CONTENTS Group Membership, January 2002 2

APPENDIX 1: Report on Activities 2000-2002 & Proposed Programme 2002-2006 4 1OPAL 4 2H1 7 3 ATLAS 11 4 BABAR 19 5D¯ 24 6 e-Science 29 7 Geant4 32 8 Blue Sky and applied R&D 33 9 Computing 36 10 Activities in Support of Public Understanding of Science 38 11 Collaborations and contacts with Industry 41 12 Other Research Related Activities by Group Members 41 13 Staff Management and Implementation of Concordat 41

APPENDIX 2: Request for Funds 1. Support staff 43 2. Travel 55 3. Consumables 56 4. Equipment 58

APPENDIX 3: Publications 61

1 Group Membership, May 2002 Academic Staff Dr John Allison Senior Lecturer Professor Roger Barlow Professor Dr Ian Duerdoth Senior Lecturer Dr Mike Ibbotson Reader Dr George Lafferty Reader Dr Fred Loebinger Senior Lecturer Professor Robin Marshall Professor, Group Leader Dr Terry Wyatt Reader Dr A N Other (from Sept 2002) Lecturer Fellows Dr PPARC Advanced Fellow Dr Graham Wilson (leave of absence for 2 yrs) PPARC Advanced Fellow James Weatherall PPARC Fellow PPARC funded Research Associates∗ Dr Nick Malden Dr Joleen Pater Dr Michiel Sanders Dr Ben Waugh Dr Jenny Williams PPARC funded Responsive Research Associate Dr Liang Han PPARC funded e-Science Research Associates Steve Dallison core e-Science Sergey Dolgobrodov core e-Science Gareth Fairey EU/PPARC DataGrid Alessandra Forti GridPP Andrew McNab EU/PPARC DataGrid PPARC funded Support Staff∗ Phil Dunn (replacement) Technician Andrew Elvin Technician Dr Joe Foster Physicist Programmer Julian Freestone Applied Physicist Dr Scott Kolya Physicist Programmer Dr Richard E Hughes-Jones Applied Physicist Dave Mercer Applied Physicist Mike Needham Technician Sabah Salih Computer Manager/Grid Dr Steve Snow Research Fellow Keith Stephens Applied Physicist Ray Thompson Applied Physicist Stuart Wild Technician Other Group Staff Florene Daniels Secretary Categories marked ∗ are funded from the Rolling Grant

2 Research Students Gavin Hesketh PPARC 3rd year Frank Jackson PPARC 3rd year David South PPARC 3rd year Matthew Beckingham PPARC 2nd year Adriana Bungau 2nd year Cristian Bungau 2nd year Simon Dean PPARC 2nd year Andrew Lyon PPARC 2nd year Farahnaaz Nauyock 2nd year Tamsin Edwards PPARC 1st year Mark Hodgkinson PPARC 1st year Mudhahir Ismail 1st year Sophie Mallows 1st year Emily Nurse PPARC 1st year Andres Osorio 1st year Marta Tavera 1st year Vivian Voniatou 1st year

3 Appendix 1: REPORT ON ACTIVITIES 2000-2002

1. OPAL 1.1 Report on Activities for 2000-2002 The OPAL detector ceased operation with the close of LEP in 2000. The Barrel muon chambers, built by Manchester, maintained their reliability and efficiency right to the end, under the care of Jo Pater. 1.1.1 Acoplanar Graham Wilson, TerryWyatt and Tom Marchant have continued their definitive study search- ing for SUSY signatures using acoplanar pairs, which is the classic signature for slepton pair production and for charginos. Techniques evolved have produced the most sensitive limits in several channels. These results have been presented at conferences and will appear in a forthcoming journal publication

Figure 1.1 Exclusion contours for chargino pair production.

For example, Figure 1.1 shows contours of the 95% CL upper limits of the chargino pair cross section times the 2-body (lepton sneutrino) branching ratio at a cms energy of 208 GeV,assuming a β/s dependence in the cross section. These results have also contributed (with other channels) to limits on Gauge Mediated SUSY breaking and the production of charged Higgs particles and long-lived sleptons The event selections are also used to define the OPAL sample of leptonic W+W− events, which are used in OPAL’s measurements of the production and properties of W bosons at LEP.

4 1.1.2 Acoplanar leptons and Graham Wilson has performed searches for events containing photons and missing transverse χ 0 → χ 0γ momentum. Such events are a signature for SUSY decays such as 2 1 . Again, these results are the definitive ones reported by the OPAL collaboration. 1.1.3 Muon pairs The definitive OPAL ‘Zedometry’ paper on the properties of the Z boson was published. Many Manchester physicists past and present contributed to this analysis through the muon pair cross section and asymmetry studies. Roger Barlow and Vato Kartvelishvili also produced a new analysis of the muon pair asym- metry around the Z peak. This uses the small acolinearity and acoplanarity angles produced by radiative processes, on an event by event basis, to probe the asymmetry as a function of the effective centre of mass energy and this provides a separate measurement of the axial coupling constant of the Z.

Figure 1.2 Forward-backward muon asymmetry as a function of centre of mass energy.

1.1.4 W decays Vato Kartvelishvili produced an event weighting scheme that simulates the effect of Bose- Einstein correlations. This was used to estimate the size of the systematic effect on W mass measurements from the fully hadron decays, not only by OPALbut by the other LEP experiments. Vato and Steve Dallison, Fred Loebinger’s student, have been studying the strange content in W pair decays to obtain a measurement of the Vcs CKM matrix element. 1.1.4 Hadrons George Lafferty has continued to study hadrons produced from decays of the Z at LEP 1, contributing to analyses of KK Bose-Einstein correlations and measurements of vector- spin alignment. He is currently measuring resonance-particle correlations.

5 1.1.5 Other OPAL activities Graham Wilson was also the trigger co-ordinator for the OPAL experiment during this period, a task of such importance that CERN contributed to his LTA costs. George Lafferty was the convenor of OPAL soft QCD working group until early 2001. He was then appointed senior physics co-ordinator for 2001/2, and successfully ensured that the analysis continued to completion even though the experiment was no longer running.

1.2 Proposed Programme for 2002 onwards With the return of George Lafferty form CERN in June 2002, the final phase of Manchester’s involvement in OPAL will begin. He will continue on Opal at 10% till the September 2003 after which Manchester’s OPAL effort will cease.

6 2. H1 2.1 Report on Activities for 2000-2002 Staff Profile integrated 2002-2006 Staff member Position f.t.e%/max % M Ibbotson Academic 20/50 R Marshall Academic 20/50 B E Cox Fellow 10/100 N Malden RA 90/100 S D Kolya Phys/Progr 10/100 D Mercer Appl Phys 10/100 K Stephens Appl Phys 10/30

2.1.1 The Forward Muon Detector The increased beam currents achieved by HERA towards the end of pre-upgrade running, produced a new environment for the Forward Muon detector (FMD) during injection, requiring even more stringent monitoring and control of standby voltages in order to protect the chambers. Fortunately the detector continued to function well during actual luminosity running. To make life easier for on-call experts, several software tools were developed by Ben Waugh to enable the FMD to be monitored remotely via a WWW browser. The period since the end of the last pre-upgrade luminosity run at HERA (August 2000) has been used by HERA to increase the luminosity of the collider. H1 has also used this shut-down to upgrade the detector and to make adaptations to the post-upgrade conditions. The positioners (‘end stops’) around the beam pipe and HERA magnets have been redesigned and adapted by Ben Waugh, Keith Stephens and Nick Malden to cope with the larger magnets required by the HERA luminosity upgrade. Ben Waugh and Nick Malden have incorporated the FMD into the new unified Detector Control and Monitoring system along with the other H1 tracking detectors and some of the calorimeters. This system is currently undergoing final testing in preparation for the imminent start of post-upgrade luminosity. It will make operation of H1 by shift crews simpler and will eventually enable the running of the detector to be more automated, responding according to pre-programmed instructions to background conditions, trips etc.

A noteable physics contribution from the FMD is the production of J/ψ at low Wγ p in photoproduction. These results were published in early 2000 (see ref[1], this section). 2.1.2 Physics Analysis An H1 paper (ref[2] this section) has been published, based on the analysis by Brian Cox and Angela Wyatt, and edited by them. It is a study of diffractive events in which a pair of jets is separated by a rapidity gap with a large transverse-momentum transfer. (See Figure 2.1). Ben Waugh is working on an extension of this analysis to the more inclusive process of diffractive double dissociation in which the final state hadrons need not form jets and the dissociative system may not be fully contained in the detector. In the same area, Robin Marshall has been developing analysis techniques to improve the quality of information about diffraction. Due to technical reasons involving the resolution on t when t becomes small, it has been necessary to make strong cuts in the data on jets with rapidity gaps, effectively eliminating the region where the models can be most effectively tested. Small t here means at the low end of the HERA range. Robin’s contribution is to develop a kinematic fitting programme to fully

7 exploit all the measured information in an event, including the incomplete proton disintegration debris for which he has devised the unbiased procedure outlined above. This should increase the t range of the measurement considerably. When the fitting procedure is refined, it can be extended to other processes and possibly to understand how to handle jets in general in a kinematic fit where there are large colour forces between jets and large relativistic boosts.

Figure 2.1 Rapidity gap distribution for jet pairs.

Nick Malden is working on the analysis of the excess of events with missing transverse mo- mentum and an isolated lepton at H1. This is an indication of higher than expected production of W bosons at HERA and will be covered by an H1 paper to be put out in the coming months. It can be seen (Figure 2.2) that the shape is compatible with Standard Model W production (labelled ‘EPVEC: W’)intheMT plot, but that the difference between the SM prediction and the H1 observation is driven by the high PT (X) region.

Figure 2.2 a) The transverse mass MT of the lepton-. b) The Transverse mo- mentum of the ‘X’ system (the quark jet against which the W recoiled).

8 David South is working to extend the analysis of isolated lepton events using maximum like- lihood techniques, and to prepare for the analysis of such events in HERA 2 data (see also software section below). The increased luminosity at HERA 2 will provide a good opportunity to study such rare processes in greater detail and to confirm or refute the current indications of an excess over Standard Model processes. Matthew Beckingham is studying the production of real photons in high-t diffraction, ep → eγ Y , where Y is the proton dissociative system. This is an excellent testbed for the application of pQCD to diffraction, without the complications of hadronization in jets or the wave functions of vector mesons. Both David South and Matthew Beckingham are working on the challenge of triggering their types of events at HERA 2. In particular they will take advantage of the new Fast Track Trigger (FTT), which will be commissioned later in 2002. They have presented their work at an H1 workshop on triggering at HERA 2, held in Ringberg in January 2002. 2.1.3 H1 Software David South and Matthew Beckingham have made a significant contribution to the develop- ment of an object-oriented (OO) software framework for physics analysis in H1. It is expected that analyses of HERA 2 (post-upgrade) data will be performed in this new framework, and it is already increasingly being used for new analyses by members of the collaboration. David has been working to reproduce the results of the isolated lepton and charged current analyses in the new framework as a preparation for analysing HERA 2 data, as well as implementing background finders for use in general analyses. Matthew has contributed to the testing of the new software and provided an example analysis program to help newcomers to the project to get started. 2.1.4 Other H1 Duties Nick Malden is one of the two H1 internal referees for the analysis on ‘A Search for RP violating SUSY at HERA’. Ben Waugh is one of the two H1 internal referees for the analysis on ‘Measurement of Inclusive D-meson Production in Deep Inelastic Scattering at HERA’. 2.2 Report on Proposed Activities for 2002-2006 The Manchester team will continue existing physics analyses and extend their work to HERA 2 data. They will also continue to contribute to the development of OO software for analysis at H1; the migration from Fortran being now in its final stages. Nick Malden will be involved in measuring charged current interactions using the polarized proton data from HERA 2. The FMD is expected to prove valuable in the study of processes such as W production in the increased luminosity samples at HERA 2. The whole Manchester group will continue to be active in supporting the detector and analysing the data from it. Robin Marshall will complete the kinematic fitting project and turn it into a general package. Towards the end of this 4 year forward look, there will be a significant impact when the two academic members of staff on H1 will retire (2005). This will almost certainly signal the end of Manchester’s participation in H1, 15 years after the arrival of the first Manchester built equipment on site. The support effort (mainly the remaining RA) and replacement academic staff will be deployed on other projects, mainly ATLAS, but with other options, as yet unknown, open.

9 Bibliography for H1 1. Elastic Photoproduction of J/ψ and Upsilon Mesons at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Phys. Lett. B483 (2000) 23-35 , 03/00 2. Energy Flow and Rapidity Gaps Between Jets in Photoproduction at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., submitted to Eur Phys. J C , 03/02

10 3. ATLAS Staff Profile integrated 2002-2006 Staff member Position f.t.e%/max % M Ibbotson Academic 30/50 F K Loebinger Academic 60/60 R Marshall Academic 20/50 I P Duerdoth Academic 50/60 B E Cox Adv Fellow 40/100 S Snow Fellow 100/100 J Pater RA 100/100 J M Foster Phys/Progr 80/100 S D Kolya Phys/Progr 70/100 R E Hughes-Jones Phys/Progr 70/100 J Freestone Appl Phys 100/100 D Mercer Appl Phys 70/100 R J Thompson Appl Phys 90/100 (Dunne replace) Tech 90/100 A Elvin Tech 90/100 M Needham Tech 90/100 S Wild Tech 50/100

3.1 Report on Activities for 2000-2002 3.1.1 SCT Mike Ibbotson oversees the whole project and represents the Manchester Atlas group at all management meetings. Ian Duerdoth has motivated the convection measurement and some of the module alignment techniques that we use. He is currently supervising MSc students Andres Osorio and Marta Tavera. Fred Loebinger is supervising PhD student Farah Nauyock who is working on WW scattering physics and MSc student Vivian Voniatou, who is investigating the effects of radiation damage on our detectors. The rest of the group’s activities are described below under six headings. Development of Forward SCT Modules. Early 2000 saw the delivery of the first examples of a hybrid based on a copper/kapton flexible circuit (K3) wrapped around a carbon fibre substrate. We were involved in assembling and testing modules made from these hybrids right from the start. The first two were built on a visit by Steve Snow to Freiburg and the next two by Julian Freestone and the technical team in Manchester. We also built two dummy modules to the baseline design, equipped them with heaters and temperature sensors and fully tested them. Their behaviours were very similar to each other and consistent with our finite element simulation results at the 15% level. This gave us some confidence about the repeatability and predictability of the baseline module’s thermal properties. However, it became clear during the first half of the year that while the silicon detectors were adequately cooled, the front-end chips were running uncomfortably hot. We showed that the high chip temperature was mainly due to the carbon fibre substrate being a poorer conductor than was advertised. We argued that as well as increasing the electronic noise it would also lead

11 to significant heat transfer to the detectors by convection and radiation. These concerns led the collaboration to a new flex design (K4) in which the chips were set in cut outs, in direct contact with the substrate. We worked on estimates of detector heating by convection and concluded that the only way to get a reliable result was to measure it. Therefore Ray Thompson and Andy Elvin built and tested a full scale mock-up of the space between two SCT wheels with appropriate temperature differences between the hybrid, the detector and the support structure. By early 2001 we had concluded from measurements of the mock-up that we could live with the level of convective heat transfer to the detectors that would be expected in a K3 module. But there was still a strong argument from thermal noise to cool the chips better. Production of the K4 was delayed and when it did become available it took some time to reach the conclusion that the front-end chips oscillated when operated on the K4. Apparently, too much copper had been removed from the ground and power planes which had tipped the chips into an unstable state. As a by-product of this investigation Steve Snow contributed to a paper on common mode noise in binary systems [1]. Steve Snow did much of the analysis of data from a quarter-disk sector of the proposed SCT cooling system that was built at RAL and tested with evaporative C3F8 cooling at CERN. It was possible to keep the detector temperature below Ð10◦C in the presence of a full heat load on the detector, the hybrid and all the other cooling blocks in the circuit. An example of a K4 made on a carbon-carbon composite substrate showed much improved temperatures, as expected from simulation. The collaboration decided to make another iteration of the flex (K5) that would reverse some of the more radical innovations of K4 and would rely on this new substrate to keep the temperature down. This time we were directly responsible for thermal aspects of the hybrid design. This has proved successful and there are now several examples of K5 modules which are both electrically stable and run at acceptably low temperatures. (see Figure 3.1). As before, we were closely involved with building most of these modules, with the detector sections assembled in Manchester and then joined with the hybrids in Freiburg.

Figure 3.1 A thermal simulation of an inner module with the K5 hybrid.

In Figure 3.1, contours show temperature of the module surface relative to the coolant which is at -20 C. The maximum expected heat load is applied to both the detectors and the chips. Only half of the module is shown, the lower half is symmetric about the line y = 0.

