I n t e r n at i o n a l Jo u r n a l o f Hi g h -En e r g y Ph y s i c s CERN
COURIERV o l u m e 49 Nu m b e r 10 D ec e m b e r 2009
A bright outlook ahead for DESY
CERN CELEBRATION BOOKS Proton beams are The Nobel path to ATLAS presents a back in the LHC p5 electroweak theory p30 pop-up delight p53
CCDec09Cover.indd 1 17/11/09 11:47:04 Untitled-1 1 12/10/09 11:21:56 CONTENTS
Covering current developments in high- energy physics and related fields worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affiliated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management.
Editor Christine Sutton Editorial assistant Carolyn Lee CERN CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail cern[email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 Web cerncourier.com
Advisory board James Gillies, Rolf Landua and Maximilian Metzger COURIERo l u m e u m b e r ec e m b e r Laboratory correspondents: V 49 N 10 D 2009 Argonne National Laboratory (US) Cosmas Zachos Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin Cornell University (US) D G Cassel DESY Laboratory (Germany) Ilka Flegel, Ute Wilhelmsen EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Judy Jackson Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Youhei Morita Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein Science takes off at SLAC p6 The beauty of Mars p11 The LHC mysteries unfold p53 Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) C Hoffmann Nikhef (Netherlands) Paul de Jong Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman News 5 NSCL (US) Geoff Koch Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz Protons are back in the LHC. Science begins at SLAC’s new light PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle source. Florida lab is to build high-field ‘supermagnet’. NDCX-II project Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Peter Barratt commencing at LBNL. Heidelberg Ion Therapy Centre opens. TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan Sciencewatch 10 Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Publishing Ltd, Dirac House, Temple Back, 11 Bristol BS1 6BE, UK Astrowatch Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 CERN Courier Archive 12 Publisher Jo Nicholas Art director Andrew Giaquinto Features Production editor Jesse Karjalainen Technical illustrator Alison Tovey DESY marks 50 years of accelerator research 15 Group advertising manager Ed Jost Erich Lorhmann and Paul Söding look at how the German laboratory grew Recruitment advertisement manager Chris Thomas Advertisement production Katie Graham from modest beginnings. Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage Looking back on DESY: a personal recollection 19 Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) Albrecht Wagner recalls 35 years from DORIS to the European XFEL. or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 Insight starts here at DESY 20 Helmut Dosch describes the outlook for a bright future. General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland. E-mail: [email protected] In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, The continuing rise of micropattern detectors 23 contact: A report on MPGD 2009, held on the Greek island of Crete. China Keqing Ma, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China. E-mail: [email protected] Looking beyond the LHC 27 Germany Veronika Werschner, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, A CERN Theory Institute investigated the impact of early LHC data. Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Italy Loredana Rum or Anna Pennacchietti, INFN, Casella Postale 30 56, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] The Nobel path to a unified electroweak theory UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris Celebrating anniversaries of three Nobel prizes for work that established a House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ. E-mail: [email protected] key element of the Standard Model. US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, Picturing the proton by elastic scattering 35 US. Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] An analysis of many results suggests a three-layer model of the proton. POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, St Charles, IL 60174, US Faces and Places 39 Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland. Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11 Recruitment 47 Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55 Bookshelf 53 Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK
© 2009 CERN ISSN 0304-288X Inside Story 58
Cover: Aerial view of the DESY research centre in the west of Hamburg, the river Elbe in the background. Established in 1959, the laboratory celebrates its 50th anniversary this year (pp15–22). For a more detailed description of the view see the photo on p22. (Courtesy DESY.)
CERN Courier December 2009 3
CCDec09Contents.indd 3 17/11/09 11:33:54 itech_219x288_3_OUT.inddUntitled-1 1 1 5/18/0918/5/09 7:50:09 09:41:42 AM NEWS
LHC NEWS Protons are back in the LHC
During the last weekend of October, particles once again entered the LHC after the one-year interruption following the incident of September 2008, travelling through one sector in each direction – clockwise and anticlockwise. ALICE and LHCb, the two experiments sitting along the portion of the beam lines in question, were able to observe the effects of beams in the machine. A week later, at around 8 p.m. on 7 November, protons travelling anticlockwise arrived at the doorstep of the CMS experiment, thus completing half of the journey around the LHC. On 23 October, a first beam of ions entered the clockwise beam pipe of the LHC. Previous tests, on 25–26 September, had involved injecting lead-ion beams through the whole injection chain right up to the threshold of the LHC (CERN Courier November 2009 p6). This time, the lead ions entered the LHC just A “beam splash” event in CMS recorded on 7 November, with the beam stopped in collimators to the before point 2, where the ALICE experiment right, creating close to 1 million muons. Hits in the muon are coloured magenta and yellow, energy is installed, and were dumped before point 3. deposits on the calorimeters are red blue. The barrel muon detector was on standby and the inner These tests enabled the machine experts to tracking detector remained switched off for reasons of protection. test the operation of the whole injection chain and an entire sector (sector 1-2) of the LHC. commissioning of the beam-monitoring During the same weekend, bunches of Several sub-detectors of the ALICE software. A highlight of the weekend was protons were also sent in the clockwise experiment were switched on and saw their the switching on of the LHCb magnet, with direction, passing through the ALICE detector first beam. This helped them synchronize operators able to measure its effect on before being dumped at point 3. with the LHC clock and test the capability of the LHC beam and adjust the magnetic Hardware commissioning and the sub-detectors to measure high particle compensators around LHCb accordingly to magnet-powering tests have also continued in multiplicities. bring the beam back into orbit. the LHC. By the first week in November, six of During the afternoon on the following day, The first weekend of November saw protons the eight sectors had been commissioned up the first proton beam made its way through complete their journey anticlockwise through to 2 kA, sufficient to guide a beam at an energy the TI8 transfer line up to the anticlockwise three octants before being dumped in of about 1.2 TeV. Furthermore, the qualification beam pipe of the LHC. Protons passed collimators just prior to entry to the cavern of of the new quench-protection system is through the LHCb experiment and were the CMS experiment. The particles produced progressing well, with the measured values dumped just before point 7. by the impact of the protons on the tertiary complying with the stringent standards. Most of the LHCb sub-detectors were collimators (used to stop the beam) left their ●● CERN publishes regular updates on the LHC switched off to keep the experiment safe tracks in the calorimeters and the muon in its internal Bulletin, available at www.cern. during these delicate operations. Only the chambers of the experiment. The more ch/bulletin, as well as on the main site www. beam and background monitors remained delicate inner detectors remained switched cern.ch, via twitter at www.twitter.com/cern switched on, allowing an opportunity for off for protection reasons. and on YouTube at www.youtube.com/cern.
Sommaire Les protons sont de retour au LHC 5 Ouverture du centre de thérapie ionique à Heidelberg 7 La nouvelle source de lumière du SLAC en fonctionnement 6 Lancement du projet NDCX-II au LBNL 8 Un laboratoire de Floride s’apprête à construire un Le goût des bulles : nos papilles et le CO2 10 « superaimant » 6 VERITAS : l’origine des rayons cosmiques 11
CERN Courier December 2009 5
CCDec09news.indd 5 17/11/09 12:07:58 NEWS
slac Science begins at SLAC’s new light source
The first experiments are now under way using completely of all of their electrons. They the world’s most powerful X-ray laser, the have also watched for two-photon ionization. Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), located This is normally difficult to observe at X-ray at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. facilities, but the extreme brightness of the With 10 000 million times the brightness of laser beam at the LCLS makes the study of any other man-made X-ray source, the light these events possible. from the LCLS can resolve detail the size of Future AMO experiments will create atoms, enabling the facility to break new stop-action movies of molecules in motion. ground in research in many fields including The quick, short, repetitive X-ray bursts physics, structural biology, energy science from the LCLS enable experiments to form and chemistry. images as molecules move and interact. By The LCLS takes short pulses of electrons stringing together many such images to make accelerated in SLAC’s linac and directs a movie, researchers will be able to watch them through a 100 m stretch of alternating The AMO instrument scientists with the first LCLS the molecules of life in action, view chemical magnets that force the electrons to slalom users. From left to right: Christoph Bostedt, Steve bonds forming and breaking in real time and back and forth. This motion makes the Southworth, Linda Young, John Bozek, Steve Pratt see how materials work on the quantum level. electrons emit X-rays, which become and Yuelin Li. (Courtesy Brad Plummer, SLAC.) The LCLS is a testament to SLAC’s synchronized as they interact with the leadership in accelerator technology. Four electron pulses, thus creating the world’s X-rays from the LCLS to gain an in-depth decades ago, the laboratory’s 3 km-long brightest X-ray laser pulse. Each of these laser understanding of how the ultrabright beam linear accelerator began to reveal the inner pulses has 1012 X-ray photons in a bunch only interacts with matter. structure of the proton. Now, this same 100 fs long. Early studies are revealing new insights machine has been revitalized for pioneering Commissioning assisted by users is into the fundamentals of atomic physics research at the LCLS. By 2013, all six LCLS currently under way, with experiments taking and have successfully proved the machine’s scientific instruments will be on-line and place using the Atomic, Molecular and Optical capabilities to control and manipulate operational, providing unprecedented tools (AMO) science instrument, the first of six the underlying properties of atoms and for a range of research in material science, instruments planned for the LCLS. In these molecules. Researchers have used the medicine, chemistry, energy science, physics, first experiments, the researchers are using pulses from the LCLS to strip neon atoms biology and environmental science.
