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Mass Spectrometric Imaging of Flavonoid Glycosides And Phytochemistry xxx (2016) 1e6 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Phytochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/phytochem Mass spectrometric imaging of flavonoid glycosides and biflavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. * Sebastian Beck , Julia Stengel Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universitat€ zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany article info abstract Article history: Ginkgo biloba L. is known to be rich in flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides. However, the distribution Received 11 March 2016 within specific plant organs (e.g. within leaves) is not known. By using HPLC-MS and MS/MS we have Received in revised form identified a number of previously known G. biloba flavonoid glycosides and biflavonoids from leaves. 25 April 2016 Namely, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, laricitrin/mearnsetin and apigenin glycosides Accepted 16 May 2016 were identified. Furthermore, biflavonoids like ginkgetin/isoginkgetin were also detected. The applica- Available online xxx tion of MALDI mass spectrometric imaging, enabled the compilation of concentration profiles of flavo- noid glycosides and biflavonoids in G. biloba L. leaves. Both, flavonoid glycosides and biflavonoids show a Keywords: Ginkgo biloba distinct distribution in leaf thin sections of G. biloba L. © Ginkgoaceae 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Flavonoids Biflavonoids MALDI Mass spectrometric imaging 1. Introduction Furthermore, also biflavonoids like amentoflavone, bilobetin, iso- ginkgetin, ginkgetin and sciadopitysin are present in G. biloba L. leaf Flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides are secondary plant me- extracts (Yoshitama, 1997). Frequently, the aglyconic flavonoids are tabolites present in plants (Habermehl et al., 2008). The functions modified with glucose and rhamnose residues to form flavonoid include UV protection, pollen development, attraction of rhizobia, glycosides (Hasler et al., 1992; Nasr et al., 1986; Victoire et al., 1988). being antimicrobial and antifungal agents, chemical messengers, Analytics of flavonoid glycosides has so far been limited to an- physiological regulators, cell cycle inhibitors, pigments to attract alyses of contents and concentrations. While the distribution pollinators and seed distributors or feeding deterrents for plants within the plant is barely known, the specific locations within a (Fisher and Long, 1992; Galeotti et al., 2008; Jacobs and Rubery, plant part or organ (e.g. within leaves) are not known at all. How- 1988; Mo et al., 1992; Taylor and Grotewold, 2005; Winkel- ever, with the knowledge of such a specific distribution a correla- Shirley, 2001). Additionally, plant extracts containing flavonoids tion between structure and potential functions, indications towards and flavonoid glycosides have been used for thousands of years to synthesis or accumulation of different compounds in different cell treat and protect from various illnesses (Babu et al., 2013; types would be feasible. To investigate such a distribution, space- Habermehl et al., 2008; Kleijnen and Knipschild, 1992; Manach resolving techniques are demanded. With the recent de- et al., 2005; Ravishankar et al., 2013). velopments in mass spectrometry (MS), the determination of the Ginkgo biloba L. is known to contain a vast number and variety of spatial resolution of substances in a tissue is now possible with high flavonoids in high concentrations (Kleijnen and Knipschild, 1992). resolution. These techniques often use Desorption-Electrospray These include myricetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, Ionization (DESI) or Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization rutin, laricitrin, mearnsetin, apigenin, luteolin, epicatechin, cate- (MALDI) as ionization method (Bodzon-Kulakowska and Suder, chin and genistein (Dubber and Kanfer, 2004; Hasler et al., 1992; 2016). Especially the use of MALDI has driven bioanalytical sci- Liua et al., 2014; Pandey et al., 2014; van Beek, 2002). ences in recent years (Spengler, 2015). Here, we have optimized a workflow that enables identification and location specific detection of flavonoid glycosides and biflavonoids in order to generate mass spectrometric images of plant constituents from thin sections. The * Corresponding author. aim of this study is thus to investigate the distribution of flavonoid E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Beck). