TRENT & MERSEY CANAL CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISAL Community Partnerships May 2000 HISTORY 1.2 Topographical influences The canal follows the topography of the 1. Historic evolution of the canal landscape, avoiding the necessity for locks. Dutton Stop Lock is the exception as this was Josiah Wedgewood was convinced that a system designed to restrict the flow of water from the of inland navigation would provide a cheaper and more efficient means of transporting goods and Trent and Mersey Canal into the Bridgewater Canal. Although essentially a ‘contour canal’, this raw materials than roads. With his financial section contains three tunnels (Barnton 572 yards support, James Brindley began to survey a route for a “Grand Trunk Canal” to join the rivers Trent (523 metres), Saltersford 424 yards (388 metres) and Preston Brook 1,239 yards (1,133 metres)). and Mersey in 1758. The section of the Trent and Mersey Canal Wedgewood promoted “The Navigation from the between Middlewich and Preston Brook was Trent to the Mersey Act” which was passed on originally intended as a wide canal, allowing boats the 14th May 1766 and work began soon after, (Flats) of 14 feet (4.25 metres) beam to come with James Brindley as surveyor-general to the from Liverpool and Manchester, and unload onto canal company. Upon Brindley’s death in 1772 he narrow boats at Middlewich. The bridges in this was succeeded by Hugh Henshall, previously Clerk section were built wide enough for the Flats. of Works, who completed the construction of the However, the tunnels between Barnton and canal. Preston Brook which were built later, were not. The Trent and Mersey Canal was finally opened in The Flats still had to unload onto narrow boats 1777, covering a total length of 93 miles (150 km at Preston Brook. approx.) from Derwent Mouth on the River Trent to Preston Brook on the Bridgewater Canal. It was heavily used for sixty years, being the only good transport link between the Midlands, Manchester and Liverpool. Subsequent canal development created the “Grand Cross” system which by 1790 allowed the transportation of pottery, coal and salt between the rivers Trent, Mersey, Severn and Thames. This was an important element in industrial and transport evolution. Gradually commercial traffic on the canal declined, mainly because of competition from the railways and roads. By the early 1960’s commercial traffic was minimal, however this decline has been compensated by the growing interest in boating as a leisure activity. 1.3 Influence of land uses The Trent and Mersey Canal was nationalised in The impact of the salt industry on this section of 1948, and on 1st January 1963 came under the the canal is considerable. The completion of the control of the British Waterways Board. Trent and Mersey Canal, following the earlier Within Vale Royal, the Trent and Mersey Canal approval for the Weaver Navigation, allowed the covers approximately 14.5 miles (23.5 km) from expansion of the industry in the 18th century. As Croxton Aqueduct to a point which is just beyond a result, many salt works were built along the canal the midpoint of the Preston Brook tunnel. The banks surrounding Northwich. Although the salt final 530 metres or so of the canal lie in Halton industry has declined, there are still remnants of Borough. the impact of salt and its associated industry. 1 2. Archaeological significance and along the canal are also included within the potential of the area designated area. The Trent and Mersey Canal is of great industrial 3.2 Views archaeological importance. It was the first major The linear character of the canal means that most element of the national canal network, and the views within the Conservation Area are restricted greatest civil engineering project of the eighteenth to terminal views of bridges, tunnel ends and century. Reference to industrial archaeology is buildings adjacent to the canal. However, its open made, where appropriate, throughout this character and generally elevated location provides appraisal. The Anderton Boat Lift is a Scheduled almost continuous attractive views outwards. For Ancient Monument in its own right. this reason, only exceptional views, such as those of the churches of Davenham, Great Budworth TOWNSCAPE and Weaverham, have been mentioned in the text. 3. Form and structure of the canal 3.3 Spaces 3.1 Conservation Area Boundary The nature of the canal means that spacially, it is predominantly linear in character, although along The boundary of the Conservation Area has been the length of the canal, important spaces have drawn tightly along the canal corridor. Generally, been created where the canal widens to field boundaries and hedgerows, especially along incorporate basins and wharves. The principle the towpath, define its extent for the majority of examples are the basins at Anderton