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(JaWdl (jjc-l^all AalaV Aajuialla (J3I 1^ -x. l <\L«'A (JaaL^JI ^yA*j| Aal_3ja (jLaxaauil AajI^aI AjuiI^4]| oAA ^caLaa jaAua lAa^ajlA,j ^yac. ^)l^jJaVl (_^-3 (j^c- l^)all Aaa^al JaauijaAll (_j4aAall ^^all jja^Ja Aaail^)il ^aall AJaIi^a 11 http://serversmiso.aecs.sy/ ALa^IxaII ^jaa i—u£a Aajjaaill Aj^)4j| AsUall AaaA 11 dllc-^jlLuiAj -j-vl La\I ^_3 AIaI^I! OAA ^LaJ .L^lS Lg-ilajJj ^j£LaVl 6A& 6^)ajLJ! eA^J AjLlasVI (jLiL! (j-a ^_a pIac-VI ^xic-Aa] Ajl* juL 12 http://serversmiso.aecs.sy/ AiLa^Ise-all ^Jaj (__u£-a 2u^)^-uill Aj^aII AsLlall AjjA )X References Abdel-Kaway F. K. 1999. Effects of gamma irradiation on some biological activities of the larval stage of the khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 123: 201-204. Arthur F. H. and T.W. Phillips 2003. Stored-product insect pest management and control. In Food Plant Sanitation, ed. YH Yui, BE Bruinsma, JR Gorham, W Nip, PS Tong, P Ventresca, pp. 341-348. New York: Marcel Dekker Ayvaz A. and A. S. Tuncbileck 2006. Effects of gamma radiation on life stages of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia Kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J. Pest. Sci. 79: 215-222. Ayvaz A., S. Albayrak and S. Karaborklu 2008. Gamma radiation sensitivity of the eggs, larvae and pupae of Indian meal moth plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Pest Manag. Sci. 64: 505-512. Baker, J. E., D. K. Weaver, J. E. Throne and J. L. Zettler, 1995. Resistance to protectant insecticides in two field strains of the stored products insect parasitoid Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 88: 512-519. Brower J. H. and J. W. Press, 1990. Interaction of Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in suppressing stored product moth populations in small inshell peanut storages. J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 1096-1101. Cancino, J., L. Ruiz, P. Lopez, and J. Sivinski 2009. The suitability of Anastrepha spp. and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae as hosts of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and D. tryoni (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Effects of host age and radiation dose and implications for quality control in mass rearing. Biocontrol Sci. and Tech. 19: 81-95. Fatima B, M. Ashraf, N. Ahmad and N. Suleman 2002. Mass production of Trichogramma chi loths\ an economical and advanced technique. BCPC Conference - Pests and Diseases 2002, 1-2: 311-316. Fields PG, and N. White. 2002. Alternatives to methyl bromide treatments for stored- product and quarantine insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47: 331-59 Greany, P. D. and J. E. Capenter, 1999. Use of nuclear techniques in biological control of insects and weeds. Nuclear News. 42: 32-34. 13 http://serversmiso.aecs.sy/ lLa1 "k. A 4jjHI tilkll Greany, P. D. and J. E. Capenter, 2000. Use of nuclear techniques in biological control. In Area-Wide Control of Fruit Flies and other Pests, ed. K. H. Tan. Pennang, Malaysia. Penerbit Universiti sains Malaysia, PP. 221-227. Hallman G. 2000. Expanding radiation quarantine treatments beyond fruit flies. Agr. and Forest Entomology. 2:85-95. Hendrichs J., K. Bloem, G. Hoch, J. E. Carpenter, P. Greany and A. S. Robinson. 2009. Improving the cost effectiveness, trade and safty of biological control insect pests using nuclear techniques. Biocontrol Sci. and Tech. 19: 3-22. Keever D.W., M.A. Mullen, J. W. Press and R. T. Arbogast 1986. Augmentation of natural enemies for suppressing two major insect pests in stored farmers stock peanuts. Environ. Entomol. 15: 767-777 Makee H. and G. Saour 2003. Noninhirited sterility in irradiated Phthorimaea operculella females. J. Appl. Entomol. 127: 489-493. Mansour, M. Y., 2003. Gamma irradiation as a quarantine treatment for apples infested by codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Applied Entomology. 127: 137-141. Mansour, M. Y., 2010. 