12 Preparing for production of about 600 Forward SCT Modules. We started preparation for module already in 1998 and were well advanced by 2000. The delay in production has been frustrating but our readiness has allowed us to participate in the development work described above. Since January 2000 we have assembled a total of 30 modules including some of each shape; inner, middle and outer. Nineteen of the modules included real detectors, eleven had real hybrids and the rest were dummies. The fact that only one module was damaged in production is a tribute to the care taken by those responsible, particularly Julian Freestone. It indicates that our original estimate of 5% losses during production was not over optimistic. Over the last two years we have continually made improvements to our module construction techniques and QA procedures. We have acquired a 3-D glue dispensing robot and Andy Elvin has become expert in its use. Ray Thompson and Joe Foster have put together a test system in which modules can be operated inside an environmental chamber. This equipment is currently being used by Marta Tavera to characterise the electrical performance of modules over a temperature range from Ð30◦C upwards. Julian Freestone has made many incremental improvements to the module alignment software, has commissioned a new iteration of assembly jigs and has built a small probe station for I-V measurement of detectors in partly assembled modules. Magnetic Field measurement. Steve Snow has become responsible for ensuring that the magnetic field in the inner detector volume is known to sufficient accuracy for the Atlas physics programme. He has shown that the magnetic field must be known to one part in 2000 and has set out a plan for getting there. Other experiments have reached this accuracy but Atlas has an exceptionally non-uniform field so it is more difficult. The plan involves scanning the whole volume with an array of Hall probes before the detectors are installed and leaving a few NMR probes permanently mounted near the centre of the solenoid to monitor time variations. Work so far has centred on making the NMR probes sufficiently radiation hard to survive in Atlas for 10 years. Technical support has been provided by Ray Thompson and much of the data taken by Farah Nauyock and Vivian Voniatou.In 2000 we irradiated one NMR probe and samples of the three semiconductor components used in the probe up to 1014 cm−2 at the PS. We found that only the transistor was damaged. In 2001 we tried a number of alternative transistors and we have found one that is reasonably radiation hard (see Figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2 Two of the transistors which we have tested for radiation hardness for the NMR probe.

13 BC857 is the transistor used by the probe manufacturer; it has a gain of about 280 when new, but which declines rapidly even after a low dose. BFT92 is a possible alternative which starts with lower gain but survives irradiation better. With Andres Osorio, Steve is also working on specifying the accuracy of the Hall mapping array and finding out how best to use the data that it will produce. A fit is certainly better than simple interpolation but we need to quantify this. System Test. Jo Pater coordinates the Atlas SCT ‘system test’ project at CERN. The aim of the system test is to run as many SCT modules as possible in a configuration that is as close as possible, geometrically and electrically, to the design for the final Atlas SCT detector. This is done for several reasons, perhaps the most important being to develop a grounding and shielding scheme that will screen out as much as possible of the noise that will inevitably be generated by many electrical components operating in close proximity to one another and connected together by cables and by the support structures, which are often electrically conductive. Another purpose for the system test is to test prototype peripherals such as cables, patch panels, power supplies and readout modules. Also, as the system test is often the first place that the many prototype components of the SCT detector come together, it is important to the mechanical verification of the system; that is, the system test checks that all these pieces, some of which have very little clearance from one another, do in fact fit together as they were designed to. The system test is divided into two separate projects: barrel and end cap. (See Figure 3.3). The barrel system test is built around a prototype sector of a barrel cylinder which has roughly the radius of the innermost Atlas SCT barrel layer. This cylinder has spaces for 48 modules; 24 positions are equipped with power tapes and optical readout and 18 prototype modules are available to the lab for testing. The barrel system test is very well developed; it has shown that, provided the system is well-grounded, external noise is held to a minimum; this information played a key role in the recent acceptance of the barrel module design.

Figure 3.3 Left: Jo Pater working on the SCT barrel system test. Right: The SCT barrel system test sector partly populated with 15 modules.

Recently the barrel system test has shown that common-mode noise (a particularly nasty po- tential problem for binary readout systems as it cannot be removed offline as it can be with analogue readout) exists only at tolerably low levels. Figure 3.4 shows the noise measurements. Each data point represents the noise averaged over one of the 12 front-end chips per module; the vertical lines delineate modules, so the horizontal axis is roughly a spatial representation of

14 the location of the chip in the system. The red points show the noise in electrons as measured in a controlled ‘bench-top’ situation and represents the lowest noise achieveable for the module. The black points show the noise as measured in the system test. Uncertainties on each point in both curves are approximately 50 electrons. This shows that running the modules as a system introduces very little extra noise.

Figure 3.4 Electronic noise in a system of 12 atlas sct barrel modules placed end-to-end in the system test.

The end cap system test is not as advanced as the barrel system test. It is currently being built up around a section of a prototype end cap disk. This disk sector is equipped with a full cooling circuit, which covers one quarter of a disk’s surface area and can hold up to 33 modules. Currently there are six K5 modules available to the end cap system test, and about seven more modules are planned to be added in the next few months. Database. Joe Foster was responsible (with University) for the production database. During 2000 the database was used routinely by SCT institutes and detector manufacturers for storing test results on prototype silicon detectors. The database was a significant part of the successful detector Production Readiness Review in July 2000. In parallel with the developments in module design over this period, the database was used to record details of module assembly, including component lists and mechanical survey results. Shipments of components between sites are now routinely logged in the database. By the Spring of 2001 work had begun to define the database requirements for hybrids, opto- electronics, and cables. An issue of particular importance is preserving the identity of front-end chips (ABCD) between dicing the wafers and mounting the chips on hybrids. Joe made some progress towards a handling protocol for chips in consultation with ABCD experts.

15 In April 2001 tensions within the database team led to an external review process, aimed at finding an acceptable allocation of responsibilities. Unfortunately, despite intensive negotia- tions, no mutually acceptable arrangement could be agreed, and Manchester withdrew from the database project in August 2001. 3.1.2 Level 2 Trigger and DAQ In 2000 the ATLASTrigger/DAQ community produced the Technical Proposal for the combined Level1, Level2 and DAQ sub-system. This reported the work on the Trigger Pilot Project and the DAQ-1 Project and outlined the architecture to be used for the ATLAS Trigger/DAQ sub- system. Manchesters work in evaluating the performance, architecture and switching techniques of various Manufacturers Ethernet networking and computing products provided important input to the Technical Proposal. At this time the whole ATLAS Trigger/DAQ community was re-organised to form the teams to create the Trigger/DAQ Prototype; the Manchester DAQ group, Scott Kolya, Richard Hughes-Jones and Dave Mercer have collaborated with the Data Collection team in further Network Studies. To further understand the behaviour of Gigabit Ethernet interfaces and switches, Scott Kolya and Richard Hughes-Jones specified a probe card for Optical Gigabit Ethernet links. Scott Kolya designed and built prototypes that have been extensively used by the DAQ group. In collaboration with industry, Boston Ltd, and the Computer Science Department at Brunell University, Richard Hughes-Jones has been evaluating the performance of various Gigabit Ethernet interfaces and new high performance PC motherboards from SuperMicro and Intel. Some throughput and PCI bus transactions are shown in Figure 3.5.

Figure 3.5 Throughput and PCI bus transactions measured for Gigabit ethernet inter- faces.

3.1.2 Atlas Physics and Simulation .Brian Cox is working on the origin of symmetry breaking in the absence of a light . He has co-written a paper on how this can be experimentally tested by measurement of WW scattering [2]. He is now working with Farah Nauyock to develop the analysis of this channel

16 specifically for the Atlas detector. Jo Pater maintains the Fortran based simulation software for the Atlas SCT detector geometry and electronic response. This simulation is heavily used for physics and detector optimisation studies. [1] Measurement of common mode noise in binary read-out systems. L Feld, S Roe, A Ahmad, S Snow. Accepted by NIM A. [2] WW scattering at the LHC. J M Butterworth, B E Cox, J R Forshaw. To be published in Phys. Rev. D.

3.2 Proposed Programme for 2002-2006 3.2.1 SCT Module Design. In the next three months we will be working intensively on thermal tests of modules in preparation for the final design review. This will involve all of the personnel using the skills that they have built up over recent years to carry out tests quickly and avoid any further delay to the programme. Once the FDR milestone is passed, the development phase will tail off. Further QA tests need to be developed and a final paper on the module design to be written. Module Assembly and Testing. Our experience puts us in a good position to start module assembly early. But a lot remains to be done in the six months expected between approval at the FDR and arrival of the first batches of production components. We must acquire and commission more sets of jigs, modify the software to cope with multiple jig sets, make more storage space for module components and buy or make hundreds of module transport and storage boxes. Module production will start in late 2002 and is planned to quickly ramp up to a rate of 8 modules per week. We expect that module production will absorb most of the effort of Ray Thompson, Julian Freestone, Andy Elvin and A N Other, Phil Dunne replacement during the years 2003 and 2004. It will also require some effort at around the 30% level from Steve Snow and Joe Foster. Magnetic Field. Some time this year, it still has to be established whether the radiation hard transistors that we have found can be used as a straight replacement on the probe or if some other changes are necessary. More in the future, Steve Snow will organise the installation of the NMR probes, scanning of the tracker volume, interpretation of the data and provision of a field map to the offline track fit. Some technical effort from Manchester may be required to support this activity, which should come after the bulk of the module assembly is completed. System Test. Jo Pater will continue to coordinate the system test at CERN. The barrel and end cap system tests will continue with the current programme at least until the first production modules are installed in the real detector; this work is scheduled to begin around the end of year 2002 for the barrel detector and probably 3-6 months later for the end cap detector. Around this time, the emphasis in the system test is expected to shift from grounding and shielding studies to the exercising of a more and more realistic readout and control system as prototype readout modules, power supplies and slow control systems are gradually replaced with their production counterparts. It is likely that the system test will continue in its peripheral-system development capacity well into the construction phase of the experiment. SCT Commissioning. When module production approaches completion, Ray Thompson and Julian Freestone will spend their effort that becomes available on aspects of SCT commission- ing that are going on within the UK, such as installation of wheels into the support cylinder. When the system test finally comes to an end, Jo Pater will turn her attention to preparing for whole SCT end caps arrival and testing at CERN and their final installation in Atlas.

17 Physics. We have acquired a number of PCs on which Brian Cox is starting to install the Atlas software for event generation and detector simulation. He will then use it to support his physics research interests. Jo Foster will also work on offline software and its integration with the Grid. We expect to increase our commitment to Atlas physics and software development and testing over the coming years. 3.2.2 Level 2 Trigger and DAQ Preparation for the Technical Design Report The ATLAS Trigger DAQ community is developing the architecture presented in the Technical Proposal to form the Technical Design Report TDR which should be completed towards the end of 2002. After then the exact roles of each institute will become clear. The Manchester DAQ group, Scott Kolya, Richard Hughes-Jones and Dave Mercer will continue to contribute to the system definition and TDR work concentrating on the areas of networking technologies and protocols. We will also develop our contacts with industry enabling efficient evaluation of new components such as PC motherboards and Network interfaces, of importance to ATLAS Trigger/DAQ. We also plan to investigate the emerging chipsets, buses and interconnects such as PCI-X, L3G, and Infiniband. After the TDR, Manchester expect to use our experience, in conjunction with other ATLAS Trigger/DAQ groups, to develop test procedures and diagnostic equipment enabling us to eval- uate commercial equipment. This will ensure that suitable components of the correct technical specification are selected for the ATLAS Trigger/DAQ. We expect that Manchester will also fully participate in the installation and commissioning of the Trigger/DAQ sub-system and that such diagnostic tools will play and important part of this installation work. Integration of Grid and ATLAS Trigger/DAQ. There is a strong Grid development team at Manchester that is involved in the EU DataGrid, EU DataTAG, the e-science MB-NG and Optical network switching projects. The Manchester Trigger/DAQ group will examine the grid technologies such as distributed computing, high performance networking hardware and protocols and work to apply them to the Trigger/DAQ sub-system. There is considerable interest for example in the possibility of using remote Grid sites to perform High Level Trigger processing in real time. With the commissioning of our new e-Science laboratory on the 7th Floor in 2002, we expect that the operations and activities will become increasingly integrated into the e-Science area as the joint Trigger DAQ and e-Science laboratory develop.

18 4. BABAR Staff Profile integrated 2002-2006 Staff member Position f.t.e%/max % J Allison Academic 50/60 R J Barlow Academic 50/60 G Lafferty Academic 60/60 J Williams RA 100/100 A N Other RA 100/100 A Forti Grid 60/60 S Kolya Phys/Prog 10/100 D Mercer Appl Phys 10/100

4.1 Report on Activities for 2000-2002 4.1.1 Charmonium The decays of B mesons to charmonium are a central feature of BABAR physics, giving clear experimental signatures and with properties dependent on the CP violation parameter sin 2β and related theoretical quantities. James Weatherall, during his LTA at SLAC, was responsible for the technical side of the analysis of sin 2β for the Summer 2001 conference, at which our non- zero measurement gave the first evidence for CP violation outside the K sector. He developed the tools that produced the measurements, and was responsible for validation of relevant samples and software. Figure 4.1 shows the first evidence from BABAR for CP violation.

0 0 Figure 4.1 The t distributions for ϒ(4S) → B BCP and ϒ(4S) → B BCP. They are clearly different, showing CP violation.

James was also, through his PhD topic and thereafter, responsible for measurement of

19 the branching ratio for the decay B → ψK∗. This forms part of a publication. Jamie Boyd did his Ph.D. thesis on the decay B → ψπ+π −. This is now being prepared as a conference paper and for journal publication by James Weatherall.

Frank Jackson is working on the decay B → ηcK, in various charge states and with various decay modes for the ηc. (see Figure 4.2). He was selected by the experiment to present the results on this whole topic at the APS meeting this year.

Figure 4.2 Reconstructed mass of the recoiling charmonium system, + − selecting ηc → Ks K π .

4.1.2 Tau studies. As well as being a B factory, Pep-II also produces tau lepton pairs in unprecedented numbers, and the high quality of the BABAR detector opens the prospect of very detailed studies. Physicists from Manchester are prominent in this area Jon Fullwood completed a Ph.D thesis on the 1-prong decay τ + → π +π 0ν, which examines the question of whether the ρ(1700) is present. This analysis is being continued by Jenny Williams. Figure 4.3 shows a striking fit to a model of Gounaris and Sakurai for the decay τ → ππ0ν including the resonances ρ(770), ρ(1450) and ρ(1700). George Lafferty has studied the hadronic structure in τ → Nπντ decays (for N > 2 and for charged and neutral ), and will continue this work on his return from CERN. Roger Barlow has undertaken the search for second class currents in the decays τ → ωπν and τ → ηπν. This will lead to a new lower limit (or even a discovery.) Jenny Williams wrote, and maintains, the official TauUser package which acts as an analysis framework for general tau studies. This includes an easy-to-use event display as an alternative to the full display which is difficult to use away from SLAC. A 3-3 τ decay topology is shown in Figure 4.4. In future we will continue hadronic τ studies with the involvement of George Lafferty on his return from CERN. Andrew Lyon is developing the use of kaon identification in τ decay events, and Mark Hodgkinson is adapting the KK τ pair Monte Carlo for use in BABAR .

20 Figure 4.3 A fit to the Gounaris and Sakurai model for the decay τ → ππ0ν via resonant ρ production. The aim of the analysis was to find which resonances of the ρ contributed. Contributions from ρ(770), ρ(1450) and ρ(1700) are included.

Figure 4.4 3-3 decay τ event

4.1.3 Simulation John Allison was a key player in the adaptation of the Geant4 detector simulation program to BABAR . This is a major project in itself and is covered in section 7. 4.1.4 Trigger Big reductions in beam-related background from interactions upstream and downstream of the interaction point will be required as the PEP-II luminosity increases. The existing BABAR DC trigger has difficulty removing this background and so BABAR has planned a trigger upgrade to include z fitting in the level 1 trigger. The existing cards cannot be modified to provide

21 this functionality, so the current Track Segment Finder (TSF) cards will be replaced to provide additional and more precise information. The new board will use the latest technology and be based on eight Xilinx Virtex II FPGAs which replace the 25 old ones. Improved latency and flexibility will be provided. Scott Kolya and Dave Mercer are responsible for the design and production of the TSF boards, and Manchester is collaborating with physicists from Bristol on the firmware. Prototype boards are expected this year, with production, installation and commissioning being completed before the end of 2003. This is the only UK involvement in the BABAR upgrade.

4.1.4 BABAR Computing and the Grid Manchester was the lead participant in the JIF bid ‘Understanding ’, which was successful with the award of £1M for computing equipment. This has been spent on PC farms at the UK BABAR universities (and some enhancements at RAL). These have enabled UK groups to participate strongly in BABAR analysis and to take a lead in Monte Carlo production for the experiment. Roger Barlow negotiated an arrangement with the BABAR computer co-ordination Group and the UK GridPP whereby a Tier A centre (which is also an LHC Tier 1 centre) would be established in the UK, paid by e-Science funding, and this would entitle us to a rebate on our common fund contribution. This is a rare example of successful ‘displacement’. Alessandra Forti has maintained the Sun disk arrays bought with the JREI award (a UK BABAR consortium also led by Manchester). She has also taken over, maintained, and considerably enhanced the ‘skimData’ system of bookkeeping which keeps track of all data files, their state of processing and where they are located. This is widely used for analysis jobs and for copying data between sites. She has moved (as of 1st January) to a GridPP funded position, extending this metadata system for inclusion in the Grid. A BABAR demonstrator of the analysis of distributed data, the work principally of Alessandra, Roger, and Andrew McNab, was one of the 3 PPARC projects selected to be shown at the opening of the National e-Science centre at Edinburgh. Roger represents BABAR on the GridPP experiments board, where he was elected deputy chair- man (and future chairman).