and Barnton, its length. Significant areas of woodland adjacent the wide between Barnton and Saltersford to the canal are also included. Where the canal is tunnels, and the wharves at Wincham and Broken in a cutting or on an embankment, their respective Cross. There are also several marinas along the top or base also defines the boundary. It broadly length of the canal. reflects the overburden above tunnels, and includes the trackways between tunnel portals. The basin at Anderton was built for transporting The embankments and abutments of old bridges salt from the canal onto the River Weaver. It was are marked but not modern structures. later used by canal boats queuing to use the Anderton Boat Lift. The space is open in character Where appropriate, the boundary widens beyond and formed by residential housing to the north the direct confines of the canal to include buildings and west of the basin. On the south and east sides and enclosures of direct historic association with of the basin, where Anderton Weir channels over the canal. Specific examples of this are at Broken spill water into the River Weaver, the space is Cross; Wincham Wharf; Marston/Lion Salt Works defined by a line of mature trees. A modern (which is already a separate conservation area); residential development to the north-west of the Anderton Basin/Boat Lift; Barnton Basin; Acton basin does not enhance the character or setting Quay; and the Dutton Stop Lock/Dry Dock of the canal and the historic boat lift. This is complex at the southern portal to the Preston accentuated by the prominent position of the Brook Tunnel. The various marinas and wharfs dwellings. 2 Barnton Basin developed as a service facility for warehouse was built, as well as stables and canal users awaiting access to the tunnel. It associated trades. Beyond bridge 184, an old incorporated a coal wharf as well as a rope walk, smithy can be seen backing onto the canal smithy, clog maker, two pubs, a grocer’s shop, towpath. However Broken Cross wharf became stabling for horses and terraces of cottages. The less important after Anderton was developed as space is enclosed by the steep hillside above the the shipping point between the two waterways. Weaver Valley, as the canal enters the eastern portal of Barnton tunnel. Although most of the 3.4 Enclosure buildings have been destroyed, traces of the cobbled street and the foundations of houses still Enclosure along the length of the canal is remain. predominately provided by the offside bank and towpath hedges. Properties along the canal are The wide between Barnton and Saltersford generally enclosed by brick boundary walls or tunnels allowed canal boats to queue while waiting hedges, which define the private space. to travel through the tunnels. Before the introduction of tugs to the Trent and Mersey There are a few remaining examples of iron canal Canal, canal boats were propelled through the side railings and bridge balustrading. tunnel by ‘legging’ - where two boatmen would 3.5 Urban Form lie at opposite ends of a plank fixed to the bow and walk along the tunnel walls. On the north The urban form of the canal is generally of a side of the canal remains the tug arm, where the consistent width, narrowing at bridges and tug was kept, and there are many buildings with widening at winding points. Winding holes were historic waterways connections. However the constructed because the majority of working area now has a natural regenerating landscape boats using the canal were 70 feet long (21.3 character. metres). Even today, many pleasure craft are too long to turn in the width of the canal. Wincham wharf was used for the transhipment of goods, such as coal coming in for Northwich The line of the canal exists in its original form, with and the surrounding area, and flour from the mill the exception of the Marston New Cut. In 1957 a opposite intended for the town. It is now a busy new straight length of canal about ½ mile or 800 canal boat repair and sales yard. metres long was built, because the existing stretch was in danger of collapsing into old salt workings. It is now difficult to see the old line, since it collapsed as expected, six months after the new section was opened. Along the length of the Conservation Area it is possible to identify three distinct character areas: Croxton Aqueduct to the A556 near Broken Cross; Broken Cross to Barnton; and Barnton to Preston Brook tunnel. 3.5.1 Croxton Aqueduct to Broken Cross This section begins where the canal crosses the River Dane by means of the Croxton Aqueduct. The canal parallels the river, north along the The wharf at Broken Cross was developed as a eastern side of the Dane valley, until Whatcroft general goods wharf for Northwich, due to Hall where it turns eastwards before continuing difficulties in completing the canal in the Barnton northwards to Broken Cross.