an Agilent customer center or authorized distributor www.agilent.com/chem/contactus U.S. and Canada 1-800-227-9770 [email protected] Europe [email protected] Asia Pacific [email protected] The LC India [email protected] Handbook Information, descriptions and specifications in this publication are subject to change without notice. Agilent Technologies shall not Guide to LC Columns and be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance or use of this material. Method Development © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2016 Published in USA, February 1, 2016 Publication Number 5990-7595EN
    [Show full text]
  • Method for Removing Iodine from Nitric Acid
    3,803,295 United States Patent Office Patented Apr. 9, 1974 using a diluent carrier isotope as taught by the prior art 3 803 295 was unacceptable for achieving satisfactory iodine re- METHOD FOR REMOVING IODINE FROM moval. NITRIC ACID SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION George I. Gathers and Calvin J. Shipman, Knoxville, Tenn., assignors to the United States of America as 5 It is thus an object of this invention to provide a proc- represented by the United States Atomic Energy Com- ess whereby radioactive iodine may be effectively and mission efficiently removed from nitric acid solutions to concen- No Drawing, Continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. trations which are acceptable for reprocessing require- 231,820, Mar. 6, 1972. This application Dec. 21, 1972, ments. Ser. No. 317,455 10 Int. CI. COlb 7114, 21/44 This object as well as other objects is accomplished U.S. CI. 423—390 8 Claims according to this invention by separating radioactive iodine from nitric acid solutions using isotopic dilution, ozone sparging, and distillation while sparging with a gas ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE which will reduce nitric acid to an oxide of nitrogen. 15 A method for removing small amounts of radioactive DETAILED DESCRIPTION iodine from nitric acid solution by isotopically diluting the iodine, sparging the solution with ozone, and distilling According to this invention it has been found that the iodine from solution. sparging an isotopically diluted solution with an ozone mixture prior to distillation, produces a solution in which 20 the radioactive iodine is effectively removed upon distil- CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS lation.
    [Show full text]