4.1.5 Other BABAR Activities There are several other areas where Manchester has played a significant role. Akram Khan, during his time as an RA with us, served as DAQ manager and then deputy run co-ordinator for the experiment during his LTA at SLAC James Weatherall was the physics software co-ordinator for a period of 6 months. Jamie Boyd worked on, and was responsible for, the ‘B-counting’ procedure for the experiment that measures the numbers of useful events produced. Jenny Williams has been, and still is, responsible for the ‘Workbook’ documentation of the analysis software, a web based guide for new (and other) physicists, which requires continual updating as the software changes. Roger Barlow became the UK spokesman for BABAR, from September 2001. 4.2 Proposed Programme for 2002-2006 The design of the Track Segment Finder (TSF) cards for the trigger upgrade will be completed. They will be built, tested and installed.

22 We will build up the τ decay activities centered on the Manchester group and our local computing facility. The τ → ρν will be published soon, as will the first results from the 2nd class current search. These will be extended into other hadronic decay studies, including the spectral functions. There are other possibilities to explore. For example, Robin Marshall and a student will continue the preliminary study of τ polarisation in order to test CP symmetry. At BABAR energies, the production mechanism for τ pair production is essentially electromagnetic. The + − → τ +τ − spin structure of the interaction therefore leads to the polarisation topologies: e e R L + − → τ +τ − and e e L R , where R and L refer to the helicities of the leptons. Furthermore, if the order in which the leptons are written denote the e+ and e− directions respectively, there are four possible substates, each of which is a pure eigenstate of the CP operator with eigenvalue + + − → τ +τ − + − → τ +τ − + − → τ −τ + + − → τ −τ + 1: e e R L , e e L R , e e R L and e e L R . Specific decay modes of the τ are used to isolate these four substates. The method works very well on Monte Carlo and will now be extended to actual BABAR data. Although CP violation is not expected, the neutrino sector has become actively surprising in recent years and one should not forget that there is not enough CP violation in the quark sector to account for the -antimatter asymmetry in the Universe. An MSc student looked at CP violation in τ → Kπν and this is a channel we wish to explore further, given enough resources in the team. We will maintain the charmonium decay activities, as other channels become analysable and as more information can be extracted from existing channels. Including the B → ψρ decay in the sin 2β asymmetry measurements is clearly next on the list.

23 5. D¯ Staff Profile integrated 2002-2006 Staff member Position f.t.e%/max % T Wyatt Academic 90/90 B E Cox Adv Fellow 50/100 L Han Responsive RA 30/30 M Sanders RA 100/100

5.1 Report on Activities for 2000-2002 The Manchester D¯ group currently consists of TerryWyatt, Brian Cox, two RAs and PhD stu- dents. Until last September, Graham Wilson was a PPARC Advanced Fellow with Manchester working 20% on D¯. Graham has currently taken a two year sabattical from his fellowship. A very large fraction of the manpower and computing resources for Manchester participation in D¯ have been obtained from sources outside the rolling grant: ¥ The PPARC ‘Responsive RA’ scheme has provided a 3-year postdoc to be based in Manchester to help establish an active D¯ analysis group. This post is held by Liang Han. ¥ Terry Wyatt is spending the calendar year 2002 full-time at . He is paid as a Fermilab guest scientist and this has allowed him to take leave of absence from teaching duties in Manchester. ¥ Terry Wyatt has been awarded a 3-year PPARC Senior Research Fellowship, which will allow him to work full-time on D¯ for the calendar years 2003-2005 inclusive. ¥ Brian Cox is funded by a 5-year PPARC Advanced Fellowship. ¥ Funding for a major computing facility for the Manchester D¯ group has come from: JREI (£65k), Manchester University (£17k), AMD Ltd (donation of 60 2 GHz Athlon CPUs), with substantial vendor discounts from Workstations UK Ltd. These resources are complemented by support from the Manchester HEP group rolling grant. In particular, an RA is based fulltime at Fermilab. This post is currently held by Michiel Sanders and was formerly held by Kyle Stevenson. Manchester physicists are making a number of important technical contributions to D¯, partic- ularly in tracking and triggering, two areas in which D¯ has been most substantially upgraded for run 2: PhD student Gavin Hesketh has written the programs that provide the shift crew with detector- level and tracking-level monitoring histograms and an online event display for the silicon micro-strip tracker (SMT). For offline monitoring of the SMT and studies of its performance, PhD student Simon Dean has written the scripts used to produce the standard SMT roottuples and has written the macros that are used routinely to produce the standard set of SMT monitoring histograms. The Level-1 track trigger is based on programmable ‘roads’ in the axial layers of the central fibre tracker (CFT), which surrounds the SMT. Kyle Stevenson wrote the code to unpack the CFT trigger data for subsequent analysis and wrote the online program that monitors the performance of the entire chain of readout and track finding hardware for the CFT trigger. Liang Han, Graham Wilson and Terry Wyatt have investigated the sensitivity of the Level-1 track trigger to detector misalignments and background conditions. Particularly in run 2b, which will start in 2005, the very high luminosity has the consequence that each beam crossing will contain around 8 soft p p collisions. Liang Han has written the code used to simulate the track trigger

24 for run 2b and allow the performance of competing algorithms to be compared. Liang Han and Terry Wyatt (maintaining a collaboration with Graham Wilson, who is now with another D¯ institute) have designed, implemented and tested the improved Level-1 track finding algorithms that D¯ has included in its bid to the US NSF for a $2 M trigger upgrade for run 2b. At Level-2, information from the SMT is used to improve the precision of the track trigger and allow lifetime-based tagging of b . This requires the colliding p and p beams to be stably positioned and axial with respect to the SMT at the level of 30 µm and 200 µrad. Michiel Sanders has designed and started implementation of a system to monitor the beam spot position and tilt using reconstructed primary vertices in D¯ events and provide real-time feedback to the accelerator corrector magnets. Michiel is also responsible within D¯ for the system of programs and macros that will provide physics level monitoring of the detector online during data taking. Gavin Hesketh has written the code used in D¯ to propagate central detector tracks out through the calorimeter to the muon detectors, taking into account the effects of multiple scattering and energy loss. An event is shown in Figure 5.1. This activity has led on to work in the muon identification group looking at muon reconstruction and matching tracks in the muon system with the extrapolated central detector tracks.

Figure 5.1 An event display from D¯ showing a Z 0 → µ+µ− candidate event. Two central tracks can be matched to muon detector tracks with an invariant mass of 104 GeV.

Mike Seymour and Terry Wyatt jointly supervise a PhD student on D¯, Emily Nurse, who is working on a systematic comparison between HERWIG and p p experimental data. In preparation for the analysis of run 2 data, Terry Wyatt and Emily Nurse have been tuning the HERWIG Monte Carlo program to D¯ data from run 1. For example, Figure 5.2 compares 0 measurements and predictions of the pt distribution for Z s. The left-hand plot shows the results of using the HERWIG default parameters (which have been tuned to describe hadronic events in e+e− annihilation at LEP). The right-hand plot shows the results of tuning of the HERWIG

25 parameters that control the intrinsic pt of the incoming quarks and QCD in order to improve the description of the data.

0 Figure 5.2 Comparison of D¯ measurements from run 1 of the pt distribution for Z s with the HERWIG Monte Carlo. Left-hand plot: default parameters. Right-hand plot: tuned parameters.

Terry Wyatt holds the following positions of responsibility within D¯: ¥ Convener of the D¯ Level-3 trigger group and representative of the Level-3 group at the D¯ trigger board. ¥ Member of the D¯ Computing Policy Board: the highest level committee in D¯ in of computing policy and strategy. ¥ Member of ad hoc committees to: Ð determine the procedures to be adopted for the election of the D¯ spokesperson, Ð oversee the election of the chairperson of the D¯ institutional board, Ð oversee the the election of the D¯ advisory board. 5.2 Report on Proposed Activities for 2002-2006 The D¯ experiment is still very much in the commissioning phase and much of the technical work described above will continue into the next grant period. In addition to being valuable and much appreciated contributions to the commissioning of D¯, these technical activities are directly linked to the programme of physics analyses that the Manchester group will pursue. This programme follows a logical progression: firstly in the sense of starting with processes that are experimentally relatively simple and have high cross-sections (W → ν,Z→ ¯), through to processes that are experimentally more challenging and have lower cross-sections (top physics, and searches for SUSY and ultimately the Higgs boson); and secondly in the sense that the experience and understanding gained at each stage will be immensely valuable in progressing to the next stage. Measurement in p p collisions of the properties of the intermediate vector bosons are obtained principally from their leptonic decay modes: W → ν,Z→ ¯. In addition to providing important physics measurements, these events are one of the main ways we shall use to calibrate and understand the performance of the detector and the phenomenological models we use to describe p p collisions. Manchester physicists are playing a central role in these efforts. A particular feature of our physics analysis activities in D¯ is the close contact we enjoy with the theoretical group in Manchester. The following tenured academic staff in that group have a direct interest in the physics to be studied at the Tevatron: Jeff

26 Forshaw (non-standard mass generation mechanisms), Mike Seymour (principle author of HERWIG) and Apostolos Pilaftsis (SUSY and large extra dimensions). In order to further enhance collaboration in this regard we have started a policy of joint experimental/theoretical supervision of PhD students. Following on from their activities in track extrapolation and muon matching, Gavin Hesketh and Terry Wyatt have taken responsibility within D¯ for the selection of W→ µν and Z→ µ+µ− events and the measurement of the W and Z cross-sections in these channels. First results have been presented by Gavin Hesketh at the APS meeting in Albuquerque, New Mexico, April 2002. This work should produce one of DØ’s first Run 2 physics publications. The natural overlap between technical work and physics analysis is reflected in the fact that Manchester has responsibility to coordinate the efforts of the tracking, muon identification and W/Z physics groups in the area of high pT isolated muons. Gavin Hesketh is a member of the ‘tracking task force’ set up by D¯ to speed up the commissioning of the tracking detectors and reconstruction software. A precise understanding of QCD effects in p p collisions (e.g., parton structure functions, description of bremsstrahlung) will be central to almost all of DØ’s physics output. For example, QCD uncertainties will dominate the uncertainty on MW ( MW ≈ 30 MeV) and be a major part of the uncertainty on Mt ( Mt ≈ 1 GeV). Such work will also be of direct relevance to preparations for physics at the LHC. It has been agreed that and Terry Wyatt will jointly supervise a new PhD student who will start work on D¯ in October 2002. It is possible that the new physics associated with electroweak symmetry breaking will not manifest itself in the appearance of a light scalar (Higgs) particle. In this case, new physics should reveal itself in precise measurements of the longitudinal electroweak gauge boson scat- tering cross section WL WL → WL WL or in evidence for a new strong coupling to emerge at the TeV scale. In addition, we have a D¯ experimental PhD student Tamsin Edwards, who is performing Monte Carlo studies in preparation for a search for WW events or evidence for strongly coupled resonances at the Tevatron. The experimental challenge is to separate potential signal events from the QCD backgrounds, the largest being Standard Model W + jets and tt¯ production. This work will profit greatly from the other measurements we shall be making of W/Z (+ jets) production and should be invaluable to the long term aim of making precision studies of WL WL → WL WL at the LHC. As commissioning of the detector and technical software nears completion, manpower will become available to pursue our other physics analysis aims: ¥ In addition to the measurement of the top mass discussed above, it will be extremely impor- tant to test the predictions of the SM for top decays. For example, with 2 fb−1 we shall be able to make measurements of the fraction of t decays containing W bosons to ±9% and the fraction of t decays containing b quarks to ±3%. The energy and angular distributions of the produced leptons will allow the left-handed nature of the coupling to be verified. Liang Han has started some studies along these lines. Non-SM decays of t, for example via charged Higgs or flavour changing neutral currents, will be searched for and the tt production cross-section will be measured to ±9%. The experience gained from W/Z physics, in terms both of detector performance and phenomenological models of p p collisions, will put the Manchester group in an excellent position to make such measurements. ¥ The Tevatron run 2 promises a significant increase in the discovery potential for supersymme- try. Good examples of SUSY searches are for chargino pairs and the associated production of charginos and neutralinos. The most promising search channels are those topologies containing two or more leptons and missing transverse energy. The experience the Manchester group will

27 have from the analysis of W/Z to leptons and WW production in D¯, and from the search members of the group performed for such topologies with OPAL at LEP, means that we shall be well placed to make a significant contribution here. ¥ Looking to the longer term future, searches for the SM Higgs boson will become particularly interesting once luminosities significantly in excess of 2 fb−1 become available. This will not happen until run 2b, which starts in 2005. At masses up to around 140 GeV the dominant decay mode is to bb and the search for ZH → ννbb,WH→ νbb and ZH → bb will be made. The precise studies of tt production that the Manchester group will perform in run 2a will be very relevant here. At higher masses, Higgs bosons produced by gg → H may be searched for via the decay H → W+W− → +ν−ν, once again producing the experimental topology of two leptons and missing transverse energy. A precise understanding of the copious alternative SM sources of W+W− events, which the Manchester group will have acquired from previous elements of our analysis programme, will be essential to this search. The correct functioning of the track trigger in run 2b, to which we are making an important contribution, will also be essential. Having obtained funding for a major D¯ computing facility to be situated in Manchester, Brian Cox and Terry Wyatt have completed the system design, which is currently out to tender. The system will comprise 30 × Dual CPU Worker Nodes (with 2 × 1.9 GHz Athlon CPUs and 2 GByte DDR SDRAM per node) anda3TBdisk store with 4 Gbit/s network connectivity to the CPU farm. Using parts donated by AMD and Workstations UK, Brian Cox has had a prototype Dual CPU node up and running for the last six months for testing and benchmarking purposes. There is considerable interest at AMD and Workstations UK in continuing to develop a collaboration with the Manchester D¯ group and extend into the area of 64-bit architectures. As suitable hardware becomes available, within the next year, AMD and Workstations UK will make test machines available to Brian Cox for testing and benchmarking. We expect these efforts to lead to a bid for resources for an upgrade to the Manchester D¯ computing facility based on 64-bit machines. In April 2003 Terry Wyatt will begin a two-year term as UK spokesperson for D¯.

28 6. e-Science (GRID) Staff Profile integrated 2002-2006 Staff member Position f.t.e%/max % R J Barlow Academic 10/60 R E Hughes-Jones Comp Sci 50/100 J Foster Comp Sci 20/100 R Marshall Academic 10/60 A McNab e-Science RA 50/50 S Dallison e-Science RA 40/40 G Fairey e-Science RA 60/60 A Forti e-Science RA 60/60 S Dolgobrodov e-Science RA 60/60 S Salih Comp Sci 50/100

6.1 Report on Activities for 2000-2002 6.1.1 Background In addition to the Trigger work for ATLAS, there is a strong Grid development team at Manch- ester that is involved in the EU DataGrid, EU DataTAG, the e-Science MB-NG, Optical network switching projects and PP-Healthcare. The Manchester DAQ group will examine the grid tech- nologies such as distributed computing, high performance networking hardware and protocols and work to apply them to the Trigger/DAQ sub-system. The last few months of this review period have seen flurry of activity and several new people were hired. The various efforts are now being co-ordinated into single e-Science team, to be based on the 7th Floor. The various strands which were going on the different experiments will now be co-ordinated to avoid local duplication. We have several specific funded projects which have recently been launched and they all have one thing in common: emphasis on delivering the deliverables. 6.1.2 Grid Computing Since 2000, Distributed Grid computing has emerged as a most important technology for current and future Particle Physics Experiments. Like the Web, it is seen by the UK Government as the way to provide next generation computing for science. The Manchester Particle Physics Group now have a strong e-Science Grid team currently consisting of Andrew McNab working on Globus, Grid installation and Testbeds; Alessandra Forti bringing Grid technology to BaBar; Richard Hughes-Jones, Gareth Fairey and Stephen Dallison working on Network Monitoring and high performance network protocols; and Sergey Dolgobrodov working with Robin Marshall on a Grid based Medical/Neural Net project. Funding for this work comes from the EU DataGrid project and core e-Science. 6.1.2 Globus and WP6 Andrew McNab has been packaging new releases of Globus 2 as they emerge and has extended the functionality of GridSite. A major new project has been the SlashGrid prototype, which makes the underlying Linux op- erating system use Grid credentials (rather than Unix usernames) for local disk access control. This means that files created by a Dynamic Account are owned by the real Grid identity of the

29 user, rather than by the possibly temporary Unix username and allows the Dynamic Accounts mechanism to be used for long term file storage. SlashGrid thus provides most of the function- ality needed to have a Grid-aware operating system, using Grid rather than Unix credentials for local operations. Additionally, the system allows other developers to write plugins which provide other types of filesystem, and Andrew is collaborating with Scandanavian developers in NorduGrid to provide transparent remote file access via Grid protocols. (This is similar to AFS but based on Grid certificates and file transfer protocols, rather than Kerberos keys and AFS’s modest file transfer speeds.) Andrew is also a member of the GridPP Technical Board (for WP6), and the UK e-Science Engineering Task Force (as part of their Globus working group). 6.1.3 Networking and WP7 Richard Hughes-Jones is secretary and an active member of the Networking Workpackage (WP7) of the EU DataGrid working in the network monitoring group, being responsible for the high throughput TCP/IP work as well as the workpackage web site. He wrote the UDP/IP based tool UDPmon (see www.hep.man.ac.uk/ rich/net) and helped to define the monitoring architecture shown in Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1 Diagrammatic representation of network monitoring architecture showing the monitoring tools, the scheduling systems, the Web interfaces used by the clients and their inter-relationship.

