Locating Bins Using GIS I.A.K.S.Illeperuma1, Dr

International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:10 No:02 75 Locating Bins using GIS I.A.K.S.Illeperuma1, Dr. Lal Samarakoon2. 1Senior Lecturer dept. of CPRSG, Faculty of Geomatics 2Director GIC Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand

Abstract-- In today’s world solid waste management is a people have to carry their waste to the transfer stations. global environmental issue which creates significant health and Then waste from this transfer station is transported to environmental risk. This is a crucial problem in Sri Lanka too landfill site (ISWA, UNEP, 2002). due to the lack of a proper solid waste management system. Studied carried out by Visvanathan et al., 2001 shows This study was conducted to improve the present solid waste that in Asia waste disposal is a serious problem due to management system of Maharagama Urban Council, Sri Lanka using GIS. uncontrolled and unmonitored urbanization, and lack of Sample survey was done to collect the data about amount of financial and human resources trained in SWM system. waste generated from a According to this study the per capita generation of waste in house, number of people and income of a family and the Asian cities rang from 0.2kg/day to 1.7kg/day. Also it households’ attitude towards the waste from randomly selected highlighted that in Sri Lanka waste generation per capita houses. GPS survey was carried out to find out the sensitive rang from 0.4 to 0.85kg/day/person due to increased locations. consumption patterns as well as the movement of the people Model was created to estimate the amount of waste generated from the rural areas to urban centers. from each house. GIS was used to identify the locations for In Thailand people are encouraged to waste segregation bins and estimate the required capacity of them. It could be found that 1006 bins with 100m service area are required to at the source of waste generation. Therefore wastes are cover entire area. sorted into 3 types: recyclable, food and toxic and dispose them into 3 different dustbins. (Bui Van Ga, 2004). Index Term-- Urban Solid Waste Management (USWM), Bin Similarly in many Indian cities and towns, solid waste location, Geographical Information System (GIS), Service is normally disposed in an open dump. (Mufeed, 2006). area, Global Positioning System (GPS). Although collection and disposal of the municipal waste have been improved in Vietnam, there is no safely disposed 1. INTRODUCTION method. Recycling and reuse in Vietnam is an actively Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a function of implemented by informal waste pickers (Vietnam combination of various activities such as collection, Environment Monitor, 2004). transportation and disposal of solid waste. It also includes Bangladesh is also experiencing the problems of solid processing and treatment of the solid waste before waste management. Less than fifty percent of whole waste disposing. (Robinson, 1986). The purpose of SWM is to generated in Dhaka City was collected by Dhaka City create uncontaminated environment for people without Corporation and bins are not located sufficiently along the disturbing natural resources (World resource Foundation, road. So it can be seen that waste are scattered over the area 1996; McDougall et al., 2001) and a proper SWM helps safe (Syed, 2006). disposal, reduction of final waste and increase re-use and Similar to most of developing nations, in Sri Lanka, recycling. On the other hand a poor management system, on solid waste, especially Urban Solid Waste (USW), is a the contrary, leads to a filthy environment affecting the critical problem and it becomes severe due to absence of well-being of the people residing therein. proper solid waste management systems in the country. At At the present all over the world, due to the present recyclable, reusable and organic waste are collected industrialization, urbanization and uncontrolled urban together and being dumped in environmentally very sprawl and improvement of living conditions and population sensitive places like road sides, marshy lands, low lying growth, SWM become a monumental problem. Waste areas, public places, forest and wild life areas, water courses collection, transportation and disposal methods may vary etc. causing numerous negative environmental impacts from place to place over the world. SWM system has (Hazardous Waste Management Unit, 2004). improved with the help of new technology in developed There are no sufficient infrastructure and resources for countries. the SWM in many Urban Councils of the country, and there In Australia urban households have been given a bin to are no enough and suitable services to dispose most of the put their waste and those bins are emptied weekly by the solid waste from households and industries. (Levien et al. local council. (ISWA, UNEP, 2002). 2000). Basic measures taken in recent years to control waste With the introduction of new policies for rapid management in Japan include: pollution prevention, reuse economic changes during the last two decades it can be seen and recycling, and waste incineration with air pollution that rapid urbanization and also it is more difficult to find control. (Sakai et al., 1996). lands for disposal or waste treatment facilities in urban areas Netherland government has implemented high land than in rural areas. Therefore people in those areas filling tax to make it less interest by the people and compelled to dispose their waste in improper manner incineration of waste is the favored method of waste creating environmental and health hazards. In contrast treatment to reduce environmental risk (Bartelings, 2003). western province is highly urbanized and densely populated The most popular method of waste disposal in Canadian compared with the other provinces in the country. So the urban centers is curbside collection. But in rural areas waste management problem is more severe in the western