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.05.005 0031-9422/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Please cite this article in press as: Beck, S., Stengel, J., Mass spectrometric imaging of flavonoid glycosides and biflavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L., Phytochemistry (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.05.005 2 S. Beck, J. Stengel / Phytochemistry xxx (2016) 1e6 glycosides and biflavonoids in G. biloba leaf thin section to poten- fragmentation experiments and the lack of corresponding stan- tially enable further insights into the importance, biosynthesis and dards, no further assignment of the linkage of containing sugars use of these substances within the plant. was possible (Satterfield and Brodbelt, 2001). Thus, the majority of flavonoids glycosides was present as O-rutinoside (aglycon-gluco- se(glc)-rhamnose(rha)) flavonoids. The presence of free flavonoid & 2. Results discussion aglycones in HPLC-MS analyses and, thus, leaf extracts was excluded, as no corresponding chromatographic signals were 2.1. HPLC-MS and MS/MS of G. biloba leaf extracts observed. The only exception to this were apigenin containing compounds, as here two independent chromatographic signals fl fl To investigate which avonoids and avonoid glycosides are were observed, stemming from the apigenin aglycon and the present within the collected G. biloba L. leaves and to estimate the glucose modified apigenin, while no glucose and rhamnose modi- detectability by mass spectrometric methods, High Performance fied apigenin diglycoside was detected. Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-MS and MS/MS experiments were Further, low resolution MS/MS experiments of the flavonoid performed on methanolic leaf extracts. Table 1 shows the detected aglycon signals from flavonoid glycosides in survey spectra allowed fl fi avonoid glycosides. In order to identify speci c glycosides, exact the identification of related structures. In summary, kaempferol-, masses and fragmentation spectra were acquired. As previously quercetin-, isorhamnetin-, myricetin-, laricitrin-/mearnsetin- and fl described, avonoid glycosides show a cleavage of sugar moieties apigenin-O-glycosides were found (Table 1, Fig. 2). No concluding fl upon fragmentation (Ma et al., 2001). Furthermore, avonoids can decision could be made in case of laricitrin-/mearnsetin-O-glyco- fi be identi ed from their cross-ring fragmentation products and loss sides, as no characteristic fragments were observed for either of the of small neutrals (Justino et al., 2009; Ma et al., 1997; Tsimogiannis two. Additionally, in the fragmentation spectra of ginkgetin also et al., 2007). In our HPLC-MS/MS experiments sequential losses of a signals originating from isoginkgetin were observed. This probably À À deoxyhexose ( 146.0579 amu) and a hexose ( 162.0528 amu) resulted from coelution of the two isomers. No quercitrin, catechin, residue were already observed in survey spectra (Fig. 1). These two epicatechin, genistein glycosides or free flavonoids nor apigenin sugar moieties were attributed to rhamnose and glucose, as cor- diglycosides were detected in these experiments. responding sugars have been found before. With the performed Table 1 Detected flavonoid glycosides and biflavonoids from G. biloba L. leaf extracts. þ þ Flavonoid glycoside/ Calculate R.T. m/z [M þ H] m/z [M þ H] MS/MS verification of the flavonoid aglycones/biflavonesb biflavones sum [min] (observed) (calculated) formulaa þ þ þ þ Kaempferol-O- C27H30O15 59.9 595.1649 595.1657 m/z 269 [M þ H-H2O] , m/z 259 [M þ H-CO] , m/z 258 [M þ H-CHO] , m/z 245 [M þ H-C2H2O] , þ þ þ 0,2 þ rutinoside m/z 241 [M þ H-H2O-CO] , m/z 231 [M þ H-2CO] , m/z 213 [M þ H-H2O-2CO] , m/z 165 [ A] , 1,3 þ þ 0,2 þ 1,3 þ m/z 153 [ A] , m/z 147 [M þ H-2CO-C4H4O2] , m/z 137 [ A-CO] , m/z 133 [ B-2H] , m/z 121 0,2 þ 1,3 þ [ B] , m/z 111 [ A-C2H2O] þ þ þ þ Quercetin-O- C27H30O16 54.2 611.1596 611.1607 m/z 285 [M þ H-H2O] , m/z 275 [M þ H-CO] , m/z 274 [M þ H-CHO] , m/z 257 [M þ H-H2O-CO] , þ þ þ 0,4 þ rutinoside (Rutin) m/z 247 [M-2CO] , m/z 229 [M þ H-H2O-2CO] , m/z 201 [M þ H-H2O-3CO] , m/z 195 [ B] , m/z 0,2 þ 1,3 þ 1,3 þ 0,2 þ 0,2 þ 1,3 þ 165 [ A] , m/z 153 [ A] , m/z 149 [ B-2H] , m/z 137 [ A-CO] /[ B] , m/z 111 [ A-C2H2O] þ þ þ Isorhamnetin-O- C28H32O16 61.0 625.1753 625.1763 m/z 302 [M þ H-CH3] , m/z 299 [M þ H-H2O] , m/z 285 [M þ H-CH3OH] , m/z 271 [M þ H-H2O- þ þ þ þ rutinoside CO] , m/z 261 [M-2CO] , m/z 257 [M þ H-CH3OH-CO] , m/z 243 [M þ H-H2O-2CO] , m/z 229 þ þ þ [M þ H-CH3OH -2CO] , m/z 201 [M þ H- CH3OH -3CO] , m/z 177 [M þ H-2CO-C4H4O2] , m/z 165 0,2 þ 1,3 þ 1,3 þ 0,2 þ 1,3 þ [ A] , m/z 163 [ B-2H] , m/z 153 [ A] , m/z 151 [ B] , m/z 111 [ A-C2H2O] þ þ þ þ Myricetin-O- C27H30O17 47.5 627.1546 627.1556 m/z 301 [M þ H-H2O] , m/z 291 [M þ H-CO] , m/z 290 [M þ H-CHO] , m/z 283 [M þ H-2H2O] , þ þ þ rutinoside m/z 273 [M þ H-H2O-CO] , m/z 263 [M-2CO] , m/z 255 [M þ H-2H2O-CO] , m/z 245 [M þ H-H2O- þ 1,4 þ 0,4 þ þ 0,2 þ 1,3 2CO] , m/z 195 m/z [ B] , 193 [ B-H2O] , m/z 179 [M þ H-2CO-C4H4O2] , m/z 165 [ A] /[ B- þ 1,3 þ 0,2 þ 0,2 þ 1,4 þ 1,3 þ H2O] , m/z 153 [ A] /[ B] , m/z 137 [ A-CO] , m/z 127 [ Aþ2H] , m/z 111 [ A-C2H2O] , m/ þ z 109 [0,4A] þ þ þ Mearnsetin-/ C28H32O17 55.9 641.1700 641.1712 m/z 318 [M þ H-CH3] , m/z 315 [M þ H-H2O] , m/z
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