Richard is a also the Principal Investigator in the EU DataTAG (Trans Atlantic Grids) project and in the core e-science MB-NG (Managed Bandwidth Ð New Generation) project. In both of these, he is responsible for the work to define the Network Traffic and the High Performance

30 High Throughput investigations. He has made major contributions to defining the network and test equipment to be used in both projects, and in collaboration with industry and Brunel, evaluated Gigabit Ethernet Interfaces and PC motherboards. He is deputy Project Management Board Member for the UK in the EU DataTAG project. Optical data transmission and switching will provide the next generation of networking, Richard Hughes-Jones, in collaboration with other members of the UK Particle Physics and Computer Science communities, has played a major role in bringing the importance of Optical Networking to the attention of the UK research and funding communities. He has made pre- sentations at the DTI in London, Terena Optical Forum in Amsterdam, and at The University of Illinois in Chicago. Richard is also Joint Chair of the Network Working Group within the Global Grid Forum. 6.2 Report on Proposed Activities for 2002-2006 6.2.1 Introduction We have been awarded several posts under the new e-Science initiatives and this has led to the need for physical expansion of our real estate. There is insufficient room on the 5th Floor of the Physics department for our expanded activies and additional laboratory and office space is being taken over on the 7th Floor. This was the home of optical Astronomy before its recent move to Jodrell. The new e-Science laboratory on the 7th Floor, which we shall occupy in autumn 2002, provides a stimulus to our activities. We plan to upgrade our connection to SuperJanet. We are in the fortunate (and unique in N England) position of being located only a few hundred metres from the physical hub of SuperJanet so we can afford to buy outright a broadband fibre optic link from our building which would otherwise cost thousands of pounds per annum per km if we were remote. Our department is currently upgrading our link to 1 Gbaud and we aim to increase this further to 10 Gbaud within a year. We aim never to have a bottleneck on our doorstop. 6.2.2 Grid Computing The research work being carried out on Grid computing at Manchester will support the require- ments of ATLAS, BABAR and D¯ experiments. In several areas, such as distributed computing and high performance networking there is overlap between the Grid and ATLAS trigger work. Each specific project for which we have funding has well defined deliverables which impact on the core UK e-Science programme and also on our experiment specific computing needs, especially BABAR and Atlas, which also provide a driving force for our Grid research. 6.2.2 Grid Healthcare Although not funded on our rolling grant, the Healthcare project is included here for com- pleteness. It provides a conduit of new ideas and attitudes into and out of the group. Sergey Dolgobrodov is a new RA with mathematical, computing and engineering skills which he has applied to Healthcare problems in the past. He will work full time on producing a neural net- work which will be applied to the various databases of cancer patients held by tghe University of Dundee. Robin Marshall obtained a grant of £340,000 from MRC and PPARC to fund the whole project in Manchester and Dundee. In addition, PPARC have awarded an e-Science studentship, to be held by Peter Moore who will study and research at the interface of particle physics and Healthcare.

31 7. GEANT 7.1 Report on Activities for 2000-2002 John Allison has led our involvement in in the Geant4 C++ particle interactions toolkit project. This was important not only for BABAR which needed the new physics and computational features, but for Geant4 itself, as John’s involvement in both provided a large experiment to act as a testbed. John, together with Nik Savvas and Andrew Lyon, was particularly involved in the Geant4 description of the electromagnetic calorimeter, and its validation for use by the collaboration. Recently he hosted a mini-workshop on that subject in Manchester and gave lectures at a User Workshop at SLAC. He is currently the representative of the newly formed PPARC UK Geant4 group on the Technical Steering Board. John was central to its implementation in BABAR, where it is now fully adopted for production of simulated events. John’s main research commitment now, however, is to the BABAR physics analysis effort. 7.2 Proposed Programme for 2002-2006 John Allison will maintain and develop his work in visualisation and user interfaces, albeit at a lower level than in the past few years, during which he was able to work almost full time on the project during his sabattical. Geant4 continues to grow and will be supported and used by more and more experiments and institutes in the coming few years. See for example, the visualisation of a prototype model of ATLAS in Figure 7.1.

Figure 7.1 View of a prototype model of ATLAS through the outer coils, showing particle trajectories of a ‘typical’ event penetrating the end cap.

32 8. Blue Sky and applied R&D Staff Profile integrated 2002-2006 Staff member Position f.t.e%/max % R J Barlow Academic 10/50 I P Duerdoth Academic 10/50 R Marshall Academic 5/50 S D Kolya Phys Progr 10/100 D Mercer Appl Phys 10/100 K Stephens Appl Phys 20/30 R J Thompson Appl Phys 10/100 N Malden RA 10/100 P Dunne (replacement) Tech 10/100 A Elvin Tech 10/100 M Needham Tech 10/100

8.1 Report on Activities for 2000-2002 8.1.1 Introduction The Manchester HEP group has an lengthy record in detector development and construction. We have built major sub-detectors for JADE at PETRA, OPAL at LEP, H1 at HERA, BABAR at PEP2, we have contributed to the development of RPCs and MSGCs and we are currently making a major contribution to the SCT forward tracker for ATLAS at the LHC. Our Blue Sky R&D effort was reduced in 1996 following the ATLAS decision to drop gaseous microstrip detectors and we have taken steps in ther last few years to reinstate a detector development program. With the technologies for ATLAS firmly established, the next major project, a linear collider, is perhaps only a few years away. This will demand new technology. At then same time, there is scope to develop traditional methods into new areas and we are active in the development of scintillator techniques into the modern era. 8.1.2 Linear Collider Interest in a linear collider has grown rapidly and definite proposals for machines with e+e− centre-of-mass energy adjustable in the range 91 GeV to 1 TeV, with high luminosity, highly polarised beams and options for colliding also e−e−/e−γ and γγ, will be made in the next years. Physics with a linear collider will emphasise precision and tools to understand new phenomena and hence is quite complementary to the LHC. Much work is needed to develop a precision general purpose detector which can fully exploit the attobarns of integrated luminosity at an acceptable cost. Early involvement Graham Wilson played a central role in the ECFA-DESY studies for a future linear collider, particuarly in the particle identification area. He was a frequent speaker at their workshops and in working groups, including the splendidly entitled ‘Experimental Convenor on Alternative Theories’. Accelerator Studies As a result of the Beam Delivery System workshop at Daresbury in October 2000, Roger Barlow became involved in simulation of the Beam Optics for the accelerator. His student,

33 Adriana Bungau, has been using the MERLIN code to study the TESLA design, looking at the effect of feedback and at beam losses. An example of the output is shown in Figure 8.1.

Figure 8.1 A simulation of the density of particle losses in the first spoiler if the beam is slightly off axis.

Adriana is working closely with the accelerator scientists at Daresbury, typically spending 1-2 days a week there. Links to the accelerator community (on our doorstep) are being built up. The Calorimeter The proposed ECAL design for TESLA is a finely segmented silicon-tungsten system. The CALICE proposal aims to design, test in a beam, and eventually build such a device. We have recently joined this collaboration and are already active in the proposed design of the readout (it uses the same ideas as our existing H1 system, and the ATLAS and BABAR designs.) This is still at a very early stage, but we see it as very possibly providing activity for the group’s detector building capacity when the ATLAS work is complete. 8.1.3 Detectors for Supernova neutrino detection During the last few years Robin Marshall and Keith Stephens together with several inde- pendently funded research students, have started a programme of investigation into a detector for supernova . The programme has been funded from University Faculty sources with a modest allocation from our rolling grant equipment fund. This has covered the software simulation of the reaction processes and expected detection rates and also the construction of a series of prototype scintillator detectors, intiallly gadolinium loaded liquids, and more recently, plastics.

34 Cristian Bungau has commisioned several large plastic scintillator blocks (3×0.35×0.35 m3) and used them in conjunction with a neutron source, a water moderator and gadolinium loaded paper foils to identify the neutron capture processes; n + Gd → Gd∗ → nγ where the summed γ energy is 8 MeV. Using high quality 5 inch phototubes (one on each end of the block) The capture np → dγ has also been identified. The eventual intention is to detect neutrinos via the neutrons produced in neutral current neutrino interactions on lead and iron targets. Sophie Mallows is carrying out similar studies with shorter plastic blocks with a single PMT. Again, photopeaks from the gadolinium reaction have been identified. Sophie has also, as part of her MSc, been investigating how to dope paraffin wax with a uniform gadolinium oxide suspension. The dynamics of the solid-liquid phase and the settling out of the oxide in the liquid phase require a rapid cooling to achieve a uniform distribution. Cristian complements the Gd-paraffin production by testing the absolute rate of neutron capture, in order to establish the level at with the Gd concentration provides saturation. Robin Marshall and Keith Stephens have carried out a study of scintillator samples from the US firm Bicron and the Ukrainian firm Amcrys. The Ukranian material has an identical specification on paper and is 30% cheaper. Measurements show that the two are different. Simulations with a commercial package ‘Opticad’ are being carried out to understand the origin of these differences. Mudhahir Ismail is extending the Monte Carlo simulation. The version so far starts with a model of neutrino production in supernovae, transports the neutrinos to Earth where they interact in the detector and traces the neutrons to their absorption on gadolinium nuclei or protons. Mudhahir picks up the sequence when the γ s enter the scintillator, simulating their interection by Compton scattering, photelectric effect or pair production and transporting the light produced to the photomultiplier. This sequence may eventually be described using Geant4 and the overheads in using this powerful resource are being evaluated. In 2002, we shall test the scintillators in a neutron beam in Sheffield. 8.2 Report on Proposed Activities for 2002-2006 8.2.1 Linear Collider Involvement in the Linear Collider will continue via Roger Barlow and Adriana Bungau who is currently in her 2nd year of PhD. Nick Malden, the H1 RA is also getting involved and in the interests of career development, will offer 10% of his full time research to this subject. 8.2.2 Detectors for Supernova neutrino detection We aim, as funds allow, to equip all the large plastic scintillator blocks as efficient neutron detectors and to install the complete module into Boulby, possible with a dual role as a cosmic shield for the equipment. The module will provide real information on neutron-like backgrounds and also provide a minimal signal (up to a hundred detected neutrinos) if a neutron shell from a supernova should arrive at Earth in the next few years. Robin Marshall and Keith Stephens will continue their tests on some Hammamatsu photo- avalanche diodes. These offer a very low power alternative to PMTs which is a useful charac- teristic in a mine where power is a premium.

35 9. Computing Overview of existing computing strategy During the previous grant period, we have consolidated and expanded the existing Unix clus- ter, which is used largely for analysis, and continued to support and maintain Windows and Macintosh personal computers used in laboratories and some offices. We have retired the Hewlett Packard and Digital Alpha workstations which formed our original Unix cluster, and concentrated our efforts on Linux on commodity Intel architecture PCs. The Unix cluster now consists of 20 PCs using RedHat Linux, some of which can also be used in Windows. There are an additional 8 notebooks with Linux installed which can be used for analysis work but are not directly part of the Unix cluster for security reasons. Linux. Our former computer manager Andrew McNab put in considerable effort to make Linux a viable and cost effective alternative to commercial Unix variants for High Energy Physics applications. He founded the most active website and mailing list providing information about Linux in High Energy Physics, and has continued to support these resources. Additionally he has participated in UK HEP system managers’ forums, both online and at workshops and seminars, describing how Linux can be used for HEP applications, and responding to requests for advice, as an increasing number of UK HEP groups adopted Linux. Intel architecture exploitation. To take advantage of the open architecture of Intel architecture machines, the computing strategy of the group was moved away from commerical workstations, proprietory versions of Unix and manufacturer’s support contracts. Most of the computing power of the group analysis work is now provided by Linux and our computer manager, for- merly Andrew McNab and now Sabah Sahir streamlined the maintenance of the system and introduced a level of transparent fault tolerance, allowing such systems to continue working uninterrupted even if major components fail, without the large price premium associated with such solutions from commercial Unix versions. Server functions, such as the authentification database, printer server and personal disk space have been transfered to one Linux server - a role which is provided by either of two identical PCs to provide redundancy in the event of failure. We have retained one Digital VMS workstation, largely to provide access to old datasets and programs which are not readily transferable to the Unix cluster. This is maintained with a stable configuration and a minimal user environment and consequently requires relatively little ongoing maintainance effort. Bulk printing services are provided by a Hewlett Packard 8000 monochrome laser printer and an HP 4500 colour laser printer. These are accessible directly from the Unix cluster, and available to the Windows machines using a Unix printer client software. Access from Mac desktops and laptops is obtained via a direct ethernet link. Bulk printing is supplemented by personal printers in some laboratories and offices, which have a need for frequent small print jobs, such as single graphs and letters. Local network connectivity is provided by Category 5 ethernet wiring in trunking and ducts, with up to three wall sockets per office and work area. We have invested in additional 100Mb/s switches to enable all machines to benefit from the wiring infrastructure. External network connectivity is provided by a 3Com Netbuilder II router, which connects our two C-class ethernet networks with our private 100Mb/s FDDI connection to the campus network. The router also provides a flexible firewall, which we administer ourselves and can easily tailor to individual machines’ needs for access to Networking and Grid protocols.

36 The BABAR group operate the only non-Linux Unix system in the group, a Sun E450 server and terabyte disk array provided by a JREI grant. In the second half of the grant period they successfully bid for an 80-processor PC farm which is for analysis and Monte Carlo production. Additionally, a second PC farm, again funded by a JREI grant, will be installed for the D¯ group during summer 2002. Several of the research groups also operate machines for their own use, in particular the Net- working and Grid groups and the BABAR group which has an additional 0.6 TB Linux disk server. The group provides hosting for some national services for GridPP, in particular the GridPP webserver, Doman Name Service and Virtual Organisation Authorisation server.

37 10. Activities in Support of Public Understanding of Science The group has a broad range of activities related to the public understanding of science.

Brian Cox has worked with BBC Radio 4 on many programmes, making regular appearances on the ‘Leading Edge Live’ science questions programme, and writing and presenting a half hour special on physics at HERA. He chaired a discussion with , Paul Davis and others on design arguments for the BBC World Service. He also developed and appeared on a TV debate for BBC Knowledge with Frank Drake and others about the existence of extra- terrestrial life. From June 2000 until September 2001 he wrote and presented 2 programmes per week for ‘Network of the World’ (www.now.com), a new television and Internet media company based in London, Hong Kong and New York. His programs included interviews with Stephen Hawking, Brian Greene, Roger Penrose, Peter Higgs and Murray Gell-Mann, and special features at Jodrell Bank, DESY and Columbia University. In December 2000 he wrote and produced a 3 part series for BBC Knowledge entitled ‘Moments of Genius’, covering Rutherford at Manchester, Jodrell Bank and HERA. He made several appearances discussing current scientific issues on the Big Breakfast on Channel 4, and BBC World Service Television. Brian has also given several talks to schools, primarily at the Particle Physics Master Class events at Manchester University, most recently in April 2002.

Fred Loebinger has an especially high level of activity, speaking to a range of audiences. He gave Particle Physics Lectures at: January 2000. Bury Grammar School Bacup & Rawtenstall Grammar School February 2000. , Manchester and District Branch, (Salford University) March 2000. Manchester Grammar School. April 2000. Course for the Public, Manchester University. June 2000. Series of lectures for Particle Physics INSET course. October 2000. Rugby School. November 2000. Institute of Physics YPC2000 Conference, Chester March 2001. Withington Girls School. Liverpool College. April 2001. Institute of Physics Update Course, Malvern College One-day A-level courses (Manchester University) May 2001. Withington Girls School. June 2001. Series of lectures for Particle Physics INSET course. Manchester Physics Experi- ence. November 2001. Bury Grammar Schools (Boys and Girls). Mansfield (6 schools and colleges from North Nottinghamshire). April 2002. Pendleton College (6 colleges from Salford). He was also the chairman of judges at the IoP Nexus lecturer competition.

Robin Marshall was a judge at the BAAS British Youth Science Fair held at the Royal Society in March 2000 and 2001. In 2002, he delivered a distributed crash course on Particle Physics: ‘The truth’. It was given to a local population, MPs, Planning Officials and the DTI in order to prevent a ‘Public Misun- derstanding of Science’. A group of foreign racketeers are trying to exploit British democracy and are using fake particle physics (non existent “microleptons”) as a justification to explore for oil in Leicestershire. Implausible as it sounds, they were awarded a licence by the DTI and planning permission by Leicestershire County Council, their “innovative technology” being underlined by these authorities. Robin’s involvement was in response a real and urgent need to

38 make people with influence understand what does and does not exist in our field. The racketeers fooled many non-scientists with material that was, to a particle physicist, obviously bogus. On more conventional matters, he also made three contributions to BBC and Discovery TV programmes containing an element of particle physics.

George Lafferty contributed the material for a web site ‘Antimatter’ which was a major fea- ture on the BBC Education Hands-on-Science web site until mid 2000; as their online expert, he answered questions about antimatter emailed by members of the public. George was also compelled to rectify particle physics myths in the public domain and wrote a letter ‘At quan- tum’s mercy Ð letter in New Scientist, 1st Mar 2001’. This letter was a riposte to a misleading headline/story about BaBar and its first published measurement of sin 2β.