106502-8181 IJET-IJENS © April 2010 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:10 No:02 76 province (42 Sri Lanka, 2001). Thereby Colombo is the bins are not used by most of the householders to dispose most severely affected area with the disposal generation of their waste and instead they use drains, roadside, water around 1500 tons per day (Perera, 2003). This problem is bodies or any other improper things. This creates poor quite significant in Maharagama Urban Council (UC) which sanitary conditions in the area due to animals: goats, dogs, is in Colombo district. To minimize environmental and cows, cats, crows etc. foraging for food. Further, this waste health hazards it is necessary to locate bins along the roads may causes to block the drainage system and creates flood so that people can find a bin to dispose their waste easily. during raining seasons making significant inconvenience to Therefore this people and also stagnant and harmful water pools may form study aims to identify the proper locations for bins along the making a better environment for sources of many diseases roads using GIS in the Maharagama UC area. such as flies, cockroaches, mosquitoes and rodents. When these wastes are rotten and decomposed neighborhood make 2. STUDY AREA dirty, bad smelling. Lighter waste materials are observed to Maharagama UC is one of the largest Urban Council in have been scattered by animals, wind and vehicles adding Sri Lanka lies in the Colombo district in Western province. unpleasant outlook to the area. It is situated at 6.8460 North latitude and 79.9280 East longitude and is subdivided into 41 GN divisions for administrative purpose (Fig 1). It covers an area of 3775 hectares. Principal towns of the area are Maharagama, Mirihana and Kottawa and it has a population of just over 177000 people. There are about 28000 households in the area. The UC officers were estimating per capita waste generation is around 2.5kg in the area. Rukmale West, Makumbura South and Kottawa East GN divisions and the Wijerama, and Pragathipura GN divisions are the lowest and highest populated GN divisions respectively. Most of the commercial lands and industries are found along main roads. There are more residential lands and relatively less agricultural lands in the area. (Table I)

T ABLE I LANDUSE DATA OF MAHARAGAMA UC

Landuse Area (m2) Barren 197016.88 Cemetry 17706.30 Fig. 1. Map of Maharagama UC Area Commercial 820892.91

Industry 393868.83 All the wastes collected from households and other Marshy land 1013882.06 places by UC were transferred to open dump site located at Other agricultural land 1316884.96 Navinna GN division of the Maharagama UC area. Paddy 4958619.18 Maharagama UC officials said that then these wastes are Playground 38522.72 sold to the private company. Company people sort them out Public 867372.81 at the site and bring to their place. Religious land 223419.15 In some of the areas wastes are collected by UC very Residential land 26514910.94 F frequently while in some other areas wastes are not Scrub 345844.38 rom collected at all by the UC. If the UC vehicle comes to Water bodies 327383.73 pers collect the waste almost all householders are prepared to put onal communication made with Officials in UC regarding their waste into the vehicle. Only the householders of those urban solid waste management in Maharagama UC area, it areas where the UC does not collect waste adopt alternative could be known that UC provide polythene bags to methods to solve their problem of waste disposal. householders to collect disposal materials and to deliver Followings are the disposal methods used by those people to these bags to the vehicle at the time of collection or place dispose their waste. them by the side of the road closer to their house or put 1) Collect and Burn. them into the bin located along the road for the cleaners to In this method all types of wastes together collect and collect these bags when they come to collect waste. From burn. the UC officers, it was found that four compactors and two 2) Dispose waste into a hole in the garden. tippers are used in collecting waste along the main streets People who have enough space to dispose their waste, and ten tractors are used in lanes and small streets where prepare a hole in their garden and dispose their all waste trucks can not approach. Due to the unjustifiable command into this hole. area of the existing dustbins located along the road, those 3) Collect all types of waste under the tree.