superconducting magnets yttrium barium copper oxide, or YBCO, will go costly cryogens. The high-temperature Florida lab is to into the construction of the new magnet. superconductor YBCO produces magnets Superconducting magnets are well known that are not only cheaper to operate, build high-field in the world of particle accelerators (reaching but ones that do so at magnetic fields a field of more than 8 T in the LHC, for above about 23 T, where low-temperature ‘supermagnet’ example) and in magnetic-resonance imaging superconducting magnets cease to work. in hospitals (with fields of 1–3 T). They are The construction of the 32 T magnet is The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory also commonly used in high-field research, funded by a grant of $2 million from the at Florida State University has been awarded where one benefit is that they create more National Science Foundation and $1 million nearly $3 million to build a high-temperature stable fields than do resistive magnets. from Florida State University. The aim is to superconducting magnet that will break While superconducting magnets use develop and demonstrate that technology will records for magnetic field strength by aiming a lot less electricity than their resistive allow superconducting magnets to replace to reach 32 T. Around 8 km of cable formed counterparts, they traditionally operate the resistive magnets in the National High from the high-temperature superconductor at low temperatures that require Magnetic Field Laboratory.
Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international apporter leurs contributions aux CERN Courier, en français ou particle-physics community. These can be written in English or en anglais. Les articles retenus seront publiés dans la langue French, and will be published in the same language. If you have a d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, faites part de vos suggestion for an article, please send your proposal to the editor suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse [email protected]. at [email protected].
6 CERN Courier December 2009
CCDec09news.indd 6 17/11/09 12:08:43 NEWS
ion beams NDCX-II project commencing at LBNL Construction is beginning on the second-generation Neutralized Drift Compression eXperiment (NDCX-II), a new high-current, modest-kinetic-energy Computer-aided-design picture of NDCX-II (above), accelerator at Lawrence Berkeley National and simulation of its ion beam. The ion source Laboratory (LBNL). The machine’s ion beams and injector are at left; voltage sources (blue) will enable studies of the poorly understood reside on a mezzanine; the induction cells are in “warm dense matter” regime of temperatures yellow-orange; and the drift-compression line and around 10 000 K and densities near solid target chamber are at right. Top/bottom right: (as in the cores of giant planets). NDCX-II will images (from a 3D simulation video using the also allow exploration of important issues in Warp code) show the beam at the injector and inertial-fusion target physics. farther on, undergoing inductive acceleration. These studies support the ultimate goal of (Courtesy NDCX-II Project.) using ion beams to heat deuterium/tritium fuel to ignition in a future inertial fusion power compression in a short ion accelerator. facilities at GSI in Darmstadt, but will employ reactor (a role for which accelerators appear The 200 kV charged transmission-line lower ion kinetic energies and commensurately well suited). NDCX-II has received $11 million pulsed-power voltage sources from ATA, shorter stopping ranges in matter. of funding from the American Recovery and known as “Blumleins”, can provide voltage NDCX-II will contribute to the long-term goal Reinvestment Act. Construction began in pulses that are not longer than 70 ns. These of electric power production via heavy-ion July with completion of the initial 15-cell are shown as blue cylinders in the figure. For inertial fusion. In inertial fusion, a target configuration anticipated in March 2012. them to be usable, it is necessary to reduce containing fusion fuel is heated by energetic NDCX-II will accelerate a beam of 30–50 nC the ion bunch duration from its original driver beams and undergoes a miniature of Li+ ions to 1.5–4 MeV and compress it into a 500 ns. This shortening is accomplished in an thermonuclear explosion. The largest inertial pulse around 1 ns long. The short, high-current initial stage of non-neutral drift compression, confinement facility is Livermore’s National pulse is important for applications requiring downstream of the injector and the first few Ignition Facility (NIF). NIF is expected to efficient stopping of ions for rapid heating of induction cells (note the spaces between establish the fundamental feasibility of fusion a small amount of matter. As with the existing induction cells at the left end of the figure). ignition on the laboratory scale. Heavy-ion NDCX-I, the new machine uses neutralized Long-pulse voltage generators are used at accelerators offer efficient conversion of drift compression. In this process, the beam’s the front end; Blumleins power the rest of the input power into beam energy, are long-lived, tail is given a higher velocity than its head, so acceleration. and can use magnetic fields for final focusing that it shortens while it drifts in a plasma that Extensive particle-in-cell computer onto a target. These attributes make them provides electrons to cancel space–charge simulation studies have enabled an attractive attractive candidates for a power plant. forces. physics design that meets the stringent cost The beams in such a system will require The figure shows the layout of the goal. Snapshots from a simulation video are manipulations similar to those being machine. It will make extensive use of shown in the figure. Studies on a dedicated pioneered on NDCX-II. induction cells (accelerating elements) test stand are examining the ATA hardware ●● NDCX-II is sponsored by the US Department and other parts from the decommissioned and supporting the development of new of Energy’s Office of Fusion Energy Sciences. Advanced Test Accelerator (ATA) at Lawrence pulsed solenoids that will provide transverse It is being developed by a collaboration known Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). It beam confinement. as the Virtual National Laboratory for Heavy will be extensible and reconfigurable. In the Applications of this facility will include Ion Fusion Science, including LBNL, LLNL and configuration that has received the most studies of warm dense matter using uniform, the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. emphasis, each pulse will deliver Li+ ions at volumetric ion-heating of thin foil targets, 3 MeV into a millimetre-diameter spot onto a and studies of ion energy coupling into an Further reading thin-foil target. Pulse compression to around expanding plasma (such as occurs in an inertial For more information, see http://newscenter. 1 ns begins in the accelerator and finishes in fusion target). NDCX-II will also enable a better lbl.gov/feature-stories/2009/10/14/ the drift compression line. understanding of space-charge-dominated warm-dense-matter and references therein. NDCX-II employs novel beam dynamics ion-beam dynamics and of beam behaviour The video can be viewed at http://hifweb.lbl. to achieve unprecedented rapid pulse in plasmas. The machine will complement gov/public/movies/ICAP09.