Roger Barlow successfully applied for a large PPARC PUS award to organise and runa4day INSET course for teachers of particle physics at A level. It is intended to build up this course into a large and regular event, happening at both Manchester and Bristol.

Richard Hughes-Jones was responsible for the design and production of the ‘Particle Physics Master Class’ CD distributed to students and teachers at the two Master Classes held each year. These CDs collect together the presentations, the practical projects undertaken be the students, and some of the background material about Particle Physics which is also available on the web.

Terry Wyatt gave the following public lectures on particle physics: Royal Institution, London, November 2001. Three-lecture series for sixth-formers on particles, forces and how we find out about them, to be given in collaboration with Frank Close and Peter Kalmus. , June 2001, 2000, 1999. Delivered a set of lectures, ran practical sessions and acted as a tutor at the annual week-long summer schools ‘Building the Universe’ for sixth-form teachers of physics. Royal Institution, London, October 2000. Three-lecture series given in collaboration with Frank Close and Peter Kalmus.

Particle Physics Masterclass and INSET courses In April each year (during the week of the IoP conference), Roger Barlow and Terry Wyatt organise a Masterclasse for 6th formers locally in Manchester and at National level. Many other group members also participate.

Interactive www facility Terry Wyatt proposed, designed and wrote an interactive facility that uses the World-Wide- Web to give students “hands on” access to data from the OPAL experiment at CERN. The web site (http://www.hep.man.ac.uk/∼events/) allows students to view pictures of particle “events” and answer a series of quizzes that test if they can identify correctly the different types of events that can occur. Over the past five years, this web site has been used by many thousands of sixth-form students and teachers at about 20 universities that have participated nationally in the particle physics masterclasses. It has been included in the official PPARC guide to the most useful science web sites for schools. Internationally, a number of authoritative particle physics web sites provide links to it, and it has been used in masterclass-type events in Germany and the US. Manchester physics undergraduate students were hired to help update and extend this facility, thus bringing undergraduate students into a research environment. The package is now

39 used by Fred Loebinger as the basis of a particle physics project given at one of the local colleges in Manchester.

Under the supervision of Terry Wyatt, a web site to make D¯ events available to the general public is being developed by fourth year undergraduates in Manchester. A prototype version (http://www.hep.man.ac.uk/∼stewarta/organic/) was used at the masterclasses held in Manch- ester in April 2001 and 2002. The web site will continue to be developed this year, with the inclusion of real data collected by D¯, with intention of it being used nationally in the 2003 masterclasses.

A Demonstration 0.5 MeV Electron Accelerator and Cerenkov Detector: Terry Wyatt supervised the design and construction by undergraduate students. PUS funds were obtained from the millennium commission. Ray Thompson provided technical assis- tance to this project. The Rutherford Laboratory visitor centre and the museum of Science and Technology, Manchester have expressed an interest in building copies.

40 11. Collaborations and Contacts with Industry Collaborations with Industry Richard Hughes-Jones is involved with several industrial collaborations, these include: Boston Ltd. testing SuperMicro and Intel Motherboards and Gigabit Interfaces. Within the MB-NG project there is collaboration with Spirent/Agilent for specialised network test components, Cisco for network routers and switches and UKERNA for the provision of a development network. 12. Other Research Related Activities by Group Members Roger Barlow Wrote a book on Computing. Co-ordinated the successful JREI bid (£800k) for data storage for BaBar UK groups, and JIF bid (£3m, decision deferred) for improved networking and processing power for analysis and simulation. Member of the Editorial Board for the European Journal of Physics. George Lafferty Referee for two journals: Physical Review Letters and Physics Letters B. Chairman of Particle Physics Grants Committee. Robin Marshall Member of ECFA. Referee for IoP Journal of Physics G Terry Wyatt Referee for the international journals Physical Review Letters and the Physical Review D (1992Ð the present). Lecturer at the British Universities Summer School in Theoretical Particle Physics (BUSSTEPP), September 2001. Acted as an independent referee for fellowship applications to PPARC and MRC. Member of the 3-person panel that referees UK applications for CERN Fellowships (1997Ð 2000). Member of the organizing committee for the “Workshop on LEP, HERA and Tevatron Physics” (University of Durham, September 1999). Convened the “Beyond the Standard Model” working group at this workshop. 13. Staff Management and Implementation of Concordat 13.1 Implementation of Concordat As part of the implementation of the Concordat on Contract Research Staff Career managment, the Office of the Director of Personnel at the University of Manchester has produced a Code of Practice for the Employment of Contract Research Staff. Copies of this document are available for the PPGSC if desired. The document begins with the sentence “This code has been drawn up in order to build on the commitments and goals of the national Concordat on Contract Research Staff Career Management.” The University has a policy that all permanent staff who are involved with recruitment and management should not take any formal part in this process unless they have attended an appropriate course which is given by professional management consultants. Implementation of the Code of Practice forms an integral part of the course. Most of the staff in our group who are involved with recruitment have attended this course.

41 13.2 Promotions and discretionary points. Members of our group, funded by the rolling grant have a contract with the University and hence have the same rights and responsibilites as other University staff. One mode of career progression is via discretionary points. These are usually relevant when the staff member has reached a scale maximum and promotion to the next grade is inappropriate or not open. Projected discretionary points have been included in all the Grant Application Tables we have supplied. Clearly for those furthest in the future there is more chance of an alteration as time passes. We do make any special cases for discretionary points here. We envisage three promotions within the grant period: Sabah Salih from ALC2 to ALC3 in April 2003 Scott Kolya from ALC3 to ALC4 in October 2004 Andrew Elvin from TED to TEE in January 2003

Sabah Salih was hired in April 2002 to replace the promoted Andrew McNab. He is essentially on probation while we assess whether the potential we recognised from his CV and during interview is realised. We managed to hire him at a grade lower than was realistic, although he is near the top of that scale. As a regular systems manager we would need to place him at ALC3. The opportunity to participate in our Grid activities, will probably make the need for promotion more pressing. Scott Kolya is at the top of his scale and a promotion will be needed in about two years in order to maintain his grade in line with his responsibilities and skills. He has unique skills within our group in the domain of digital signal and data processing and the relevant programming. He has made leading contributions to the H1, BABAR and Atlas trigger systems, building on his historic conbtributions to OPAL. He was successfully nominated for a discretionary point last year with the strategy that we would go for a promotion in 2004. This career progression is necessary to recognise the level of his expertise and to give him due recognition. Both these factors will address the dangers of losing him to industry where he could significantly improve his remuneration. Andrew Elvin moved from the main department workshop to our group in 1999. In the workshop he had general duties which clearly did not encourage him to extend his skills. Within our group he has been exposed to a range of technical requirements in connection with the Atlas SCT development and build. He has developed rapidly in our research group environment and is now a vital member of our team. A proper career progression, taking into account his long term potential indicates that a promotion in the near future is necessary.

42 Appendix 2: REQUESTS FOR FUNDS 1. Support Staff In this section, we list the various support staff who are needed to sustain our current and planned programmes. Their current activities are summarised and a forward look at the plan of work of each group member is presented. The continuation of all of these posts is of crucial importance to our participation in these projects at the levels expected of our group. The regular cuts dictated by PPARC have had a serious effect on our group manpower and has led to a complete rethink of our various commitments. We make a strong case for all the posts listed here. 1.1. Research Associates We have five RAs supported by PPARC on this rolling grant. As of May 2002, these are de- ployed as follows: OPAL 0.0 H1 2.0 ATLAS 1.0 BABAR 1.0 D¯ 1.0

In September 2002, Ben Waugh, H1 RA, will leave and we shall take this opportunity to redeploy our RAs to match the current academic staff distribution more closely: H1 1.0 ATLAS 1.0 BABAR 2.0 D¯ 1.0

Our strategy is to exploit the BABAR physics productivity by moving an RA from H1 in Septem- ber 2002. Within this review period, the two academic staff on H1 Mike Ibbotson and Robin Marshall will both retire (Sept 2005) and this will almost certainly signal the end of Manch- ester’s involvement in H1. At that time, the remaining H1 RA will move to ATLAS. Up to 2005, the BABAR situation will be constantly reviewed.

ATLAS RA: Joleen Pater is a research associate who joined the group in April 1995. She is based full-time at CERN and in recent years spent half of her time on OPAL and the other half on ATLAS. She has now moved full time to ATLAS. Joleen was in charge of the OPAL muon barrel hardware and online software, ensuring that it ran smoothly by checking and monitoring and taking action where necessary. She also coordinated the work of the research students and commuters who also contributed to this responsibility. This was an indispensable function. Within ATLAS, she is software coordinator for the semiconductor tracker and is a main contributor to our software effort on the experiment. Jo Pater coordinates the atlas SCT systemtest project at CERN. The aim of the system test is to run as many SCT modules as possible in a configuration that is as close as possible, geometrically and electrically, to the design for the final atlas sct detector. Jo Pater also maintains the Fortran-based simulation software for the atlas SCT detector geome- try and electonic response. This simulation is heavily used for physics and detector-optimisation studies. Jo is a powerhouse and as well as her wide range of activities at CERN, she also commutes back to the department to present part of our postgraduate course on particle physics. Under normal

43 circumstances, we would have made every effort to secure a permanent academic position for her. Unfortunately for us, family reasons prevent her from taking up a fully resident position in our department. This is a measure of the value we place on her. She gives the UK full value for her RA position and gives back a contribution to our research students. Without this RA post, a substantial part of our Atlas programme would collapse. H1 RA 1 (→ BABAR) RA: Ben Waugh (→ A N Other) is an RA on H1. He was locally responsible for the Forward Muon detector during his LTA in Hamburg and has been fully committed to physics analysis since his return to UK a year ago. Ben’s physics output is well documented in the H1 sections. Ben’s contract ends in September 2002 and he intends to move on. We have carried out extensive discussions within the group to decide on the redeployment of this post. The two main candidates are BABAR and Atlas and both have strong cases. An RA candidate wishing to do physics will have a strong preference for the active BABAR and at the same time, the Manchester BABAR team is bursting with physics topics to do and is entering its most exciting phase. One RA on site in Stanford and one in Manchester to exploit the computing power will allow our team to sustain a high profile to the benefit of UK physics. We have considered the possibility of a split appointment between BABAR and Atlas but consider it unlikely that a suitable person could fill this role. But we retain this as a background possibility and make the strongest case on the basis of the proposed 2 BABAR RAs supporting the research of 3 academics. H1 RA 2: Nick Malden. is the Manchester resident RA responsible for the Forward Muon Detector: monitoring of the gas system, operation of the HV control, responsible for FMD DAQ and On Call expert for the whole Forward Muon Detector. He is a member of ‘H1DCM’ group, responsible for the introduction of ‘PVSS’ a new control system for H1. He also has personal responsibility for the conversion of the FMD CAEN control from Mac driven VME, to a server running Java. He is the ‘on call’ PVSS expert for the whole H1 PVSS infrastructure. His physics analysis agenda (see H1 section) concerns the ongoing work on ‘Isolated leptons and missing pT ’ analysis. Nick works closely with all the resident research students, providing effective supervision during the periods when the formal supervisors are in Manchester. During the year ahead, he will drive the publication of the ‘Isolated lepton’ analysis for all HERA I data. He will also be deeply involved in the analysis of HERA II data examining the new information on isolated leptons with a view to confirming or denying the current H1 excess. He will continue to be the ‘On call’ expert for the FMD and the ‘On call’ expert for the PVSS. He has additional planned projects: involving the conversion of H1 filling code from Fortran to C++, analysis of polarised proton data from HERA II with especial emphasis on the measurement of charged current cross sections. This brings in the potential for new physics such as right- handed charged currents which are now even more interesting in the light of neutrino mass. After September, Nick will be the only RA on H1 and will carry a heavy load, particularly in view of possible travel restrictions by commuters. His role is central to Manchester’sH1 involvement, supporting the two academics Mike Ibbotson and Robin Marshall. BaBar RA: Jenny Williams is an RA on BABAR. Recently her main focus has been creating a new user package for people in the BaBar ‘TauQED’ group. This involves the inclusion of all the existing analysis tools such as inter alia vertexing, ρ-making, Monte Carlo truth, particle ID. Principles of Advanced Object-Oriented Analysis and Design have been applied to this package to minimise dependences between classes and make the package scalable, and to make the pieces usable by people wanting to work independently of the ‘TauUser’ package. Ultimately the package will be used to generate one ntuple that the entire group will be able to work on. This means that the whole tau group will only need one run through the entire data set once.

44 As this package reaches maturity, Jenny will resume her analysis of τ ± → ρν → π ±π 0, con- tinuing her earlier work with Jonathan Fullwood. There will be a better treatment of systematics and backgrounds, factors which which severely limited the earlier results. Jenny has completed her work writing conditions parameters into the BABAR Objectivity database. This was based on C++ and eventually showed how the BaBar database actually operated. Jenny is the only RA from Manchester on BABAR at a time when the data and physics output are growing. Already huge demands are made on her and we have concluded that the needs of the experiment strongly support the deployment of extra RA effort to BABAR since she alone cannot do all that is required. D¯ RA: Michiel Sanders joined our D¯ team in October 2001 and is based at Fermilab. He has started to work on two projects: ¥ The first project (beam monitor) deals with finding the position of the TeVatron proton and anti-proton beams in the D¯ experiment online, ie in real time. This information is essential for the Level 2 Silicon Track Trigger (STT). This trigger pre-processor will attach information from the Silicon Microstrip Detector to tracks found in the Central Fiber Tracker. With this additional high precision measurements, triggering on displaced vertices or impact parameters will be possible in Level 2. Obviously, knowledge on the beam position is essential in this process. Triggering on displaced vertices at Level 2 will enhance D¯«s possibility to trigger on events with bottom quarks, which is essential for precision measurements and searches for the Higgs boson. The beam monitor will measure the position of the beam in real time and provide that information to the STT. Moreover, during physics runs, it will monitor the evolution of the beam position, in order to trigger alarms in case of large movements, or to trigger a feedback mechanism to the accelerator to steer the beam to its nominal position. Clearly, this monitor requires communication with many different parties. So far, his work has been focused on defining what exactly the beam monitor needs to do, where it gets its information from, how this will be passed on to the STT, and how this will be communicated to other parties, such as an alarm system in the control room. ¥ The second project covers online monitoring of physics quality of the data (Physics Examine). Detailed technical monitoring does exist for the different sub detectors, but not for the experiment as a whole. Moreover, no information of the physics performance of the detector is available online. Currently, Physics Examine is implemented as a full reconstruction of a small sample of the events that are being recorded. Distributions of physics quantities, such as momentum and angular distributions of jets, electrons, muons, tracks, etc, can then be used to monitor the perfomance of the detector. By doing this kind of monitoring, detector problems can be found and cured while data is being taken, hence improving the physics quality of the data. Michiel provides a strong and visible presence at Fermilab and is the one rolling grant funded RA working for Manchester’sD¯ effort. The next three years are crucial in the progression of this experiment which will soon start to produce new exciting physics. As an RA, Michiel supports and complements the involvement of academic Terry Wyatt who will be full time on D¯, with no teaching or administration duties until January 2006. We therefore regard this post as very high priority.