106502-8181 IJET-IJENS © April 2010 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:10 No:02 77 4) Plastic / paper/ polythene burn and other waste dispose Altogether four hundred and ten households were used for into a hole in the garden. this questionnaire survey. Same time GPS survey was In this method plastic, paper and polythene waste were conducted to find the location of these houses. Two sample separate from household waste and they were burned. bags which can be filled with one kilogram and half Then rest of the waste was disposed into a hole in the kilogram of waste were used to estimate the weight of waste garden. generated from these households. Showing these bags, 5) Put all waste into the UC vehicle when it comes to collect householders were asked how many bags of waste are waste. generated from their house. Further to get the location of sensitive areas such as school, religious places etc. where Inquiries made from officials of the Central bin should not be located at the close proximity of them, Environmental Authority and Maharagama UC, it revealed GPS was used. Locations of bus stops over the area were that government offices and schools have their own surveyed too. procedures to collect waste and they do not use bins located along the roadside to dispose their waste. Everyday UC 3.3 Allocation of bins along the road vehicles go to those places and collect those wastes. Further Procedures conducted in this process mainly divided they stressed that commercial waste too is separately collect into two. Firstly analysis of sample survey data was done to by the UC. Therefore in this study consideration was limited create models to estimate the number of people in a house only to the residential buildings. and amount of waste generate from a house per day and income of a family. Allocation of bins along the road is the 3. METHODOLOGY second and main part of this process. Fig. 3 summarized the Methodology followed in this study is included work flow. conducting questionnaire survey to collect data and GIS based analysis to find proper location for bins along the roads. Procedure of the study can be summarized as in Fig. 2.

GPS Survey Questionnaire Survey

Identify the Road Models to sensitive Network estimate amount areas of waste generate from a house

Identify the

locations for Determine

bins & calculate capacity of bin

service area

Fig. 2. Procedure of the study

3.2 Data collection For this study, data from different sources were collected and were integrated to create database for the study area. Digital maps of Land use/Land cover, road network of the area, streams, water bodies, population density map and foot print of buildings over the area were collected from Road Development Authority of the country. Digital map of building foot print with height attribute was collected from Survey Department of the country. Few questions were prepared to collect the data about amount of waste generated from a house, number of people in a house, income of a family and to have an idea about the peoples attitudes towards the waste. Then using this questionnaire, householders from randomly selected ten houses in each GN division of the Maharagama UC were interviewed.

106502-8181 IJET-IJENS © April 2010 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:10 No:02 78 Sample Survey data

Model formation Landuse Building data Layer

Approximate number of people in Approximate income each household of each household Identify households in residentia l area

Estimation of waste generate Rasterization from each household

Waste density map

Polygonization

Identify centroids in Network data high density area set (Road)

Consider Centroids are on the centroids as bin Centroids are within road location sensitive area No Yes

No yes Shift the points to Calculate service the closest point on area of initial Exclude points closest road bins

Determine number of

houses in each service Calculate service Locate other

area area of bins bins

Fig. 3. Work flow for allocation bin along the roads Calculate capacity of bins Generally it could be said that amount of waste generated from a house mainly depend on the number of people in that house, education level and income of the family. But household wise information was unavailable to collect. Also it is out of scope to conduct a field survey to gather information from each household in the area as time

106502-8181 IJET-IJENS © April 2010 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:10 No:02 79 consuming. Therefore regression analysis was done using sample data to estimate number of inhabitant in a house, income of a family and amount of waste generated from a Finally to create the equation to estimate the amount of house per day and Minitab statistical software was used for waste generated from a house, regression analysis was done the analysis. following relationship was created. Generally it can be assumed that number of people in a house depends on the education level of the family, size of Amount of Waste = 0.174*Number of people the house and number of storey in a building. During field in a house + 0.000021*Income survey it was noticed that there were no housing complex in the area and no multi storied houses. Although there are two storied houses, one family with three or four members are In this calculation it is assumed that all people in the house living in most of those houses. Therefore a number of generate equal amount of waste though it depend on various storeys in a building were not considered when estimating factors. the number of people in those houses. Since education levels Normally people use a road to go to the bin to dump of each and every household of the study area was not their waste. Hence the service area of a bin which is a region available only the size of the house was considered to including the households that dispose waste to the bin in estimate the number of inhabitant of the family. Regression consideration can not be a circular area. In GIS software analysis was done to find out the relationship between Network Analyst function facilitate to find service area of a Number of people and area of the house. Following equation particular distance around any location on a network. A obtained with P value zero. network service area is an area that covers all accessible roads which are passing through that location and have Number of people = 0.0315 * Area of the house specified length. As an example, in Fig. 4-B brown colored area is a 100m service area of a bin calculated using Then this equation was used to estimate the number of network analyst function of ARC GIS software without people in the house when analysis the whole dataset. using trim length. This area covers all road sections which With the available data, income of the family is are passing through the bin location with 100 meter length estimated by using the area of the house. Regression from the bin and service area polygon is created by joining analysis was done to find out the relationship between end point of these roads. Therefore this service area polygon income and the area of the house. Following equation was may exclude some householders who can reach to this bin got with the P value zero and it was used to approximate the by walking maximum distance of 100 meters or less than income of a family when considered whole dataset. 100 meters. In Fig. 4-A service area of a bin was calculated same as in Fig. 4-B but using trim length. Therefore this polygon covers more householders who can reach to this bin by walking 100 meters or less than 100 meters. Therefore this method was used to calculate the service area of a bin in this study.