CERN Courier December 2009 7
CCDec09news.indd 7 17/11/09 12:09:07 NEWS
MEDICAL PHYSICS Heidelberg Ion Therapy Centre opens
The Heidelberg Ion Therapy Centre (HIT) celebrated its opening at the Heidelberg University Hospital on 2 November. Developed with scientists and engineers at GSI in Darmstadt, the novel ion-beam cancer therapy facility is now ready to treat large numbers of patients, some 1300 a year. HIT uses beams of ions, i.e. positively charged carbon or hydrogen atoms, which penetrate the body and exert their full impact deep within the tissue (CERN Courier December 2006 p17). To reach the tumour tissue, the ion beams are accelerated and then steered with such precision that they can irradiate a tumour the size of a tennis ball with millimetre accuracy, point by point. The surrounding healthy tissue remains mostly unaffected, so the method is particularly suited for treating deep-seated tumours that are close to vital or important organs such as The approximately 5000 m2 of the HIT accelerator facility at the Heidelberg University Hospital consists the brain stem or the optic nerve. of (from left) an ion source in which protons and heavy ions are generated; a synchrotron ring in which The new facility has grown out of the particles are accelerated; and three beam lines, which lead into two horizontal treatment areas, pioneering work at GSI, which has conducted plus a gantry that allows the beam to circle round the patient. (Courtesy HIT.) fundamental research in radiobiology, nuclear physics and accelerator technology the penetration depth inside a tumour; a fast and a synchrotron with a diameter of 20 m. for therapeutic uses since 1980. The control system to steer the ion beam safely Three treatment spaces are located adjacent construction of a pilot ion-therapy project at inside the patient at millisecond intervals; to the accelerators, two of which are a GSI began in 1993 in a collaboration between and monitoring of the irradiation through a development of technology used at GSI. The GSI, the Heidelberg University Hospital, positron emission tomography (PET) camera, third treatment space features a gantry – a the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum to make sure the beam hits the tumour. rotating ion-beam guidance system – that is in Heidelberg and the Forschungszentrum Since 1997, 440 patients, most of them a direct advance on the prototype developed Dresden-Rossendorf. with tumours at the base of the skull, have at GSI. The gantry allows the ion beam At the same time, plans were made to been treated with carbon ion beams at to be aimed at a patient’s tumour at any introduce ion-beam therapy as a regular the GSI facility. Clinical studies proved the angle, thus greatly enhancing the treatment component of patient care with a new clinical success of the treatment, documenting a cure options. facility at Heidelberg. HIT thus represents rate of up to 90%. Ion-beam treatment is now The ion-beam cancer treatment available at Special Designs a direct transfer of technology from the an accepted therapy, with health-insurance HIT is the fi rst of its kind. Japan is currently the GSI pilot project, which introduced several providers refunding the costs. only other country offering ion-beam cancer innovative techniques. These included: the The new treatment centre is operated by therapy, but with a less effective irradiation raster scan method, which allowed tailored the Heidelberg University Hospital, where technique. In the scope of a licence tumour irradiation with a carbon-ion beam; a special building with a fl oor space of agreement between the GSI and Siemens AG, an accelerator that permits rapid variation in 60 m × 80 m was constructed to host it. two more facilities modelled on HIT are under UHV-Leakvalve the energy of the ion beam in order to adjust The facilityGatevalve HV and UHV has a 5 m long linear accelerator construction in Marburg and Kiel.
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UHV-Leakvalve Special Designs 8 CERN Courier December 2009
CCDec09news.indd 8 17/11/09 12:09:43
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Photo: DESY Hamburg, Vacuum pump systems for the TESLA project, TESLA acceleration a linear accelerator with integrated X-ray laser laboratory at DESY, Hamburg, Germany. BICOM_10107.02 BICOM_10107.02 0.11.2009 ©
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Anz_Sol_50anniv DESY_EN_V3_IOP_0911.indd 1 11.11.2009 11:18:02 Uhr SCIENCEWATCH
Compiled by John Swain, Northeastern University Researchers discover how Massive neutrinos and CNB timescales
we sense the taste of bubbles There is plenty of evidence that neutrinos have mass, so what could it reveal about the cosmic The pleasure that everyone finds in drinking neutrino background (CNB) – the neutrino carbonated beverages – especially in the analogue of the cosmic microwave background festive season! – is often attributed to (CMB)? With massless neutrinos, studies mechanical agitation of the tongue caused of the CNB would peer farther back in time by the bubbles. However, it is actually an (to about a second after the Big Bang) than effect caused by the carbon dioxide itself researchers “see” with microwave photons and researchers in the US have identified in (380 000 years after the Big Bang). Massive the laboratory the fizz-detecting cells and the neutrinos go slower than the speed of light and, enzyme that make it all possible. over timescales comparable to the age of the Jayaram Chandrashekar of the University universe, that makes a big difference. of California, San Diego, and colleagues Bubbles taste better thanks to our fizz detectors. Scott Dodelson of Fermilab and Mika used a combination of electrophysiological (Courtesy Bram Janssens/Dreamstime.com.) Vesterinen of the University of Manchester measurements and genetic manipulation have shown that the CNB originates from to show that the fizz detectors are in noted that it made fizzy beverages taste a distance of 1–10 billion light-years – less sour-sensing cells in the tongue. They are flat, thus making drinking champagne at the than the 40 billion light-years for the origin of based on an enzyme, carbonic anhydrase 4, tops of high mountains a disappointment for the CMB, taking into account the expansion that turns carbon dioxide in water into a anyone taking the drug. of the universe. This implies that the neutrinos bicarbonate ion and a proton. of the CNB come from regions where there is The enzyme is one of several targeted by Further reading now interesting astronomical data and could, acetazolamide, a drug used to protect against J Chandrashekar et al. 2009 Science 326 if measurable, provide valuable information altitude sickness. Back in 1988 users had 443. about what seeded the formation of distant galaxies and clusters of galaxies. direction were not allowed to propagate, while Optical diodes those moving the other way went through Further reading unimpeded, with a difference of 50 dB in the Scott Dodelson and Mika Vesterinen 2009 Photonic crystals are materials with two directions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 171301. bandgaps, which do not allow certain Apart from the novelty of the physics wavelengths of light to pass. Just as involved, the work also suggests the bandgaps in semiconductors forbid electrons possibility of novel optical fibres with hollow Molecular flasks to have certain energies, is it possible to cores surrounded by materials of the kind construct a photonic analogue of a diode? described above. Having no material inside, Chemical reactions often proceed via Zheng Wang of MIT and colleagues there they could allow very long-range transmission highly unstable intermediates with lifetimes and at Yale University have done just this. without repeaters. that are too short for techniques like X-ray They constructed an array of magneto-optical crystallography to be usable. Now Takehide ferrite rods placed in a magnetic field in Further reading Kawamichi and colleagues of the University of such a way that microwaves passing in one Z Wang et al. 2009 Nature 461 772. Tokyo have found a solution. Their technique uses the tiny spaces in highly porous The idea is simple: a suitable photonic materials as molecular flasks, which slow the More insulating crystal opaque to a band of infrared could reactions due to steric (space restriction) actually block more heat flow than pure effects. Cooling to cryogenic temperatures than the vacuum nothing. At or above room temperature, a and reheating can effectively start and stop stack of 10 silicon layers, each 1 μm thick reactions and opens up the possibility of A hot object radiates heat into the and separated by 90 μm gaps of vacuum, making movies of reactions. Using a reaction surrounding space so it might be tempting to would have a thermal conductance half between an amine and an aldehyde the team think that nothing would be less conducting that of empty space, with the possibility of observed the intermediate hemiaminal and than empty space. Nevertheless, Shanhui Fan countless future applications. determined its structure. of Stanford University and colleagues have found something even less able to conduct Further reading Further reading heat – and it contains matter. W T Lau et al. 2009 Phys. Rev. B80 155135. T Kawamichi et al. 2009 Nature 461 633.