45 1.2. Physicist Programmers and Engineers Joe Foster is a physicist programmer. Until August 2001 Joe’s time was entirely devoted to the SCT Production Database. He initiated this project and played a dominant role in developing the database into a central part of the SCT quality control program. In addition to providing the Omnis 4GL-based application, he wrote the database report for the Si detector PRR, and played a “missionary” role in getting users to define their requirements and to use the database. Since Manchester withdrew from the database project in the aftermath of the unfortunate political aspects of the project, Joe has spent most of his time working together with Ray Thompson to assemble a forward module readout test system with the capability to temperature cycle the modules to Ð40◦C. This is currently being used to study module response as a function of temperature. K5 prototypes will be tested to provide data for the FDR. A final version of the rig will eventually be used for production tests. He is using the object-oriented Root system to write analysis software for gain and noise mea- surements which complements the RAL SCTDAQ software. He will continue to maintain and develop the readout during module production, eventually moving on to assist with integration and installation of the SCT detector at CERN. A small amount of Joe’s time has been devoted to the Grid. He maintains a useful glossary of Grid acronyms on the GridPP website. He expects to help install the ATLAS offline software on a computing farm at Manchester, and later to help integrate this into the ATLAS Grid. As a physicist programmer, Joe brings much needed skills to the ATLAS experiment and after the end of the database project he was speedily re-deployed into areas which were crying out for support. Joe Foster is an important member of our ATLAS team. Keith Stephens is an applied physicist who was heavily involved in the design, construction and final installation of the FMD in H1. He is still responsible for its continued maintenance, particularly during shutdowns. He continues to liaise with the DESY engineers who built our gas recirculator as required, and takes on some responsibility for the shutdown and restart work. He also participates in data taking shifts. Keith was responsible for supervising the workshop effort in the building and assembly of the BABAR endcap. He has designed and built various counters for our liquid scintillator studies and has also designed and built a device for studying the light attenuation properties of the scintillator and in particular, how it varies with time. This post had been earmarked for termination and delivers a body blow to our ability to carry out instrumentation. Ray Thompson is an applied physicist with many areas of expertise centering on detector development and construction, including co-ordinating the group’s technical resources and setting up and running of the subsequent detector production/commissioning programmes. He is full time ATLAS, being currently a member of the forward assembly and thermal/mechanical working groups. His primary current responsibility is the management of the UK SCT forward module precision assembly programme. Ray’s considerable hardware experience is also used to provide support and general supervision for students with hardware projects. In the last two years, Ray has worked in conjunction with the build team (J Freestone + tech- nicians) to steadily improve construction methodologies and QA techniques. This continues the journey from one off hand crafted prototype detectors towards planning the logistics of full scale production. It has involved overseeing the design/construction/commissioning of as- sembly and test equipment such as the automated dispensing robot, small probestation for I-V measurements, a cold metrology jig to measure modules to micron tolerances at Ð20◦C etc. Electronic instabilities with the forward hybrid have lead to a major redesign cycles in the last year. We have assembled a significant number of prototype modules and variants to verify new

46 design concepts. He has also wooked closely with Joe Foster on the forward module readout test system (see above). Ray has also built a full scale (1.5 m) thermally accurate model of 2 facing SCT discs (132 individual modules) and used a 128 channel thermometry system to study convection effects pertinent to module thermal runaway, validating complex 3D simulations by Ron Fowler at RAL. The model is now on loan to the Oxford FSI group. With a view to the immediate future, Ray is heavily involved in the program of work to validate the eventual K5 design for a final design review (FDR) in June 2002 (assembly and thermal tests of new K5 design). Having demonstrated Manchester’s production readiness for the PRR in the autumn he will then lead the full scale 600 module production starting end 2002. As this eventually becomes routine he intends to spend some time contributing to the end cap assembly, and as module production closes by end 2004 he would expect to lead the build team in contributing to further integration of the forward tracker and final commissioning. He will continue to take an interest in the hardware aspects of the NMR probe work and magnet measurement programme. Ray’s interest in linear collider development will continue in the background. He has joined the CALICE collaboration, investigating silicon tungsten calorimeter options and with Ian Duerdoth is looking at thermal solutions for the front end readout chips. Of necessity this can only be a low level activity during the ATLAS build.. Ray is extremely productive and a central driving force of our ATLAS hardware commitment. His post is centrally critical to our ATLAS effort. He is one of several whose absence would cripple some part of our Atlas programme. Steve Snow works full time on ATLAS and plays a leading role in the group’s activities in this area. His contribution to the groups ATLAS effort is prolific. In order of time spent, it is as follows: ¥ He coordinates the development of the detector module for the forward silicon tracker, with particular reference to thermal and mechanical design. In early 2000 the first examples of a hybrid based on a copper/kapton flexible circuit (K3) wrapped around a carbon fibre substrate became available. Steve was involved from the outset in assembling and testing modules made from these hybrids. The first two were built on a visit to Freiburg and the next two in Manchester. It became clear during the first half of the year that while the silicon detectors were adequately cooled, the front-end chips were running uncomfortably hot. Steve showed that the high chip temperature was mainly due to the carbon fibre substrate being a poorer conducter than was advertised. He argued that as well as increasing the chip noise it would also lead to significant heat transfer to the detectors by convection. Later in the year steps were taken to understand and alleviate these problems. A new flex (K4) was designed in which the chips were set in cut-outs in direct contact with the substrate. Steve simulated the effect of new substrate materials and also initiated a measurement of heat transfer by convection, for which a special mock-up was built in Manchester and the same conditions were simulated with a CFD programme at RAL. By early 2001 he had concluded that we could live with the level of convective heat transfer to the detectors that would be expected with a K3 module. But there was still a strong argument from thermal noise to cool the chips better. Production of the K4 was delayed and when it did become available it took some time to reach the conclusion that the front end chips were unstable when operated on the K4. Apparently, too much copper had been removed from the ground and power planes which had tipped the chips into an unstable state. As a by-product of this investigation he became involved in writing a paper. An example of a K4 made on a carbon-carbon composite substrate showed much improved temperatures, as expected from

47 simulation. We decided to make another iteration of the flex (K5) which would reverse some of the more radical innovations of K4 and would rely on this new substrate to keep the temperature down. This has proved successful and we now have several examples of K5 modules which are both electrically stable and run at acceptably low temperatures. As before, he was closely involved with building these modules, with the detector sections assembled in Manchester and then joined with the hybrids in Freiburg. At present and during the next 3 months Steve is coordinating the thermal and mechanical tests of these modules in preparation for the final design review. Once the FDR milestone is passed the development phase will tail off, but no doubt there will remain some more QA tests to be developed and a paper describing the final module design to be written. ¥ Preparing Manchester as a production site for about 600 forward SCT modules. Manchester already started preparation for module assembly in 1998 and were well advanced by 2000. We have now assembled a total of 30 modules including some of each shape; inner, middle and outer. Nineteen of the modules included real detectors, eleven had real hybrids and the rest were dummies. Our original estimate of 5% losses during production was not over optimistic. As well as continually making small improvements to our jigs, software and operating procedures we have bought and learned to use a 3-D glue-dispensing robot. To consolidate on this progress, we must acquire and commission more sets of jigs, modify the software to cope with multiple jig sets, make more storage space for module components, buy/make hundreds of module transport/storage boxes and train another technician in module assembly. Most of Steve’s time until early 2003 will be taken up with these activities. Thereafter he will be involved at a level of about 30-40% . ¥ Ensuring that the magnetic field in the inner detector volume is know to sufficient accuracy for the Atlas physics programme. Steve wrote an Atlas note proposing that the magnetic field must be known to 1 part in 2000 and setting out a plan for getting there. Other experiments have reached this accuracy but Atlas has an exceptionally non-uniform field so it is more difficult. His plan involves scanning the whole volume with an array of Hall probes before the detectors are installed, and leaving a few NMR probes permanently mounted near the centre of the solenoid to monitor time variations. His effort so far has centred on making the NMR probes sufficiently radiation hard. In 2000 he irradiated all the components in the probe head and found that only one transistor was damaged. In 2001 he tried a number of alternative transistors and found one that is reasonably radiation hard. Later this year he will establish whether it can be used as a straight replacement on the probe or if some other changes are necessary. Steve is also working on specifying the accuracy of the Hall mapping array and finding out how best to use the data that it will produce. A fitis certainly better than simple interpolation but we need to quantify this. In the next few years he will organise the installation of the NMR probes, scanning of the tracker volume, interpretation of the data and provision of a field map to the offline track fit. This lengthy review underlines the comprehensive and indispensible contribution made by Steve Snow to the Manchester and UK ATLAS effort. He has carried out a fruitful programme to date and has a clear and well focussed plan for the future. On paper, it looks as if he does the work of more than one person. This is not an unreasonable conclusion. He also finds time to contribute to our postgraduate teaching by giving a module in our ‘Frontiers of Particle Physics II’ course. By developing his teaching, he will put himself in a prime position for an eventual academic position and he would bring to the department a breadth of instrumental and detector skills that are now uncommon among lecturers. Richard Hughes-Jones is a Physicist Programmer who is extremely active in Networking

48 matters and increasingly in the Grid aspects of our progression towards a working system for Atlas data collection and computing. He is secretary of the Particle Physics Network Co-ordinating Group, with special interest in network traffic analysis, liaising with the ICFA monitoring group, and video conferencing. On Atlas, Richard has carried out Network Test programs and UDPmon (www.hep.man.ac.uk/ rich/net). He has given invited talks on the EU DataTAG project at the DTI, Managed Bandwidth on SuperJANET4 at the Dante SEQUIN Workshop, Optical Networking at the Terena Optical Forum in Amsterdam and Performance Measurements on Gigabit Ethernet at the University of Illinois. He is a recognised expert. He works primarily on the ATLAS Level 2 Trigger. He has also assisted with the definition and provision of the computing facilities for the BaBar and D¯ experiments. He also continues to play an active role in the Particle Physics Network Co-ordinating Group. He co-ordinated the SCI work for the ATLAS Level 2 Demonstrator B project, organised the SCI vertical slice laboratory tests at CERN and then co-ordinated the analysis of these data and the production of the ATLAS DAQ note detailing this work. After the conclusion of the ATLAS studies on the operation and performance of SCI networking, he instigated work on Ethernet at Manchester within the ATLAS Pilot Project framework, setting up 100 Mbit and Gigabit Ethernet test benches using high performance PCs running Linux and commercial interfaces. He also organised, in collaboration with the CERN ATLAS group, the use of the Manchester equipment at CERN to investigate and measure the switching performance of Gigabit switches from Alteon and BATM. He led the work, producing the specifications for a Gigabit Ethernet device that will allow delivery of traffic patterns, similar to those expected in the ATLAS experiment. He is also an active member of the ATLAS Ptolemy modelling group and is currently deputy co-ordinator of the UK ATLAS Level 2 Trigger group. Richard was responsible for defining the specification, securing the commercial sponsor DIGI- TAL and then Compaq, and writing the successful JREI bid for the UK wide distributed object orientated database for the BaBar experiment. He also wrote the technical specification for European tender and was involved in the tender evaluation. In the immediate future, Richard’s primary aim is to ensure that Manchester continues to make a valuable contribution to the ATLAS Trigger/DAQ Prototype Project that is just starting to be defined. Compared to the long lead time of e.g. the SCT, the trigger and DAQ specifications can be delayed. The time has now come and Richard is a key player. We anticipate that his skills will be of most use in evaluating new commercial products so that equipment is selected with full appreciation of the technical details. This would apply to both networking and computing components and will include the hardware performance, as well as the driver and the protocols used. He will continue to use the Ptolemy discrete event simulation software to model the Ethernet interfaces and switch systems to investigate how they scale to the ATLAS requirements. In addition, in collaboration with other groups, he will work on models of the whole trigger/DAQ system. Richard is crucial to our ATLAS trigger work. Richard is the linch pin of our Trigger DAQ work and his post is vital during the appraoch to the final build of Atlas. David Mercer has worked mainly on the ATLAS Level2 trigger, designing a PCI to SCI Interface/Test bench which was successfully used for parameterising data flow pattern tests both at CERN and in Manchester. Because Gigabit Ethernet has proved to be a much more commercially viable alternative than SCI, he was briefly involved in designing a Gigabit Ethernet Exerciser, comprising a complete PCI to Gigabit Ethernet interface and a large very fast onboard RAM. It turned out to be an ephemeral option as a hardware ‘intelligent’ router/controller to autonomously generate various types of test packets in response to differing input types with

49 no off-board interaction. It looked at the time to be the only possible way the proposed high ATLAS data rate could be generated for appraising commercial routing/switching equipment. Due to changing technical circumstances, the Gigabit Ethernet Exerciser design was concluded. In the future he will be developing further specialist test equipment and procedures that cannot be acquired commercially. He was also involved in the design of some components of the H1 trigger upgrade (together with Scott Kolya) and other UK institutes. He is also contributing to the BABAR trigger upgrade which is ongoing. His best skills are mainly in the design area and we have considered carefully the best way to deploy him during the next few years during the run up to LHC. He will become less involved in the Level 2 trigger as our contribution is more likely to be in network evaluation using off the shelf equipment. We therefore plan that he will contribute to the grounding and shielding requirements for the forward SCT detector. This will involve working in collaboration with engineers at Liverpool and Santa Cruz to evolve an effective scheme for reducing noise form external sources. He demonstrated this skill when we were testing some new hybrid avalanche photonic devices which were giving a very low signal. The pickup noise before the preamps was awful from the outset and Dave contributed to the sanitisation of the setup, allowing the research to progress. There is also a serious requirement to design and produce an interim control system for the SCT which would enable multimodule tests to be carried out safely. Dave has skills which we do not have anywhere else in our team and the exploitation of them allowed us to respond quickly when there was a call for trigger expertise from H1 and BABAR. This post is critical to our involvement not only in Atlas, but also BABAR and now to a lesser extent, H1. Scott Kolya is a physicist programmer working mainly in the area of triggering on Atlas, BABAR and H1. Atlas Development: As part of our studies of high performance network and network compo- nents, Scott has built a Gigabit Ethernet probe card that provides a means of monitoring traffic on a fibre optic gigabit link. He was responsible for all stages in the design, from schemat- ics to routing, including the impedance calculations and special build considerations required by signals in excess of 1 GHz in parts of the PCB. Scott has also provided circuit boards for the Forward Silicon thermal model. He will build on this work in the future, developing an enhanced standalone analyser based on the probe for more sophisticated network testing, and other custom test hardware, as required. H1: Scott continues to provide support at a modest level for the readout he installed in H1. He has also been working on the FTT trigger upgrade, where he has managed our technical effort at Manchester, and has personally been responsible for the design and implementation of the analogue buffer cards, the LVDS readout link adaptor cards, and the custom high density backplane for the crates. He has worked jointly with Dave Mercer on the trigger interface/crate controller board (service module), where Dave is responsible for the firmware. These form the bulk of the H1 FTT trigger, working together with custom boards from RAL (the Front End Module) and commercial partners SCS in Zurich (the L2 boards), and Scott has played a major role in coordinating this distributed work. At the time of writing prototypes have been built of all parts and these have been tested at DESY and in a standalone cosmic test rig at RAL based on the Manchester test readout running new software developed by Scott. His involvement in H1 will return to a low level ‘maintenance only’ after completion of the installation and commissioning of this new trigger, expected by early 2003 at the latest. BABAR: Scott is the principle architect of the design of the new TSF boards. He is personally responsible for all stages of the PCB design, from the schematics, layout, routing, through to overseeing commercial fabrication and first stage testing. This work has started, with the major

50 part of the board schematics having been completed at the time of writing, and with prototypes expected before October. Production timing depends on funding issues, but it is expected that Scott will spend a significant amount of time working on this project through to completion sometime in 2003. Scott’s skills are in demand across our scientific programme and he has contributed hugely to three current projects. We have no one else with his skills and he is essentially indispensible as far as continuation of these projects is concerned. Sabah Salih is our new computer manager who was appointed to fill the position caused by the promotion of Andrew McNab to a new Grid position. Although loosely named ‘Computer Manager’, the current mode of operation for the group does not permit the luxury of a full time systems manager and Sabah, once he has become familiar with our systems requirements, will increase his e-Science work to about 50% . The performance of Andrew McNab in this post, and the way he personally raised the profile of the job description, is an indicator of what we expect, and how we justify the continuation of this post. As Computer Manager, Andrew maintained the group’s computing infrastructure, making Linux a viable and cost effective alternative to commercial Unix variants for High Energy Physics applications. As well as software maintenance and upgrades, he personally developed the strategy of providing hardware maintenance by carrying spares for PC components rather than paying to extend manufacturer’s warranties or buying-in support contracts. Andrew also carried out the installation of the PC farm for BABAR, and the design and construction of PC disk servers. A major development during the previous grant period was the need to install Grid software and testbed machines. This was before the e-Science funding initiative, and our active group had to find the resources ourselves. In this case, it came from our Computer Manager. From 2000 onwards, Andrew was at the forefront of simplifying this process for system administrators. In 2000, he published the first RPM distribution of the Globus 1 toolkit which underlies all major High Energy Physics grid projects (RPM is the format required by RedHat, the most commonly used version of Linux in HEP and the wider Unix community.) This was subsequently adopted as the GridPP Installation Kit, and was included in the UK e- Science Support Centre’s installation kit and the EU DataGrid’s ‘Tesbed 0’ release of software. It has been used by many HEP labs around the world, including North American labs such as Fermilab. During 2001, Andrew worked with the Globus team to produce RPM distributions of Globus 2 as it passed through alpha and beta testing stages. This Globus distribution has been adopted as the basis of the EU DataGrid Testbed 1 releases and is the basis of all EU DataGrid Testbed sites (ie the partner sites of CERN, RAL, CNAF/INFN, CC Lyon/IN2P3 and NIKHEF plus Tier 2 sites at institutes.) Some of this work has been done as part of EU DataGrid Work Package 6, and Andrew also contributed to the security effort within this WP group. In particular, he has provided the Dynamic Accounts addition to Globus, which is being used by all EU DataGrid partner sites with the exception of Lyon (who are tied to AFS accounts.) This allows system administrators to create a pool of generic accounts rather than manually creating a new named account every time a new person joins the Grid at any site. Andrew is now a member of the EU DataGrid Integration Team (with responsibility for Globus and some aspects of security) and participated in the two-week integration periods at CERN in October and December 2001. During December 2001, Andrew installed the Testbed 1 software at Manchester, which became the third site to join the EU DataGrid Testbed 1, after CERN and CNAF/INFN in Bologna. For GridPP, Andrew has provided GridSite, a website management system which uses Grid

51 credentials to authenticate website users whilst still using their normal and unmodified web browser, such as Internet Explorer or Netscape. GridSite is used to manage the Gridpp website (http://www.gridpp.ac.uk/) on a machine provided by Manchester. The system allows areas of the site to be managed by appropriate groups of people, can permit private areas with read-access controlled by Grid credentials and provides tools for editing and uploading web pages through the user’s browser. This web server also provides one of the two official mirrors of the Globus website (the other is in Japan.) The authorisation groups managed by GridSite also provide the basis for the GridPP Virtual Organisation server which is hosted on the same machine. This allows GridPP sites to construct authorisation tables of GridPP users who should have access to their Grid resources. This system is also used by BaBar members in the UK and France to provide authorisation lists for their farms in Europe. During November 2001, Andrew took up a GridPP Research Associate post within the group, working on Globus, Testbed and Security activities. At this time, Andrew was also appointed WP6-UK manager. This promotion formally recognised what he had done to raise the profile of the job. All the work described here was done under the misleading job title of ‘Computer Manager’. With exposure to our Grid activities, we expect the new man in post, Sabah to seize the opportunity to follow a similar career path, to the benefit of our group and the UK particle physics community. This post has now assumed an importance which it did not have 10 years ago and we argue strongly for its retention in long term. Sabah Salih is directly supported in post by Stuart Wild an electronics/computer technician. During the brief interim between Andrew’s promotion and Sabah’s arrival, the lack of a Computer Manager became daily apparent. Sabah and Stuart have complementary skills in supporting our computer system and will both be active in supporting our Grid technology. Julian Freestone was promoted to experimental officer from his previous position as a detector technician on the basis of the personal skills he brought to the job which were substantially higher than the grade to which he was appointed. This was a formal recognition of the way Julian has used his skills to advance the Atlas detector program. Over the next four years he will be totally committed to the Atlas detector build program. He will have the central responsibility for the actual construction of the detectors assisted by the technicians. This will involve the development and implementation of working practices for the manufacture of the 600 silicon microstrip detectors, the training of 2-3 technicians, operation of the production itself, storage, testing and quality control mechanisms. Thirty modules have already been produced, including some of each shape; inner, middle and outer. Nineteen of the modules included real detectors, eleven had real hybrids and the rest were dummies. The fact that only one module was damaged in production during this learning process is a tribute to the care taken by Julian and the technical staff under his supervision. It shows that our original estimate of 5% losses during production was not over optimistic. Beyond that Julian will have a role in the further assembly of the complete detector and its subsequent commissioning. Julian Freestone is the cornerstone of the group’s technical science development into the medium future and his career development needs handling with care. Having moved him from a technical to a scientific grade, we now have to ensure that his career progresses at a pace which is determined by his age and potential. It is not open to our group to arbitrarily promote him whenever we like because promotions are handled by a central Faculty review committee, even when the person is paid from an external grant. His career progression is reviewed annually by a department committee.