Income = 208 * Area

100m

Fig. 4. 100m service area polygon

As a first step of determining service area polygons of bins, Network data set which is made of network elements: edges, junction and turn has to be created. Then service area analysis layer has to be created to determine the service area polygon of each bin. Fig. 5 shows input and outputs of service area analysis layer.

106502-8181 IJET-IJENS © April 2010 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:10 No:02 80 distance of 100 meters by computing service area of the each bin, considering road network data. 20m buffer zones Input Network data were created around schools and religious places and 30 set meters buffer zones were created around water features to avoid locating bin at the close proximity of them. Though people requested to keep a bin near to the bus stop, four meter buffer was created around bus stop to avoid locating bin very closer to them. As a guide to locate initial bins, waste density map is prepared to identify the high density waste generation area and first bins were located at the centroids of the high Network location density area. First step of doing this, waste generation point (Bin locations) map is converted to raster map with cell size 100m and cell value of this raster map calculate as bellow.

Service area Outputs Cell Value = Sum of the attribute of all the points within polygons the cell

Where attribute is amount of waste generate from the point. Then waste density map was prepared using the Roads within each following equation. service area polygon Waste Density = Cell Value / Area of the cell

Fig. 5. Input and outputs of service area analysis layer To identify the centroids of the high density areas this density map was polygonized and polygons with their Impedance which is cost attribute of traversing along road, centroids at the high density areas were shown in the Fig. 6. polygon break which is extent of the service area to be Then centroid of this high density area was considered as calculated and trim polygon length is a length that trims the location of the bins and check whether they are within the edges of the polygon to a specified distance are input of the buffer zones of sensitive area or not. Centroids which are in service area analysis layer. buffer zones were excluded. However bin should be located along the roadside. Therefore to check whether the other From questionnaire survey data it could be found that centroid points are on the road, they were overlay with the 98%of the householders’ maximum preferable walking road network. distance to the bin to dispose their waste is 100m. Therefore bins were located at the maximum preferable walking

Fig. 6. Polygons with their centroid over the high waste density area.

If a road crosses over the centroid points then centroid the point at centroid then it is shifted to the closest point on location is considered as a bin location. If not firstly locate the closest road of that point. It was done by drawing a

106502-8181 IJET-IJENS © April 2010 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:10 No:02 81 perpendicular line from the centroid to the closest road. overlapping of the service areas, cover more areas and all Then the intersection point of that line and road was the sections of the road network by service area. If these consider as the location of the bin since it is the most closest points produce satisfactory results, then proceed to find the point on the road to that particular centroid. location of the next bin. Self judgment will be applied to select a location for the bin. This way all the points will be Thereby service areas of these bins were calculated by located (Fig. 7.). using network analysis. To locate the next bins trial and error method is used with the aim of avoiding much

Fig. 7. Location of bins along the roads

After locating bins, amount of waste generated within service areas of each bin which is the capacity of bins to All these methods create environmental and air pollution collect the waste within a day can be easily determined with and create an inviting environment for such pests as flies, ARC GIS software. This is the capacity of bins to collect the mosquitoes, cockroaches, rats etc. Therefore the danger of waste within a day. There by considering present waste spreading diseases like Dengue, Malaria, Brain fever, collection frequency by UC, capacity of bins were Pylaria etc. is there too. People in this area adapted to these determined. disposal methods since there is no proper waste collection procedure by the UC. Hence it is necessary to locate bins along the road so that people can find the bin easily to 4. Results and discussion dispose their waste. Using Network Analysis function in From questionnaire survey data analysis it could be found ARC GIS software 1006 bins were located to cover entire that mainly three methods are used to dispose the household area (Fig. 9). Thereby amount of waste generated within waste in this area (Fig. 8). service areas of each bin were determined. Fig. 10 bellow shows the amount of waste generated within each of the service area per day. According to the Fig. 10, amount of Disposal methods practice in the Area waste gathered into a bin per day range from three kilograms to hundred kilograms in the UC area. Bins with 12.9% same capacity can be located along the roadside. Then there might be some bins which get filled within a day or even in a less time while some bins get filled in two days or take even more time. So capacity of the bin determines the waste 21.7% removal frequency of the bin too. Then when deciding the capacity of the bins it is better to consider the frequency of waste removal from bin and optimum path of the UC 65.4% Category vehicles to transport the waste from bin to landfill site too. Burn Open dumping Put into the UC vehicle