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A contribution to the study of the genera Ephestia and Plodia (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae), with notes on parasites of the larvae. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 79: 439-492. Saour G. 2004. Parasitization of potato tuber moth eggs (Lep., Gelechiidae) from irradiated adults by Trichogramma (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) and control of moth 14 h tt p ://se rve rs m i so . a e cs. sy/ I * iM i uS A Ajjjj-iJl 451 fill 4jjjh ) £ population with combined releases of sterile insect and egg parasitoid. J. of Appl. Entomol.. 128: 681-686. Scholler M. and P. W. Flinn. 2000. Parasitoids and predators, in Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored-Product IPM. Subramanyam B, Hagstrum DW, eds. Boston: Kluwer Academic, pp. 229-71 Scholler M„ P. W. Flinn, M. J. Grieshop and E. Z d a rkova . 2006. Biological control of stored-product pests. In Insect Management for Food Storage and Processing. Heaps JW, ed. St. Paul: AACC Int. 2nd ed., pp. 67-87 Scholler M., and S. Prozell, 2001. Die Mehlmottenschlupfwespe Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) als Antagonist vorratsscha"ditcher Molten. Gesunde Pflanz 53:82-89 Yu, S.H., M. Ryoo and J. H. Na 1999. Life history of Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: pyralodae) on dried vegetables commodity. J. Asia-Pacific Entomology. 2: 149-152. Zubrik, M. and J. Novotny 2009. Impact of gamma radiation on the developmental characteristics of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) preparatory to their use as supplemental host/prey for natural enemy enhancement. Biocontrol Sci. and Tech. 19: 291-301. 15 http://serversmiso.aecs.sy/ LiLti1 "S A 4jjHI tilkll Abstract Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia knehniella, mature 5th instar larvae were exposed to gamma radiation dosages ranging from 50-350 Gy at 50 Gy increment and the effects of gamma radiation on pupation, adult emergence and sex ratio were investigated. In addition, effects of irradiation on the rate of development to pupae and adults and the acceptance of irradiated larvae by B. hebetor females were examined. Results showed that the radio-sensitivity of E. kuehmella larvae increased with increasing dose. Pupation was significantly affected at 100 Gy dose, and completely prevented at 350 Gy dose. Adult emergence was only slightly different from pupation; emergence was significantly affected at 100 Gy dose and completely prevented at 300 Gy dose. Irradiation also negatively affected the rate of development of larvae to pupae and adults. While more than 98% of control larvae pupated within 10 days of treatment, this ratio decreased to about 79% in larvae exposed to 50 Gy and less than 4% in larvae exposed to 100 Gy dose. The rate of development to the adult stage was also similarly affected. While 97% of control insects emerged as adults in the 1st 20 days of treatment, this ratio decreased to about 53, 2 and zero percent in larvae exposed to 50, 100 and 150 Gy dose respectively. In addition, irradiation significantly affected male: female ratio; sex ratio was skewed in favor of males, and at 250 Gy dose all emerged moths were males. Furthermore, irradiation had no adverse effect on the degree of acceptance of mature larvae to parasitization; irradiated insects were as acceptable to B. hebetor females as unirradiated ones. 16 http://serversmiso.aecs.sy/ Lika1 "5. A 4jjHI tilkll Jjjuill 6(Jxul1! I Aiiii ^aLui (J^l ,A1« C51a*JI * jaJl iiali ^ AjjJ s liaiJ 17 http://serversmiso.aecs.sy/ c^Ujk^i ^ AJlJall 4jjA w SYRIAN ARAB REBABLIC ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION DAMASCUS- P.O.BOX: 6091 Report on laboratory Reconnaissance Experiment Department of Agriculture Effects of gamma radiation on the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, mature larvae and acceptability of irradiated larvae by Bracon hebetor females Dr. M. Mansour AECS - AYRRE 224 June 2011 18 http://serversmiso.aecs.sy/