52 1.3. Technical Support During the last 20 years, the Manchester group designed and built large muon chambers for JADE, OPAL and H1 as well as the whole of the planar chambers for the forward tracker of H1. This was possible because we had good support from our technical workshops. During the next four years, the demands on our workshop will be equally high, but of a totally different nature. We do not have plans to fabricate large muon chambers for a single experiment; instead we shall be making a broader range of smaller but sophisticated equipment as part of our involvement in ATLAS and dark matter/supernovae searches. We have moved over the years from a situation where we had a group of technicians within our group plus a fraction of the department workshop technicians who were covered by our rolling grant. The current situation is that certain workshop technicians have now become totally attached to our group. Andrew Elvin joined us three years ago to replace Suzanne Duncan-Gilbert who was rede- ployed elsewhere in the department. He is a mechanical technician by training and is at the younger end of the age range. he has a played a significant role in the BABAR crystal assembly and test work. He is now working on the building of the numerous Atlas prototypes, ranging from modules and jigs to assembling thermal test rigs. He rapidly acquired clean room skills, and has become a valuable member of the forward silicon detector production team over the past few years. We are pleased to be able to recruit such versatile and adaptable people and to train them further in the special skills needed for supporting particle physics. This post critically underpins our ability to meet our commitments to ATLAS contruction. Phil Dunne is a degree qualified technician providing support to our electronics engineers and running the groups own electronics workshop. He has the specialist mechanical skills required for PCB assembly including hand assembly of surface mount devices, where necessary. He has been fully involved in all aspects of the production of our locally designed electronics, from checking schematics and PCB layouts, to sourcing components from distributors. In addition, Phil has also provided support for our laboratory equipment including PC based tools. Unfortunately, these computing skills proved too valuable elsewhere, and Phil has now left us. It is a high priority to replace him, as the brief absence of an electronics technician has had a marked impact on our ability to turn around electronics design work, we expect to recruit soon. Mike Needham is an electronics technician. In the past he has done work on the H1 scanner boards and the front end electronics for OPAL and H1 muon chambers. Occasional maintenance effort from him is required during the continued operation of H1. He now produces more and more electronics for our ATLAS work and has also designed and produced units for our Blue Sky research. In the absence of significant budgets to buy commercial detector electronics, Mike provides an alternative by making devices such as pre-amps to modern design specifications. He is a crucial member of our team since he has, unlike our academics, and support scientists, unrestricted access to the department’s electronic workshops and facilities. His presence in the workshops ensures a fast turn round for our requirements. In the immediate future, he will continue to be heavily involved in ATLAS and the SCT and is utilised by the detector devolopment teams when spare effort is available. Stuart Wild has, during recent years, spent half of his time providing technical support for our ATLAStrigger work, assembling and testing modules, and building Intel architecture computers optimised for these projects. Stuart is also working with the Ptolemy simulation package, which is aiding in the design and testing of the custom electronics systems. The remaining 50% of Stuart’s time was spent in maintenance and support of the rest of the group’s computing system. He has the skills to replace internal components such as hard disks and processors and is frequently involved when we produce a new PC from a kit of parts. He provides a practical

53 arm for our Computer Systems Manager. His post is vital. Academics and research scientists often make a poor fist of it when they set about their technical maintenance themselves. The option to change some of his duties to provide some support in our e-Science laboratory will be considered carefully in the near future. Workshop technicians. Our rolling grant historically supported several technicians in the mechanical workshop who were associated with our group. They were removed in Oct 1998 as a result of the heavy cuts. This loss of workshop support in one of the few physics departments to have a large workshop was one of the tragedies of the damaging financial policies of the late 90s. The need for continued support was highlighted by the International Review organised by the IoP. We can no longer count on being able to use this level of workshop effort because we longer pay for it. It seems pointless to make a case for a post within the workshop at the present time but here is an opportunity to place our views on the record. Secretary. We were caught for several years between the inability to secure funding for a secretary since the DR transfer and the reluctance of the University to provide secretaries out of non research income. We have finally prevailed on the Faculty and department to provide this service which was a long overdue provision from our PPARC sourced overhead income.

54 2. Travel Section 11 of form RG2 shows our Group’s travel requirements for the first two years of the grant period. Now that international collaboration is the norm, increased travel is a natural consequence. Experimental travel budgets do not fund travel to e.g. informal conferences and workshops where much of the physics and analysis is discussed with colleagues. We therefore crucially need the funds to maintain a healthy degree of travel in order to provide the oxygen of research.

55 3. Consumables 3.1. Data Acquisition DAQ lab sundries, software (for the PCs & MACs). Small electronic components. This runs at typically at £300-£500 a month giving a 2 year total of: Lab sundries £9,600

Subtotal for Lab Sundries £9,600 3.2. Detector development Small equipment to support the detector development programme described in Section 8. Consumables for potential Linear Collider applications. Purchase of Material ( Tungsten + silicon wafers) to construct small prototypes to investigate cooling/front end readout techniques for proposed silicon/tungsten ECAL .( CALICE) £6,800 Hybrid detectors / scintillating fibres to investigate Micro cell silicon avalanche photodiodes for alternative ECAL/HCAL design options. £11,000 Rack electronics for scintillator studies preamps, coindidence units, gates £5,000

Subtotal for Detector Development £22,800 3.3. Recurrent Consumables General Running costs, materials gas cylinder rental and usage, tools, small electrical instru- ments, mechanical electrical and electronic components, software upgrades freight manuals chemicals. £30,000 per year for 2 years £60,000 Clean room consumables, gloves, masks, mats, filters, wipes @ £3k/year £6,000

Subtotal for Recurrent Consumables £66,000 3.4. General Laboratory Maintenance Repair and calibration of electronic equipment by manufacturers £2,500 Maintenance of computer and lab Equipment £3,000 Clean room maintainance/validation 4 visits/ year @ £250 £2,500

Subtotal for General Laboratory Maintenance £8,000 3.5. External Fabrication The move to small high precision detectors involves some technologies not available in university workshops. For example cutting, drilling of beryllia, laser cutting of small precision items. Spark erosion cutting, precision grinding. A consequence of the continual attrition of our technical support is that we are losing the ability to develop such skills in house and as a result more work has to be done externally. Cost of outside specialist fabrication of prototype detectors and jigs £6,000

Subtotal for External Fabrication £6,000

56 3.6. Computer Licences for Laboratory Work Pro engineer: The physics department drawing office has moved over to the ‘Pro engineer’ drafting package ( from ACAD) which supports more extensive 3D facilities. In order to stay in step we require at least 1 seat for the next two years, increasing eventually to 2 seats. Labview Vision Software. We already have a considerable commitment to Labview for lab control and data taking. We wish to make use of Labview image analysis software for automating complex inspection processes. Flex PDE. This is a general program for simulations that can be expressed as Partial Differential Equations. We have made extensive use of the 2D version for thermal simulations, and would like to upgrade to the full 3D Profesional Version. This is a very powerful general tool for field simulations. Pro Engineer: Annual licence £4,935 Vision Development Software, IMAQ Licence IMAQ driver software. £5,716 Flex PDE 3D Professional version £3,045

Subtotal for Computer Licences for Laboratory Work £13,696

57 4. Equipment 4.1 Detector Equipment 4.1.1 General purpose Facilities and detector Equipment Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) Particle Physics detectors have made major advances in resolution in the last 10 years, requiring tighter and tighter constraints on general construction tolerances- routinely 10 microns. Our Atlas detectors for instance are even tighter. We require the means to routinely and quickly measure three dimensional distances to these tolerances. An Atlas problem involves the pro- duction of precision mounting washers with holes and slots of typically 3 mm with a tolerance of 0-10 microns. Actually demonstrating that a hole is indeed round to this tolerance is ex- tremely taxing, and to do it routinely is extremely time consuming. Similarly, production of carbon fibre support frames for the BABAR experiment required the manufacture of 50 trape- zoidal mandrels with varying wedge angles differing in each dimension. Again, the manual measurement of many hundreds of non orthogonal 3D distances to 10 micron precision was a difficult and labour intensive business. This CMM would give 3D measurements over a volume of 750 mm×750 mm×550 mm to 3 micron accuracy. Software gives automatic measurement of complex features such as hole radii. Direct access to CAD programs enables automatic comparison of an object with its design drawing. The price includes training courses and sup- port. In a climate of increasing precision and evermore stringent QA requirements coupled with reducing technical support we would consider a CMM to be an essential tool to enable us to produce detectors to modern standards. We consider this would make a major difference in productivity. No commercial enterprise would embark on a project like Atlas without such equipment. We struggle in the 21st Century with the string and sealing wax mentality. International Metrology systems Impact II Coodinate measuring Machine £65,663 Thermal Imager Over the last two years we have continued work on the thermal performance of detectors - a major design constraint on their use. For example the Atlas SCT will generate up to 70 kW in a volume of a few metres cubed. Our simulations have used data from a variety of discrete devices, particularly IR sensors. The use of a portable thermal camera would complement this work,enabling us to easily visualise and measure temperature distributions in more complex systems. Over time we have had disappointing demonstrations of various low cost (15K) cameras intended for maintenance/trouble shooting applications and have come to realise our need for the improved accuracy and functionality afforded by the higher specification models The ThermaCAM Ultra PM295 infra red imaging Radiometer from Inframetrics gives video images using a solid state 320 x 240 uncooled microbolometer sensor operating in the 8 to 12 micron wavelength range providing temperatures to ±2◦C over the range Ð20 to 350◦C with a sensitivity of 0.1◦C. Sophisticated software both in the device and offline can be used for the comparison and analysis of thermal images. ThermaCAM Ultra PM295 £35,453 TherMonitor95 software £3,431 Thermal imager cost £38,884

58 Switching Multiplexer (MPX) A switch multiplexer would greatly extend the measuring capabilities of existing test instruments enabling multiple measurements - for example scanning through many detector channels. The MPX consists of a mainframe which supports a variety of plug in scanner cards such as high voltage switches, matrix switches, thermocouple scanners etc. Such a system is of general use and by purchase of appropriate cards can be further extended. Keithly 7002 10 slot switching Mainframe £3,977 2 off 7011-s Quad 1-10 Multiplexer (40 ch) £2,314 7054 10 ch High voltage (1000v) Scanner card £794 Sub total £7,085 Probe Station Our existing probe station is a simple manual device and as such is extremely limiting. We need a probe station that is capable of semi automatic operation to characterise detectors with many hundred channels in a reasonable time. We require a 160 mm stage (to handle large detectors) together with automatic height sensing. Automatic Probe station Wentworth AWP-2801 £38,000 Voltage and Current Power Supplies As part of the evaluation of detector modules we need bias power supplies in order to measure voltage/current characteristics and to power several modules as they are readout. We require few hundred volts to picoamp precision with programmable control. As the number of our test setups increase we are becoming seriously limited by the number of available supplies 3 X Keithley model 2400 source Meter Power Supplies £11,600 Optical Tables The development of detectors involving precision metrology, microscopes etc., creates a re- quirement for stable vibration free platforms. Newport optical tables SLR- 3672-opt-02-02 1m X 1.5m £8,559 Interferometer for metrology We have an increasing need for fast, non-contact measurement of detectors and associated me- chanical components to 1 micron precision, to investigate e.g. movements as a result of thermal stress/differential expansion and vibration. Such measurements are necessarily complementary to static contact measurements with devices such as a CMM. The purchase of a small laser interferometer with direct readout and PC interface would greatly improve our capabilities. Aerotech Laser interferometer LZR 3000 £12,244 4.1.2 Well found laboratory items, replacement of obsolete equipment: VME crates. Two of the VME crates used in our existing Test systems date from early H1 days and are increasingly unreliable. Old design crates do not have the full range of slots or the J aux sockets, requiring potentially risky customising. We want to upgrade to Modern crates. 2 VME crates @ £5k each £10,000 PC/Macintosh Upgrades. Our detector Labs use 10 PC/Macs. Continual technological im- provements in operating systems and processor speeds rapidly make them obsolete and unable to support new software or interface cards. We need to continue a rolling programme of up- grades and replacement to give a life of about 5 years, implying the purchase of 2 machines per year. Note this often involves replacing various interface cards such as GPIB, VME etc. PC/Macintosh upgrades £11,750 PC/Macintosh Upgrades £11,750

59 Pulse Generator. Pulse generators are general purpose laboratory tools that need to be kept up to date. As a matter of philosophy we choose a modular system than can be adapted as needs change. Our experience with other HP products is that they are robust workhorses with a long service life. HP 8110A £5,581 HP 81106A Clock Module £1,552 HP 81103A Channel Module £4,558 Sub total £11,691 The sum of all these detector laboratory items is £215,476 This is a substantial amount, driven to a large extent by the lack of investment in detector equipment during the last 20 years. 4.2 DAQ Equipment 4.2.1 Exceptional items to support the work of Trigger/DAQ. Surface Mounted Device (SMD) Rework Facility Our current and future electronics projects require us to build and commission circuit boards using the latest components. These components require special tools for assembly and repair, and we need to re-equip our group’s electronics workshop with a basic set of these tools such as are universally found in equivalent research and development labs in industry. We do not need expensive production tools because we always contract out production quantities, but we need to be able to replace chips, and to assemble prototypes and one offs (where tooling charges make commercial assembly uneconomic), can be over £2k per board. We request a Metcal BGA-3592 rework system which is a multifunction tool that can be used to manually remove/place and reflow components. Metcal BGA 3592 SMD rework workstation plus PC £22,000 Logic analyser We are involved in testing large commercial systems and building custom hardware, and in both these areas we find logic analysers invaluable. Our existing low end analysers are slow (maximum speed 100MHz) and have a small number of channels - as we develop faster systems, and study physically large commercial systems, we need to bring these tools up to date. In particular, we would like to invest in a modular system which would grow to meet our future needs, and where we could, in time, replace outdated modules without sacrificing the entire investment. We would also request an integrated logic stimulus system as this is a very valuable tool that we do not have access to at present, and such an integrated system is more flexible than separate stimulus and analysis systems. We request an Agilent 16702B mainframe with acquisition/stimulus modules (2x16717A, 1x16534A & 1x16760A, ) at a total cost of £68k. 1 x Agilent 16702B Mainframe & Options 2 x Agilent 16717A Timing/State 1 x Agilent 16534A 2 Channel Analogue 1 x Agilent 16760A Pattern generator Total for logic analyser system £68,000 The sum of all these DAQ items is £90,000

60 Appendix 3. Experimental Particle Physics Publications. 2000-02

OPAL √ [1] Search for acoplanar lepton pair events in e+e− annihilation at s =161, 172 and 183 GeV, G. Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C12(2000)551-565. [2] A study of parton fragmentation in hadronic Z0 decays using  correlations, G. Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C13(2000)185-195. [3] Search for R-parity violating decays of scalar at LEP, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C12(2000)1-24. [4] Total hadronic cross section of photon-photon interactions at LEP, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C14(2000)199-212. [5] Measurements of inclusive semileptonic branching fractions of b hadrons in Z0 decays, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C13(2000)225-240. [6] A study of spin alignment of ρ(770)± and ω(782) mesons in hadronic Z0 decays, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C16(2000)61-70. [7] Measurement of the production rate of charm quark pairs from in hadronic Z0 decays, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C13(2000)1-13.√ [8] Search for neutral Higgs bosons in e+e− collisions at s = 189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C12(2000)567-586. [9] Tests of the Standard Model and constraints on new physics from measurements of pair production at 189 GeV at LEP, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J.√ C13(2000)553-572. [10] Search for pair-produced leptoquarks in e+e− interactions at s = 183 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C13(2000)15-27. [11] A study of three-prong tau decays with charged kaons, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C13(2000)197-212. [12] Precision luminosity for Z0 lineshape measurements with a silicon-tungsten calorimeter, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C14(2000)373-425. + − [13]√ Search for anomalous production of acoplanar di-lepton events in e e collisions at s = 183 and 189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J.√ C14(2000)51-71. [14] Search for chargino and neutralino production at s = 189 GeV at LEP, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C14(2000)187-198. [15] Measurement of the W+W−γ cross section and first direct limits on anomalous electroweak quartic gauge couplings, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B471(1999)293-307. [16] Tau decays with neutral kaons, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C13(2000)213-223.√ [17] Inclusive production of D∗ mesons in photon-photon collisions at s = 183 and 189 GeV 2 and a first measurement of Fγ c, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C16(2000)579-596. [18] Bose-Einstein correlations in K±K± pairs from Z0 decays into two hadronic jets, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C21(2001)23-32. [19] Leading particle production in light flavour jets, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C16(2000)407-421. FB FB + − [20] Measurement of Rb, Ab and Ac in e e collisions at 130-189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C16(2000)41-60. [21] Search for unstable heavy and excited leptons at LEP2, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C14(2000)73-84. + − [22] QCD analyses and determination of αs in e e annihilation at energies beteen 35 and 189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C17(2000)19-51.√ [23] Z boson pair production in e+e− collisions at s = 183 and 189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B476(2000)256-272.