10 CERN Courier December 2009
CCDec09Science.indd 10 17/11/09 11:51:57 ASTROWATCH
Compiled by Marc Türler, ISDC and Observatory of Geneva University VERITAS observes the origin of cosmic rays
The detection of very-high energy (VHE, model prediction for M82. In this energy E> 100 GeV) gamma-rays from the starburst range, the dominant contributors to the VHE galaxy Messier 82 (M82) by the Very Energetic gamma-ray emission are supposed to be Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System inverse-Compton scattering from cosmic-ray (VERITAS) may help solve a 100-year-old electrons and the decay of neutral pions mystery on the origin of cosmic rays. It provides originating from the interaction of ions new evidence for cosmic rays being powered by (mostly protons) with atoms in the interstellar exploding stars and stellar winds. medium. The inferred density of cosmic The sensitivity to VHE gamma-rays of the rays in the central core of M82 is about 500 current generation of Cherenkov telescope times that on average in the Milky Way. The arrays has opened a new era in the study of Hubble telescope revealed that this region of cosmic rays. The gamma-rays are produced about 1000 light-years in diameter contains by the interaction of cosmic rays – particles hundreds of young, massive star clusters. that zip through space at nearly the speed of Composite image of the starburst galaxy M82 The wind of the most massive stars and a light – with interstellar matter and ambient obtained with the Hubble, Spitzer and Chandra supernova rate 30 times higher than in our radiation. As the induced gamma-rays are space telescopes. X-ray emission by Chandra galaxy are supposed to accelerate enough not deflected by magnetic fields in the galaxy, (blue) and infrared light from Spitzer (red) cosmic-ray particles to produce the VHE they have the advantage of pointing back to complement Hubble images of ionized hydrogen gamma-ray radiation observed in M82. their production sites. emission (orange) and visible light (yellow-green). Until now, the only sources of VHE The detection of VHE gamma-rays (Courtesy NASA, ESA, CXC and JPL-Caltech.) gamma-rays detected outside the Milky from the rim of the supernova remnant Way were active galactic nuclei, where RX J1713.7-3946 by the High Energy 12 million light-years away in the direction the observed radiation is supposed to be Stereoscopic System (HESS) was already of the constellation Ursa Major, near the well emitted by a relativistic jet launched by a strong evidence for cosmic-ray acceleration known Big Dipper or Plough. M82 was a prime super-massive black hole. The detection of in the shock wave launched by the supernova target for VERITAS because it was predicted the non-active galaxy M82 – as well as that of explosion (CERN Courier January/February to be the brightest starburst galaxy in terms of NGC 253 reported in September by the HESS 2005 p30). Another piece of evidence gamma-ray emission and was out of reach for collaboration – is a new breakthrough for now comes from VERITAS, the northern HESS, located too far south in Namibia. Cherenkov telescope arrays. hemisphere analogue to HESS. The array VERITAS observed less than one of four 12-m Cherenkov telescopes located gamma-ray photon from M82 an hour. Further reading in Arizona was pointed towards the “Cigar With only 91 events, the spectrum of the HESS collaboration, Acero et al. Galaxy” M82 for 137 hours between January VHE emission is quite poorly determined. It 2009 Sciencexpress, DOI:10.1126/ 2008 and April 2009. This exceptional was, however, found that both the intensity science.1178826. observation effort finally paid off with a and the photon index (Γ = 2.5±0.8) in the VERITAS Collaboration 2009, Nature, in firm detection (4.8σ) of this galaxy located 0.9–5 TeV range are consistent with a recent press, doi:10.1038/nature08557.
Picture of the month This is not body art, nor an evocation of the Star Wars planet “Tatooin”, but a true colour view of sand dunes on Mars. This amazing image was taken by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The region shown is about 1 km across and is located in the centre of a large crater at mid-northern latitude on Mars. The graceful grey swirls are caused by dust devils frequent in deserts on both Earth and Mars. These kind of mini-tornadoes remove locally a thin layer of reddish sand covering the dark grey basaltic ground of the crater. The aligned grey lines in the bottom part of the image are probably caused by sand sliding down the dune face again, revealing the darker colour of the basaltic sand in the crater. (Courtesy NASA/JPL/ University of Arizona.)
CERN Courier December 2009 11
CCDec09Astro.indd 11 17/11/09 12:16:25 CERN COURIER ARCHIVE: 1966
A look back to CERN Courier vol. 6, December 1966, compiled by Peggie Rimmer cern council The science behind Discovery of the elementary particles The figure shows the date of the discovery of the elementary the 300 GeV project particles from 1945 to 1965. The Greek or Latin letters are, in many cases, conventional symbols for families of particles A report on the “status of the project for whose members have different masses, and for each mass a European 300 GeV proton synchrotron” there may be several particles with different electrical was presented to the CERN Council at its charges. Altogether about 100 different particles are known, not counting their corresponding antiparticles. Most of the December meeting. The following extracts discoveries in the years 1945–1955 were made in cosmic-ray are from the sections covering the scientific experiments. The large number found after 1960 were background to the proposal. produced mainly with the proton synchrotrons at Berkeley, Up to now, the most significant discovery Brookhaven and CERN. in high-energy physics is that the proton, neutron and electron are not the only basic particles of nature. There are many more – difficult to observe because, when produced, they disintegrate almost immediately. But they are as important as the proton, neutron or electron when one tries to understand the nature of the strong and weak forces. as elementary. If this is true, the proton may The first of these new, highly unstable contain even more fundamental objects Compiler’s Note particles were discovered in cosmic rays. The (for which the name of “quark” has been high-energy accelerators constructed in the proposed) – a fact that would open up once The article quoted a statement by Nobel last 15 years have revealed the existence of more completely new viewpoints in physics. Laureate Edwin McMillan to the US Joint close to a hundred more. These have often It is in the light of this general development Committee on Atomic Energy, 1965: “In been called elementary particles – a name that the significance of the 300 GeV no case in the past have scientists been that is getting more and more questionable as project can best be evaluated. Large-scale disappointed in the results following an their properties are better known. improvement and extension programmes increase in available energy.” As the list of the known particles grew, have been undertaken to increase the The 300 GeV Super Proton Synchrotron their astounding variety at first created potentialities of the CERN and Brookhaven (SPS), finally built at CERN, made bewilderment and discouraged systematic proton synchrotrons. These will ensure that available not only an increase in energy interpretations. Quite remarkably, however, the advanced positions reached by Europe but also an impressive variety of the last five years have brought us to the and the USA can be maintained for some physics. Planned as a 300 GeV proton stage where the very multiplicity of particles 10 years. But the next step must be prepared accelerator, a beam energy of 400 GeV has revealed a novel order, characterized now, because projects on this scale take a was announced within minutes of turn-on by well defined mathematical principles of decade to construct and bring into use. The in 1976. In 1981 it was transformed into symmetry (usually denoted by the symbols community of particle physicists agrees that a proton–antiproton collider, where the SU3 and SU6). Particles that, at first sight, this step consists of building much larger W and Z were discovered. In the 1990s are completely different from each other proton synchrotrons – such machines have it alternated between providing 20 GeV have now been recognized as belonging to the advantage of offering simultaneously electrons and positrons for the Large the same family and as having deep-lying higher energies and higher beam intensities. Electron–Positron Collider (LEP), and similarities. The proton and neutron cannot Thus, the USSR is approaching completion accelerating heavy ions to energies be understood separately, they are only two of a 70 GeV proton synchrotron and the well beyond 100 GeV per nucleon. members of a larger family containing perhaps USA is preparing the final decision to build While the Standard Model was being 18 particles. Also, the interpretation of the a 200 GeV proton synchrotron. In Europe, tested with outstanding precision in strong and weak forces is profoundly affected both ECFA (the European Committee for LEP collisions, Big Bang matter – the by these new principles of symmetry, which Future Accelerators) and the Scientific Policy quark-gluon plasma – was being created allow single interpretations of experimental Committee of CERN have agreed that the in fixed-target experiments. facts that would have been wholly unrelated 300 GeV proton synchrotron, with its higher Today the SPS is accelerating protons to a few years ago. Finally, most physicists now energy compensating its longer construction 450 GeV on their way to the LHC, designed tend to believe that the new symmetries may time, would provide our continent with a to reach 7 TeV per beam – another energy be the manifestation of a remarkable internal suitable instrument to take over in the second increase that will surely not disappoint, structure of the proton, neutron and many half of the next decade. whatever the results. other particles, which were earlier regarded ●● Compiled from the article on pp231–233.
12 CERN Courier December 2009
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www.pfeiffer-vacuum.net 50 years of dEsy DESY marks 50 years of accelerator research When DESY was founded in December 1959 as a German national laboratory for high-energy physics, it was far from obvious that it would develop from its modest beginnings into a research centre with an international reputation that now extends beyond particle physics to photon science.