Fig. 8. Disposal methods

106502-8181 IJET-IJENS © April 2010 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:10 No:02 82

Fig. 9. Location of bins along the road

Fig. 10. Amount of waste generated within service area polygon per day

From the questionnaire survey it could be seen that in some households of different frequencies of waste collection by of the areas wastes are collected by UC very frequently the UC. while in some other areas wastes are not collected at all by Fig.11 shows the frequencies of household waste collection the UC. Table 2 given bellow shows that the percentage of by the UC in different GN divisions.

T ABLE II FREQUENT OF WASTE IS COLLECTED BY THE UC AND PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS Frequent of waste collect % of Households

Every other day 4.88

Once a week 53.17

Twice a week 7.32

Not collected by UC 34.63

106502-8181 IJET-IJENS © April 2010 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:10 No:02 83

Fig. 11. Frequency of households waste collection by the UC (Households shown in the figure are houses used for questionnaire survey)

It is necessary to make an arrangement to extend the present waste collection frequency required capacity of each bin to waste collection procedure to cover entire area. Further accommodate waste dispose by the people within the service waste cannot keep in the bin for long time it better to collect area polygon each bin is shown in the Fig. 12. waste from bin twice a week. With this

Fig. 12. Capacity of bin 5. CONCLUSION Service area of a bin can be calculated accurately using amount of waste generate within the service area of a bin Network Analysis function in GIS software instead of was determined with the help of GIS. Also it can be creating circular buffer around it. Therefore it can be conclude that GIS based computation for waste generation conclude that GIS can be used to locate bins along roads estimation can ensure accurate design of capacity of bins. accurately based on road network. Further in this study

106502-8181 IJET-IJENS © April 2010 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:10 No:02 84 REFERENCES [1] Bui Van Ga. “Urban Solid Waste Treatment and Landfill Siting for Danang City.” Environmental Protection Research Centre, Danang Unversity.2004 [2] Bartelings H.” Municipal Solid Waste Management problems, an applied general Equilibrium Analysis.” PhD Thesis. Wageningen University. 2003 [3] Hazardous Waste Management Unit, Technical Guidelines on Municipal Solid Waste Management. Environmental Pollution Control Division, Central Environmental Authority. 2004 [4] ISWA, UNEP. Industry as a partner for Sustainable Development: waste management. United Kingdom.2002 [5] Levein van Zon and Nalaka Siriwardana.2000. Garbage in Sri Lanka. Integrated Resources Management Programme in Wetlands, Sri Lanka, Free University of Amsterdam, the Netherland. [6] Mufeed Sharholya, Kafeel Ahmada , R.C. Vaishyab and R.D. Guptab . 2006. Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in Allahabad, India. aDepartment of Civil Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India, bDepartment of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (Deemed University), Allahabad 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India [7] McDougall, F.R., White, P.R., Franke, M., Hindle, P. “Integrated Solid Waste Management:” A Lifecycle Inventory, Blackwell Science, London. 2001 [8] Perera K.L.S. “An Overview of the Issue of Solid Waste Management in Sri Lanka” in proceedings of the third International Conference on Environment and Health, Chennai, India. December 2003. pp 346-352. [9] Robinson, W.D. 1986. The Solid Waste Handbook: A Practical Guide, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, . [10] Sakai, Shinichi, Municipal Solid Waste Management in Japan. Environment preservation centre. Kyoto University, Japan 1996. [11] Syed Mahmood Anwar. 2006. Solid waste Management and GIS. The Mphil Thesis available at http://www.sma- bd.com/swmandgis.htm (Retrieved on 21.05.2007) [12] Vietnam Environment Monitor, 2004. Report on Solid Waste prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MONRE), the World Bank, and the Waste-Econ Project (funded by CIDA) 42 Sri Lanka, 2001. STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2001 available at [13] http://www.rrcap.unep.org/reports/soe/srilanka_waste.pdf (Retrieved on 24.08.2007)