The founding father of DESY, Willibald Jentschke, was a Viennese nuclear physicist who had built a successful career in the US by the time he accepted a professorship at Hamburg University in 1955. He arrived with a plan to build a substantial laboratory for which he The first five chairmen of the DESY directorate, photographed in 1993. managed to secure unprecedented start-up funding worth about From left: Herwig Schopper (1973–80), Wolfgang Paul (1971–73), ¤25 million in today’s money. Jentschke discussed his ideas with Willibald Jentschke (1959–70), Volker Soergel (1981–93) and Bjørn Wiik leading German nuclear physicists, including Wolfgang Gentner, (1993–99). (Courtesy DESY.) Wolfgang Paul and Wilhelm Walcher, at the 1956 Conference on High-Energy Particle Accelerators at CERN. Together they conceived people at the time took quarks seriously, so the physics community the idea to create a laboratory serving all German universities, thus expected hadron production to be dominated by time-like form fac- making good use of Jentschke’s “seed money”. This would enable tors and to decrease dramatically with energy. It was a bold move German physicists to participate in the emerging field of high-energy to base the future of DESY on electron storage rings as the main physics where similar laboratories were planned or already in exist- facility to follow the synchrotron. After controversial discussions, the ence in other European countries. With the backing of influential laboratory nevertheless took the step towards an uncertain future: personalities such as Werner Heisenberg and the firm support of the the construction of DORIS, a two-ring electron–positron collider with authorities of the City of Hamburg, the plan eventually materialized 3 GeV beam energy, began in 1969. and Jentschke became the first director of the Deutsches Elektro- nen-Synchrotron, DESY, which came into being in December 1959. Exciting times DESY’s founders wisely opted for a 6 GeV electron synchrotron – Good news followed with the discovery at the storage rings Adone in the highest electron energy they could expect to reach with contem- Frascati and the low-beta bypass of the Cambridge Electron Accel- porary technology. In this way the machine would be complementary erator in Massachusetts that cross-sections for electron–positron to CERN’s proton accelerators, the Synchrocyclotron and the Proton collisions decrease only mildly with increasing energy. This was Synchrotron. The DESY synchrotron started operations in 1964. At finally interpreted as evidence for quark–antiquark pair produc- the time, physics with electron and photon beams was considered tion and went a long way in establishing the quark model. The bad a niche activity, but under Jentschke’s direction DESY managed to news was that beam instabilities, in particular in two-ring storage perform new and beautiful measurements of the nucleon form fac- machines, were much stronger than expected; moreover, SPEAR, tors and the photoproduction of hadrons. It also earned renown the simpler one-ring machine at Stanford, had started up some for having “saved QED”, with an experiment led by Sam Ting that years before DORIS. So the J/Ψ and the τ-lepton were found at corrected earlier results from the US on wide-angle electron-pair SPEAR. The experiments at DORIS were nevertheless able to con- production. tribute substantially towards charm spectroscopy, for example by In the early 1960s, the laboratory developed plans to build a large discovering the P-wave states of charmonium and finding evidence electron–positron storage ring. The motivation was to try some- for leptonic charm decays. The real opportunity for DORIS came thing new, but the physics prospects did not appear exciting. Few later, however, after the discovery of the b quark in 1977. DESY s
CERN Courier December 2009 15
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An event recorded by the ARGUS detector at the DORIS storage ring shows the decay of A three-jet event, registered at the PETRA storage ring; the Υ(4S) resonance into a pair of B mesons, identified by their decay. This is evidence of such events were a direct evidence for the B–B– mixing. (Courtesy DESY.) existence of gluons. (Courtesy DESY.)
made a big effort to upgrade DORIS in energy so that B mesons Wiik and Soergel succeeded in convincing colleagues and funding could be pair produced. The experimenters were able to perform agencies in Canada, France, Israel, Italy and the Netherlands to con- a rich programme on the physics of the B particles, culminating in tribute to HERA as a joint project through the provision of machine 1987 in the discovery of the mixing of neutral B mesons. components to be manufactured by the respective home industries Plans for a bigger ring surrounding the whole DESY site were or laboratories. In addition, physicists and technicians from univer- already under discussion during the construction of DORIS, and the sities and institutes not only in Germany but in many other countries, discovery of the J/ψ in November 1974 provided the final impetus. foremost China and Poland, came to DESY to participate in the con- Under the guidance of the director at the time, Herwig Schopper, and struction of the machine. Eventually almost half of the manpower an energetic accelerator division leader, Gustav-Adolf Voss, PETRA used to build HERA was from outside DESY. This “HERA model” – an electron–positron collider with an initial centre-of-mass energy of how to realize a big accelerator facility became an outstanding of 30 GeV – was completed in 1978, far ahead of schedule and below success. HERA was also unique in being situated underground in a budget. PETRA was later upgraded to 46 GeV and, for the eight years residential area, but it took little more than six years from the start of of its lifetime, was the highest-energy electron–positron collider in construction to obtain the first electron–proton collisions at the full the world. The year 1979 saw the first observation of three-jet events centre-of-mass energy of 300 GeV, in 1991. Two big detectors, H1 at PETRA, leading to the discovery of the gluon and a measurement and ZEUS, started taking data immediately; HERMES and HERA-B of its spin. Other important results concerned the comparison of followed a few years later. the production of quark and gluon jets with the predictions of QCD perturbation theory to second order, leading to a measurement of Further expansion the strong coupling constant αS and the first measurements of elec- HERA was operated successfully until 2007. While spectacular “new troweak interference in muon- and τ-pair production. physics” failed to appear, the experiments revealed the structure of It was an exciting time in which experimenters and theorists the proton with unprecedented beauty. Their results will define our worked together closely on the new fields that PETRA had opened knowledge of the nucleon for the foreseeable future and will be invalu- up. By the time the experiments were completed in 1986, they had able for interpreting the data from the LHC experiments (CERN Courier contributed greatly to establishing the Standard Model as a gener- January/February 2008 p30 and p34); they also offer some of the ally accepted theory. With PETRA, DESY had grown into a leading most precise tests yet of QCD and of the electroweak interaction. centre for particle physics, reflected by the international nature of Wiik succeeded Soergel as DESY’s director in 1993 and he soon its user community, with as many as 50% of the visiting scientists initiated another vision: TESLA, a linear electron–positron collider of coming from outside Germany. 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy employing superconducting accel- So what was to come after PETRA? As a guiding principle, comple- erating cavities. It would, at the same time, provide the beam for an mentarity with the programme at CERN had always been central to X-ray free-electron laser. An international collaboration was formed DESY’s strategy. So, when CERN opted for the Large Electron–Posi- to develop the project and it had made substantial progress when, tron (LEP) collider, the next big project for DESY became HERA – the in 2003, a decision by the German government forced a drastic world’s only electron–proton collider. Bjørn Wiik had been pursuing change of plan. While the government agreed to the realization of the plans for such a machine for years and these gathered full momen- X-ray free-electron laser part of the project within an international tum when Volker Soergel became DESY’s director in 1981. Together, framework, it did not at the time support building the high-energy
16 CERN Courier December 2009
CCDec09DESY.indd 16 17/11/09 12:17:13 50 years of dEsy
R Z A deep inelastic electron–proton scattering event, recorded by the H1 detector at HERA. The proton beam comes from the right, the electron beam from the left. The electron is back-scattered off a quark inside the proton and emerges to the left upwards. The quark is knocked out of the proton and produces a shower at the lower left. (Courtesy H1/DESY.)
Measuring station in the experimental hall of the new PETRA III A view inside the 6.3 km tunnel of HERA shows the superconducting synchrotron radiation source at DESY – one of the most brilliant magnets – used to guide the proton beam – installed above the storage-ring-based X-ray sources in the world. (Courtesy Dominik normally conducting magnets of the electron ring. (Courtesy DESY.) Reipka, Hamburg.)
collider in Hamburg and decided to await the course of interna- were the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) – which tional developments before recommending a site for the collider. operated its own outstation at DESY – and special groups that the The German government did, however, renew its support for R&D Max Planck Society established for applying the synchrotron radia- work for a linear collider, which enabled DESY to proceed with this tion at DESY to research in structural biology. One prominent Max and maintain its involvement in the international co-ordination and Planck group was led by Ada Yonath from the Weizmann Institute in decision process. By endorsing the realization of one of the world’s Israel, who won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for unravelling the most powerful X-ray lasers in the Hamburg area, this decision in structure of the ribosome. Part of this work was done with the help effect contributed to strengthening the second “pillar” of DESY’s of synchrotron radiation from DORIS. research: photon science. In 1993, after an upgrade with additional insertion devices, Photon science – a modern term for research with synchrotron DORIS became entirely dedicated to the generation of synchrotron and free-electron laser radiation – was not new to DESY. On the radiation and, with more than 40 beamlines, became a leading X-ray initiative of research director Peter Stähelin, DESY had already built facility. By 1995 PETRA’s performance as a pre-accelerator for HERA laboratories and instruments for utilizing synchrotron radiation at was so smooth that this machine could also be used as a source for the original synchrotron and had made them available to a wide com- hard X-rays. The rising demand for such beams led to the rebuilding munity of users in the 1960s. Later, the storage ring DORIS offered of PETRA as a dedicated synchrotron-radiation source, once the a continuous beam with much improved conditions, in particular operation of HERA ceased in 2007. PETRA III was completed in for X-rays. The quality was enhanced further by insertion devices 2009 together with a large new experimental hall (CERN Courier such as wigglers and undulators. In 1980 DESY created HASYLAB, September 2008 p19). As one of the most brilliant light sources of a big laboratory to provide the growing community of users with all its kind, it will be a world-leading facility for research with hard X-rays of the facilities they required. The research spanned a wide area, and provide high intensity for very small probes. from materials science, physics, chemistry and geology to molecu- The big challenge for the DESY accelerator experts in the lar biology and medical applications. Among the most active users forthcoming years will be the construction of the X-ray free-electron s
CERN Courier December 2009 17
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The 30 m-long undulator of the FLASH free-electron laser at DESY, the The new CMS and ILC control rooms at DESY allow the operation and only such facility to produce high-intensity, ultrashort radiation pulses in data-taking of CMS to be monitored as well as ILC test experiments at the vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray wavelength range down to 6.5 nm. CERN and Fermilab to be run remotely from Hamburg. (Courtesy Barbara (Courtesy Manfred Schulze-Alex, Hamburg.) Warmbein, DESY.)
laser, the European XFEL. Having grown out of the TESLA project, DESY Zeuthen is currently a strong partner in the construction of the this 3 km-long facility will be equipped with superconducting accel- 1 k m 3 IceCube neutrino telescope at the South Pole, which should erating cavities and precision undulators. It will allow users to study soon deliver results (CERN Courier March 2008 p9). dynamic processes with atomic-scale resolution in space and time, In its 50th year, with the prospect of photon sources of unprec- opening exciting research opportunities. A similar but smaller self- edented quality, an active role in particle and astroparticle physics amplifying spontaneous-emission laser, FLASH, has already been and the involvement of a wide international scientist community, operating at DESY for a few years. It generates ultrashort laser DESY is looking forward to a continuing bright future. pulses of vacuum-ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiation and is in high demand by experimenters because of its unique properties (CERN Further reading Courier January/February 2007 p8). For more about the 50 years of DESY, see Erich Lohrmann and Paul With around 2000 users, photon science is now a major activity Söding Von schnellen Teilchen und hellem Licht, 50 Jahre Deut- at DESY. No longer having a high-energy accelerator on site, DESY’s sches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Wiley-VCH Weinheim (2009). particle physicists have turned to the LHC and become partners in the ATLAS and CMS collaborations. This revives a tradition, as in Résumé past decades, of DESY physicists participating strongly in experi- DESY : cinquante ans de recherche sur les accélérateurs ments at CERN, such as with bubble chambers and muon beams. DESY is also setting up a National Analysis Facility – a computing DESY, fondé en 1959, est un laboratoire allemand de physique and analysis platform for LHC experiments. Studies relating to a des hautes énergies, devenu un centre de recherche de possible International Linear Collider (ILC), which will make use of réputation internationale. Son domaine ne se limite pas à la superconducting cavities as developed for TESLA, also remain on physique des particules, puisqu’il travaille aussi sur la « science the agenda. DESY has formed a close relationship with the German des photons » – des recherches pour lesquelles il utilise des universities and institutes that are involved in the LHC or the ILC rayonnements produits par les synchrotrons et les lasers à studies within the national Helmholtz Association alliance, “Physics électrons libres. Au fil des années, les recherches en physique at the Terascale”, which extends to theoretical particle physics and des particules sont passées du synchrotron initial de 6 GeV au cosmolog y (CERN Courier May 2008 p11). The DESY theory group is collisionneur électron–positon PETRA, et enfin au collisionneur also strongly engaged in lattice calculations. électron–proton HERA. Pour l’avenir, le grand défi pour les experts In 1992 the Institute of High-Energy Physics of former East Ger- des accélérateurs de DESY sera la construction de l’installation many, in Zeuthen near Berlin, became part of DESY. Besides its européenne XFEL, un laser à électrons libres à rayons X, de 3 km involvement in high-energy-physics experiments, particle theory de long, exploitant la technologie supraconductrice. and the development of electron guns for free-electron lasers, the institute brought astroparticle physics into DESY’s programme. Erich Lohrmann and Paul Söding, DESY.
18 CERN Courier December 2009
CCDec09DESY.indd 18 17/11/09 12:18:32 50 years of dEsy Looking back on DESY: a personal recollection
Albrecht Wagner, former director of DESY, recalls his 35-year relationship with the laboratory, from the early days at DORIS to current work towards a future linear collider.
DESY came to my attention for the first time in 1963 through a poster advertising its new summer student programme. Although I did not go to Hamburg that summer, this triggered my awareness of the laboratory. It took 11 more years before I finally went there, as a member of a group from Heidelberg, to work on the electron– positron storage rings, DORIS and then PETRA. It was 1974, the year of the discovery of the J/Ψ and it was in the midst of the related “November revolution” that DORIS started to provide its first colli- sions. The contributions that this machine was able to make in the understanding of the properties of the bound states of the charm and anti-charm quarks, as well as in the mass measurement of the τ-lepton, created a very stimulating atmosphere – which became Albrecht Wagner, DESY director from 1999 to 2009, standing in the the springboard for the next DESY project, the 2.3 km-circumference 6.3 km-long HERA tunnel. (Courtesy Rüdiger Nehmzow, Düsseldorf.) storage ring, PETRA. PETRA, originally proposed as a proton–electron collider, was joined the OPAL experiment, the big brother of JADE. quickly converted into a positron–electron collider. Approved in I was called back to Hamburg, the university and DESY just as the 1976, it was built in the record time of two years and eight months, hadron–electron storage ring, HERA, was getting ready to operate while staying 20% under the original budget. With the PETRA experi- in 1991. HERA was built by three great personalities: Volker Soergel, ments being realized in international co-operation, DESY for the first Bjørn Wiik and (again) Gustav-Adolf Voss. This time not only the time became a truly international laboratory and laid the foundation experiments but also the accelerator had been built through inter- for its future development. The main drivers at DESY at that time national collaboration, in a very successful way that became known were Herwig Schopper, Gustav-Adolf Voss, Erich Lohrmann and the as the “HERA model”. Although I had moved from working on an many scientists, engineers and technicians from DESY, Germany experiment to science management, I kept close contact with the and the partners abroad. For DESY, this international flavour was experiments and the physics at HERA. When HERA operations came new and stimulating. The scientific programme for PETRA was broad, to a close in 2007, we could look back on an impressive and unique but interestingly enough did not contain what was to become the harvest of scientific results, from the structure of the proton to the machine’s major highlight – the discovery of the gluon. properties of the fundamental forces. Only one wish had not come It was while working on JADE, one of the four experiments at true, the discovery of the unforeseen. PETRA, that I lived through the worst moment of my professional career, when early in 1979 the beams were lost in the middle of the New technology detector, breaking many wires of the “jet” chamber on which I was Around 1990, work on linear colliders started around the globe working. But I also experienced extremely exciting, hard-working inspired by the continuing success of electron–positron colliders. It and very rewarding moments while trying to establish the true had become clear that circular machines would no longer be feasible nature of the 3-jet events that proved to be the gluon’s signature. and that a new concept with many challenges had to be tackled. By The scientific success of PETRA, and with it JADE, was paradoxi- the mid-1990s DESY decided to concentrate on superconducting cally the reason for me to leave DESY in around 1980 – to work on accelerator technology and the TESLA collaboration was formed the next electron–positron collider, the 27 km LEP at CERN. There I with many international partners. Combining the world know- s
CERN Courier December 2009 19
CCDec09DESY.indd 19 17/11/09 12:19:33 50 years of dEsy
how in this area, the collaboration made major progress in raising sources PETRA III and FLASH, and as host for the European XFEL, acceleration gradients and also solved many other problems. To put DESY is building and operating a remarkable suite of new tools for the technology to the test under realistic conditions, the collabora- photon science. tion built the TESLA Test Facility (TTF) at DESY, which demonstrated As a former director of DESY, I am delighted that the laboratory, the feasibility of the technology and its reliable operation. despite its age, has remained young, flexible, ambitious and success- At a major meeting in 2001, the collaboration presented a pro- ful on a world scale. I hope for DESY, my former colleagues, and all of posal for a 500 GeV linear collider with an integrated X-ray laser the guest scientists, that the same can be said in another 50 years. (XFEL), to be realized as an international project at DESY. Two years later, the German government decided to approve the XFEL, together Résumé with the conversion of PETRA into a synchrotron light source, and to DESY : Albrecht Wagner se souvient… fund continuing R&D for a linear collider. At the same time the TTF was turned into FLASH, a soft X-ray laser facility for science and a Albrecht Wagner, ancien directeur de DESY, évoque ici ses 35 ans test-bed for future linear-collider work. In the same year the Interna- de relations avec ce laboratoire. Il y a travaillé pour la première tional Committee for Future Accelerators unanimously decided that fois en tant que physicien des particules, aux anneaux de the technology for the linear collider, now called the International stockage électron–positon (installation DORIS). Puis il est passé Linear Collider, should be based on superconductivity. Together with à l’expérience JADE auprès du collisionneur PETRA. Ensuite, après its partners from the TESLA Collaboration, DESY thus continues to une dizaine d’années passées à l’expérience OPAL au CERN, il be one of the main players in the R&D work for the next major project est revenu à DESY en 1991, juste au moment où le collisionneur of particle physics. HERA était sur le point de démarrer. Au cours de son expérience I have focused mainly on the particle physics aspect of DESY. At de directeur, il a vu le laboratoire prendre un rôle de premier plan the same time, however, the lab has been a pioneer in the genera- dans la technologie des accélérateurs supraconducteurs, qu’il tion and use of synchrotron radiation. First experiments started in s’agisse de lasers à électrons libres à rayons X, ou d’un projet de 1964 and the Hamburg Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (HASY- futur collisionneur linéaire international. LAB) was founded in 1977 around DORIS – still the work horse, serving more than 2000 scientists a year. Today, with the new light Albrecht Wagner, DESY. Insight starts here at DESY
DESY’s director, Helmut Dosch, takes a look at the bright future in store for the laboratory.
The fundamental questions about the origins and the future of that will outperform all other competitors that use storage-ring the universe motivated me to choose physics as a course of study technology. As the most brilliant light source of its kind, PETRA III when I was 18 years old. My career as a scientist then led me to will offer outstanding opportunities for experimentation. It will be do research in solid-state physics and finally to investigate solid- of particular benefit to scientists who need strongly focused, very state boundaries and nanomaterials using synchrotron radiation short-wave X-ray radiation to gain high-resolution insights at the and neutrons. As a result, I have more or less closed a circle through atomic level into biological specimens or new high-performance my work at DESY. Here, both focuses of my research are united materials. There is a tremendous demand from researchers aim- under one roof: particle physics with its fundamental questions, ing to develop new materials in the area of nanotechnology or and structural research using cutting-edge light sources – both are new medicines based on molecular biology. A new interdiscipli- fields that provide us with the knowledge base for technological and nary centre for structural systems biology is being set up in the medical progress. direct vicinity of PETRA III. In an anniversary year, it is time not only to cast a backward This equips us perfectly to deal with the challenges of today glance but also to look forward at a clear objective: working and tomorrow. But the DESY tradition is also to keep in mind the together with all of the people at DESY to strengthen further the challenges of the day after tomorrow – in other words, to build the lab’s world-class international position. Now that HERA has been light sources of the future. With the free-electron lasers, DESY has decommissioned, the focus for our facilities in Hamburg and Zeu- again assured itself a place in the world’s leading ranks when it then clearly lies on the new and innovative light sources that are comes to the development of a new key technology. On the basis being realized in the Hamburg metropolitan region. “Insight starts of the superconducting TESLA technology, we have created light here” is the slogan that we have chosen for DESY’s research – sources that are entering completely new territory by generat- insight based on top-quality accelerator facilities and an impor- ing high-intensity, ultrashort, pulsed X-ray radiation with genuine tant role as a partner in international projects. laser properties. With this kind of radiation, scientists can for the With PETRA III, we have built a synchrotron-radiation source first time observe processes in the nano-cosmos in real time.
20 CERN Courier December 2009
CCDec09DESY.indd 20 17/11/09 12:20:09 50 years of dEsy
Bird’s eye view of the DESY research centre in Hamburg. The 260 m-long FLASH free-electron laser with its experimental hall can be seen in the foreground. On the left of it is the large new experimental hall of the PETRA III synchrotron radiation source. The DESY site is encompassed by the 2.3 km PETRA III storage ring. On the upper right side of the picture, near the former HERA refrigeration hall, is the construction site of the injector complex for the European X-ray laser XFEL, a 3.4 km-long free-electron laser facility that will run from the DESY site in a north-western direction towards the town of Schenefeld. The halls of the 300 m-circumference DORIS III storage ring can be seen between the Helmut Dosch has held the role of DESY director since March 2009. PETRA III experimental hall and the beginning of the FLASH linear (Courtesy Rüdiger Nehmzow, Düsseldorf.) accelerator. (Courtesy Reimo Schaaf, Schönwalde.)
They can, for instance, view “live broadcasts” of the formation and reliable messengers from the far reaches of the cosmos – high- dissolution of chemical bonds. That is why there is such a great energy neutrinos and gamma radiation – to investigate the early demand for the FLASH free-electron laser at DESY. The expecta- stages of the universe. tions concerning the European X-ray laser, the European XFEL, This broad international orientation is one element of the base which is now being built in the Hamburg area, are correspondingly that will continue to support DESY in the future. We will go on high. DESY is playing a key role regarding this new beacon for sci- systematically developing the three main research pillars of DESY: ence. Among other things, it is building the heart of the facility: accelerator development, photon science and particle physics. the accelerator, which is approximately 2 km long. Another important element is the promotion of young scientists, an activity in which DESY engages intensely in co-operation with International scope universities. Our goal is to be a magnet for the best and most In the fields of high-energy and astroparticle physics, DESY is facing creative brains and to co-operate with them in the future to do the challenges of the future, which are becoming increasingly global; what we do best: ensuring that insight starts here. the era of national accelerator facilities is now a thing of the past. The field is dominated by internationally oriented “world machines” Résumé such as the LHC at CERN. So it is quite appropriate that the labora- DESY face aux défis du futur tory already has a long tradition of international co-operation across cultural and political boundaries. At its two locations in Hamburg Helmut Dosch, directeur de DESY, est aux commandes d’un and Zeuthen, DESY is involved in a number of major facilities that laboratoire qui évolue rapidement pour s’adapter aux défis du are no longer supported by one country alone, but are implemented futur. Ici, Helmut Dosch nous explique comment DESY s’est assuré as international projects. For example, DESY is participating in the une position de leader mondial dans une nouvelle technologie très experiments at the LHC and computer centres are being built on the importante, avec le développement des lasers à électrons libres. DESY campus to monitor the data-taking and analysis. DESY is also En même temps, DESY fait face aux défis de la physique des playing a major role in the next future-oriented project in particle particules et de l’astrophysique des particules, deux disciplines physics, the design study for the International Linear Collider. de plus en plus mondialisées. Sur ses deux sites de Hambourg DESY researchers are also active in astroparticle physics, in et Zeuthen, DESY apporte déjà sa contribution à un certain projects that include the neutrino telescope IceCube at the South nombre d’installations d’importance dans le cadre de projets Pole and the development work for a future gamma-ray telescope internationaux. facility, the Cherenkov Telescope Array. With these two projects, the researchers are taking advantage of the fastest and most Helmut Dosch, DESY.
CERN Courier December 2009 21
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CCJul09AdEssexXRay.indd 1 18/6/09 16:04:41 p22.indd 1 17/11/09 11:48:00 mpgd 2009 The continuing rise of micropattern detectors
More than 120 physicists, engineers and students attended MPGD 2009, the first ions I+ International Conference on Micropattern e– Gaseous Detectors, held on the Greek 40% induction gap 5 μm 60% 50 μm island of Crete. Theodoros Geralis reports. e– electrons The invention of micropattern gaseous detectors (MPGDs), in par- 55 μm ticular the gas electron multiplier (GEM) by Fabio Sauli and the 70 μm micromesh gaseous structure (Micromegas) by Ioannis Giomataris, has triggered a range of active research and development on a new A gas electron multiplier (GEM) detector: schematic (centre) and generation of gaseous detectors (CERN Courier June 2006 p37). microscope photographs of a real device from above (top right) and These technologies, together with other new micropattern detector showing the profile of the walls of the holes (lower right), which give the schemes that have arisen from these initial ideas, are now enabling field lines and amplification illustrated on the left. the development of detectors with unprecedented spatial resolu- tion and high-rate capability, which also have large sensitive areas Micromegas and exhibit operational stability and increased radiation hardness. Many groups worldwide are developing MPGD devices for future experiments, not only at particle accelerators but also in nuclear and astroparticle physics, as well as for applications such as medi- 100–700 V/mm cal imaging, material science and security inspection. This range of activity was the subject of the first international con- ference on MPGDs, which was organized at the Orthodox Academy of Crete, in Kolymbari, Greece, on 12–15 June 2009. The RD51 collaboration, which was established to advance the technological amplification gap 10 kV/mm development and application of MPGDs, actively participated in the conference and held its collaboration meeting immediately after- wards on 16–17 June. The Orthodox Academy conference centre pixel chip offered an ideal environment for the detailed examination of MPGD issues, together with the exchange of ideas and lively discussions that took place in both meetings. Crete is after all where, according to the myths of Daedalus and Talos, technology emerged during the Minoan civilization.
From COMPASS to the ILC A Micromegas detector with pixel-chip read-out: schematic (left and The history of MPGDs is much shorter, but nevertheless it is already bottom right) and a microscope photograph of a real device (top right). rich in results and prospects. In 1999 COMPASS at CERN became the first high-energy physics experiment to use large-area Microme- events (such as CAST, MIMAC and NEXT). Three time-projection gas and GEM detectors in high-rate hadron beams. Micromegas chambers (TPCs) developed for the Tokai to Kamioka (T2K) project produced with the new “microbulk” technology have backgrounds are using large pixellized Micromegas made using bulk technology to of a few 10 –7 counts/s/keV/cm2. They might allow big improvements read out data from some 80 000 channels. This promising neutrino in the research potential of experiments that are searching for rare oscillation experiment reported impressive technological progress s
CERN Courier December 2009 23
CCDec09MPGD.indd 23 17/11/09 12:01:04 mpgd 2009
and results. Meanwhile, GEMs are about to be used in the TOTEM experiment at the LHC (CERN Courier September 2009 p19). Review talks on future accelerators and upgrades, in particular the sLHC and the International Linear Collider (ILC) projects, cov- ered the physics potential and set the requirements for detectors. MPGDs are in a favourable position thanks to their excellent proper- ties. Research and development has already begun on a pixellized tracker (namely GridPix, or the Gas On Slimmed Silicon Pixels [GOS- SIP] detector) for the upgrades of the LHC experiments, aiming for a spatial precision of around 20 μm. MPGDs are also good candidates for upgrading end-cap muon detection (with a precision of around 25 μm). Detectors with large surface areas pose a serious problem, however, owing to the huge number of read-out channels. A modified Participants enjoy the pleasant conference setting in the ancient Greek MPGD with controlled charge dispersion on a resistive anode-film cradle of technology. (Courtesy George Tsipolitis.) laminated above the read-out plane would allow wide pads (about 2.7 mm), thus reducing significantly the number of channels. phy and etching techniques that aim to improve several aspects of GEMs and variations of Micromegas are being designed for digital the performance of MPGDs, e.g. in robustness, homogeneity, spark- hadron calorimetry and for TPCs and their read-out electronics at ing and electronics integration. MPGDs are now being manufactured the ILC. The spatial resolution, which is not affected by a magnetic with areas larger than around 0.5 m2, but further developments are field, is reaching a record 50 μm for this application. The ion feed- needed for detectors for the sLHC and ILC. Industry has quickly back suppression offered by the MPGDs is particularly important become involved in MPGDs; several companies in Europe, Japan for operation at high rates. The new development of an integrated and the US are already manufacturing MPGD elements. Micromegas (INGRID) on top of silicon micropixel anodes offers a The conference proved the ideal occasion for discussions about novel and challenging read-out solution, and is under study both for the common aspects of all of the variations of MPGDs: field map- a TPC at the ILC and for a vertex detector for ATLAS. Recent results ping, simulations, gases, electronics etc. All of the groups involved, using a triple-GEM structure combined with either Medipix or Timepix and the two communities, GEM and Micromegas, came together in read-out electronics were also presented at the conference. a fruitful collaboration. In addition, they were able to sample some of the beauty of Crete, present and past, with two special lectures, Multiple applications one on the history of Crete and the city of Chania, and one on Cretan Moving away from applications in particle physics, the strip-resis- flora. Participants also enjoyed walking excursions in the gorge of tive-electrode thick GEM (S-RETGEM) could be used as flame/ Samaria or visiting the archaeological site of Knossos. The confer- smoke detectors for the detection of forest fires at distances up ence dinner featured local delicacies, traditional Greek and Cretan to 1 km, compared with a range of about 200 m for commercially music as well as dancing. available UV-flame detectors. A detector structure inspired by the ●● For more information on the conference and to see the presenta- Micromegas concept, the Parallel Ionization Multiplier (PIM-MPGD), tions, visit http://candia.inp.demokritos.gr/mpgd2009. The contri- is being developed in collaboration with medical researchers for butions will be submitted for publication in the open-access journal use in radio-pharmaceutical β-imaging, with a spatial resolution JINST, http://jinst.sissa.it. of 30 μm. X-ray polarimetry for astrophysical applications now has a power- Résumé ful tool, with intense development work on GEMs and thick GEMs L’irrésistible ascension des détecteurs MPGD (THGEMs) based on the pure noble gases xenon, argon, and neon. Interesting developments on GEMs and micropixel (μPIC) detec- L’invention des détecteurs gazeux à microstructures (MPGD) a tors operating as large-area VUV gas photomultiplier tubes were ouvert la voie à une nouvelle génération de détecteurs, ayant une also presented at the conference. THGEMs are being assessed très haute définition spatiale et adaptés aux cadences élevées. for applications in ring-imaging Cherenkov detectors and are also Leurs autres atouts sont des zones sensibles étendues, une being used in a novel nuclear-imaging technique (3γ imaging) for grande stabilité opérationnelle et une résistance aux radiations medical purposes. améliorée. Beaucoup d’équipes dans le monde développent The construction of MPGDs is now moving away from planar des dispositifs de ce type pour de futures expériences, non geometry, but not without difficulties. Cylindrical Micromegas, seulement dans les accélérateurs de particules, mais aussi pour as used in the CLAS12 detector at Jefferson Lab, and the triple- l’astrophysique des particules, la physique nucléaire, l’imagerie GEM structure developed for the KLOE experiment at Frascati, do médicale, la science des matériaux et les inspections de not lose their performance compared with planar ones. Spherical sécurité. Ces applications diverses étaient l’objet de la première GEMs are also being tested to fight parallax effects that pose limi- Conférence internationale sur les MPGD, organisée à l’Académie tations in many applications. orthodoxe de Crète, à Kolympari (Grèce). Rui De Oliveira of CERN presented the excellent research, develop- ment and innovation taking place at CERN in close collaboration with Theodoros Geralis, the National Centre for Scientific Research, the GEM and Micromegas groups. He presented new photolithogra- Demokritos.
24 CERN Courier December 2009
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