61 [24] Search for new physics in rare B decays, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B476(2000)233-242. [25] QCD studies with e+e− annihilation data at 172−189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C16(2000)185-210. [26] Transverse and longitudinal Bose-Einstein correlations in hadronic Z0 decays, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C16(2000)423-433. 0 ∗+ − [27] Measurement of |Vcb| using B → D l ν decays, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B482(2000)15-30. √ [28] Photonic events with missing energy in e+e− collisions at s = 189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C18(2000)253-272. [29] A measurement of the tau mass and the first CPT test with tau leptons, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B492(2000)23-31. √ [30] Searches for prompt light gravitino signatures in e+e− collisions at s = 189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B501(2001)12-27. [31] First measurement of the inclusive branching ratio of b hadrons to φ mesons in Z decays, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B492(2000)13-22. √ [32] Search for trilinear neutral gauge boson couplings in Zγ production at s = 189 GeV at LEP, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C17(2000)553-566. [33] Multiplicities of π 0, η,K0 and of charged particles in quark and gluon jets, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C17(2000)373-387. [34] Production rates of bb quark pairs from gluons and bbbb events in hadronic Z decays, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C18(2001)447-460. γ [35] Measurement of the low-x behaviour of the photon structure function F2 , G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C18(2000)15-39. [36] A study of one prong tau decays with a charged kaon, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C19(2001)653-665. [37] Comparison of deep inelastic electron-photon scattering data with the Herwig and Phojet Monte Carlo models, ALEPH, L3 and OPAL Collaborations, CERN-EP-2000-109, to appear in Eur.Phys.J. C. [38] Measurement of the B0 lifetime and oscillation frequency using B0 → D∗+l−ν decays, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B493(2000)266-280. [39] Two Higgs doublet model and model-independent interpretation of neutral Higgs boson searches, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C18(2001)425-445. [40] Measurement of the mass and width of the W boson in e+e− collisions at 189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B507(2001)29-46. [41] W+W− production cross section and W branching fractions in e+e− collisions at 189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B493(2000)249-265. [42] A measurement of the rate of charm production in W decays, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B490(2000)71-86. [43] Measurement of W boson polarizations and CP-violating triple gauge couplings from W+W− production at LEP, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C19(2001)229-240. [44] Measurement of triple gauge boson couplings from W+W− production at LEP energies up to 189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C19(2001)1-14. [45] Investigation of the decay of orbitally excited B mesons and first measurement of the ∗ → ∗π branching ratio BR(BJ B (X)), G.Abbiendi et al., CERN-EP-2000-125, accepted by Eur.Phys.J. C. [46] Charged multiplicities in Z decays into u,d and s quarks, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C19(2001)257-268. [47] A study of Bs meson oscillations using Ds-lepton correlations, G.Abbiendi et al.,

62 Eur.Phys.J. C19(2001)241-256. [48] Precise determination of the Z resonance parameters at LEP: Zedometry, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C19(2001)587. √ [49] Search for the standard model higgs boson in e+e− collisions at s = 192 − 209 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B499(2001)38-52. [50] A simultaneous measurement of the QCD colour factors and the strong coupling, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C20(2001)601-615. [51] A search for a narrow radial excitation of the D∗+ meson, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C20(2001)445-454. [52] Precision neutral current asymmetry parameter measurements from the τ polarization at LEP, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C21(2001)1-21. [53] Measurement of the branching ratio for Ds → τντ decays, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B516(2001)236-248. [54] Determination of the b quark mass at the Z mass scale, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C21(2001)411-422. [55]√ Search for single leptoquark and squark production in electron-photon scattering at see = 189 GeV, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C23(2002)1-11. [56] Measurement of Vub using b hadron semileptonic decay, G.Abbiendi et al., Eur.Phys.J. C21(2001)399-410. [57] Angular analysis of the muon pair asymmetry at LEP 1, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B516(2001)1-20. [58] Measurement of the branching ratio for the process b→ τνX, G.Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B520(2001)1-10. [59] Measurement of Z/γ ∗ production in Compton scattering of quasi-real photons, G.Abbiendi et al., CERN-EP-2001-053, accepted by Eur.Phys.J. C.√ [60] Search for lepton flavour violation in e+e− collisions at s = 189−209 GeV,G. Abbiendi et al., Phys. Letts. B519(2001)23-32. [61] Measurement of the hadronic cross section for the scattering of two virtual photons at LEP, G. Abbiendi et al., CERN-EP-2001-064, to appear in Eur.Phys.J. C. [62] Search for single top quark production at LEP2, G. Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B521(2001)181-194. [63] Genuine correlations of like-sign particles in hadronic Z decays, G. Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett. B523(2001)35-52. [64] Particle multiplicity of unbiased gluon jets from e+e− three-jet events, G. Abbiendi et al., CERN-EP-2001-076, to appear in Eur.Phys.J. C. [65] Search for Yukawa production of a light neutral Higgs boson at LEP, G. Abbiendi et al., CERN-EP-2001-077, to appear in Eur.Phys.J. C. [66] Search for doubly charged Higgs bosons with the OPAL detector at LEP, G. Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett.B526(2002)221-232. √ [67] Search for leptoquarks in electron-photon scattering at see up to 209 GeV at LEP, G. Abbiendi et al., Phys.Lett.B526(2002)233-246. γ [68] Measurement of the hadronic photon structure function F2 at LEP2, G. Abbiendi et al., CERN-EP-2002-014, to appear in Phys.Lett.B. [69] Measurement of the mass of the W boson in e+e− collisions using the fully leptonic channel, G. Abbiendi et al., CERN-EP-2002-022, submitted to Eur.Phys.J. C.

63 H1 [1] A measurement of the t dependence of the helicity structure of diffractive rho meson electroproduction at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., submitted to Phys Lett. B , DESY-02-027, [2] Energy Flow and Rapidity Gaps Between Jets in Photoproduction at HERA,DESY-02-023, 03/02 [3] Measurement of Dijet Cross Sections in Photoproduction at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., submitted to Eur Phys. J C , DESY-01-225, [4] Measurement of Dijet Electroproduction at Small Jet Separation, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., accepted by Eur Phys. J C , DESY-01-178, [5] Search for Excited Neutrinos at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Phys. Lett. B525 (2002) 9 , DESY-01-145, [6] D∗± Meson Production in Deep-Inelastic Diffractive Interactions at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Phys. Lett. B520 (2001) 191 , DESY-01-105, [7] On the Rise of the Proton Structure Function F2 Towards Low x, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Phys.Lett. B520 (2001), 183 , DESY-01-104, ∗± c [8] Measurement of D Meson Production and F2 in Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Phys. Lett. B528 (2002) 199 , DESY-01-100, [9] A Search for Leptoquark Bosons in e− p Collisions at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Phys. Lett. B523 (2001) 234 , DESY-01-094, [10] Measurement of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Phys.Lett. B517 (2001) 47 , DESY-01-093 [11] Three-Jet Production in Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Phys. Lett. B515 (2001) 17-29 , DESY-01-073 [12] Photoproduction with a Leading Proton at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Nucl. Phys. B619 (2001) 3-21 , DESY-01-062 [13] Searches at HERA for Squarks in R-Parity Violating , H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Eur. Phys. J. C20 (2001) 4, 639-657 , DESY-01-021 [14] Measurement of Charged and Neutral Current Cross Sections in Electron-Proton Collisions at high Q2, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Eur. Phys. J. C19 (2001) 269-288 , DESY-00-187 [15] Deep-Inelastic Inclusive ep Scattering at Low x and a Determination of αs , H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Eur. Phys. J. C21 (2001) 33-61 , DESY-00-181 [16] Diffractive Jet Production in Deep-Inelastic ep Collisions at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Eur. Phys. J. C20 (2001) 29-49 , DESY-00-174 [17] Measurement and QCD Analysis of Jet Cross Sections in Deep-Inelastic Positron-Proton Collisions at sqrt(s) of 300 GeV, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Eur. Phys. J. C19 (2001) 289-311 , DESY-00-145 [18] Dijet Production in Charged and Neutral Current e+ p Interactions at High Q2, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Eur. Phys. J. C19 (2001) 429-440 , DESY-00-143 [19] A Search for Excited Fermions at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Eur. Phys. J. C17 (2000) 567 , DESY-00-102 [20] Inclusive Photoproduction of Neutral Pions in the Photon Hemisphere at HERA, H1 Col- lab., C. Adloff et al., Eur. Phys. J. C18 (2000) 293 , DESY-00-085 [21] Measurement of elastic electroproduction of φ mesons at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Phys. Lett. B483 (2000) 360-372 , DESY-00-070 [22] Elastic Photoproduction of J/ψ and Upsilon Mesons at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Phys. Lett. B483 (2000) 23-35 , DESY-00-037 [23] Measurement of Di-jet Cross-Sections in Photoproduction and Photon Structure, H1 Col-

64 lab., C. Adloff et al., Phys. Lett. B483 (2000) 36-48 , DESY-00-035 [24] Search for Compositeness, Leptoquarks and Large Extra Large Dimensions in eq Contact Interaction at HERA, H1 Collab., C. Adloff et al., Phys. Lett. B479 (2000) 358-370 , DESY-00-027 BABAR [1] The BaBar Detector, B.Aubert et al., Nucl.Instrum.Methods A479(2002)1-116. [2] Measurement of CP-violating asymmetries in B0 decays to CP eigenstates, B.Aubert et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 86(2001)2515-2522. [3] Measurement of the decays B→ φK and B→ φK∗, B.Aubert et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 87(2001)15801. [4] Measurement of branching fractions and search for CP-violating charge asymmetries in charmless two-body B decays into pions and kaons, B.Aubert et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 87(2001)151802. √ [5] Measurement of J/ψ production in continuum e+e− annihilations near s = 10.6 GeV, B.Aubert et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 87(2001)162002. [6] Observation of CP violation in the B0 meson system, B.Aubert et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 87(2001)091801. [7] Measurement of the B0 and B+ meson lifetimes with fully reconstructed hadronic final states, B.Aubert et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 87(2001)201803 [8] Measurement of branching fractions for exclusive B decays to charmonium final states, B.Aubert et al., Phys.Rev. D65(2002)032001. [9] Measurement of the B→ J/ψK∗(892) decay amplitudes, B.Aubert et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 87(2001)241801 [10] Search for the decay B0 → γγ, B.Aubert et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 87(2001)241803. [11] A study of B± →J/ψπ± and B± →J/ψK± decays: measurement of the ratio of branching fractions and search for direct CP-violating charge asymmetries in BF(B± →J/ψπ±)/ BF(B± →J/ψK±), B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-8942, Submitted to Phys.Rev.D. [12] Measurements of the branching fractions of exclusive charmless B meson decays with η and ω mesons, B.Aubert et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 87(2001)221802. [13] Measurements of the branching fractions for ψ(2S) →e+e− and ψ(2S) → µ+µ−, B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-8953, To appear in Phys.Rev.D. [14] Study of CP-violating asymmetries in B0 → π +π −,K+π − decays, B.Aubert et al., SLAC- PUB-9102, To appear in Phys.Rev.D. [15] Measurement of B→ K∗γ branching fractions and charge asymmetries, B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-8952, To appear in Phys.Rev.Lett. [16] Direct CP violation searches in charmless hadronic B meson decays, B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-9065, To appear in Phys.Rev.D. 0 [17] Measurement of B0B flavor oscillations in hadronic B0 decays, B.Aubert et al., SLAC- PUB-9061, Submitted to Phys.Rev.Lett. 0 [18] Measurement of the BB0B oscillation frequency with inclusive dilepton events, B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-9096, Submitted to Phys.Rev.Lett. [19] Search for the rare decays B→Kl+l− and B→ K∗l+l−, B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-9102, Submitted to Phys.Rev.Lett. [20] A study of time-dependent CP-violating asymmetries and flavor oscillations in neutral B decays at the υ(4S), B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-9092, Submitted to Phys.Rev.D. + ∗+ + − [21] Measurement√ of Ds and Ds production in B meson decays and from continuum e e an- nihilation at s = 10.6 GeV,B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-9131, Submitted to Phys.Rev.D.

65 [22] Measurement of the B0 lifetime with partially reconstructed B0 → D∗−l+ν decays, B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-9128, Submitted to Phys.Rev.Lett. 0 [23] Search for T and CP violation in B0B mixing with inclusive dilepton events, B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-9149, Submitted to Phys.Rev.Lett. [24] Measurement of the branching fraction and CP content for the decay B0 →D∗+D∗−, B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-9152, Submitted to Phys.Rev.Lett. [25] Results from the BABAR Electromagnetic Calorimeter Beam Tests. R J Barlow + 34 authors. Nucl. Instr. and Methods 420B (1999) 182-190 [26] The BABAR pysics book. D Boutignyet al, SLAC report SLAC-R-504. OTHER PUBLICATIONS AND RESEARCH OUTPUT OPAL related papers [1] Measurement of the low-x behaviour of the photon structure function, V. Kartvelishvili (for the OPAL Collaboration), International Conference in QCD, Montpelier, France July 2000; published in Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl.96(2001)161-165. [2] Talk by Kay Roscoe (Measurement of TGCs in OPAL) at Edinburgh IoP Conference, April 2000. BABAR related papers [3] The BaBar measurement of sin 2β and its future prospects, James Weatherall, SLAC-PUB- 8731, Dec 2000; published in J.Phys.G27(2001)1277, as part of the proceedings of the UK Phenomenology Workshop on Heavy Flavour and CP Violation, Durham, Sept 2000. [4] CP violation in the B0 meson system with BaBar, James Weatherall for the BaBar Col- laboration, to be published in Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl. as part of the proceedings of the 7th Topical Seminar on the Legacy of LEP and SLC, Siena, Italy, Oct 2001. [5] A measurement of the B0 → J/ψπ +π − branching ratio, B.Aubert et al., SLAC-PUB-9171, BABAR-CONF-02-04, hep-ex/0203034, March 2002, submitted to the 37th Rencontre de Moriond on QCD and Hadronic Interactions, 16-23 March 2002. (Principal authors: Jamie Boyd and James Weatherall) [6] Talk by Jonathan Fullwood on τ − → π −π 0ν at the Edinburgh IoP Conference, April 2000. B E Cox [7] Outstanding problems in the phenomenology of hard diffractive scattering, B. E. Cox, K. Goulianos, L. Lonnblad,¬ J. J. Whitmore J. Phys. G:Nucl. Part. Phys. 26 (2000) 667-671 [8] B. E. Cox and J. R. Forshaw Diffractive production of high-pt photons at HERA, J. Phys. G:Nucl. Part. Phys. 26 (2000) 702-706 [9] Diffractive Vector Boson Production at the Tevatron,B.E. Cox, J. R. Forshaw and L. Lonnblad,¬ hep-ph/0012310 [10] What is the Experimental Evidence for the BFKL , B.E. Cox, J. R. Forshaw and L. Lonnblad,¬ Published in Tihany 2000, From e+ e- to heavy ion collisions 86-92 [11] Hard Colour Singlet Exchange at the Tevatron, B.E. Cox, J. R. Forshaw and L. Lonnblad,¬ Published in Liverpool 2000, Deep inelastic scattering 577-579 [12] H1 Collaboration; Rapidity Gaps Between Jets in Photoproduction at HERA, contribution to the 30th Intern. Conf. on High Energy Physics, ICHEP2000, Osaka, Japan, July 2000. [13] Double Diffractive Higgs and Diphoton Production at the Tevatron and LHC, B. E. Cox, J. R. Forshaw and Beate Heinemann, hep-ph/0110173, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. [14] Pomwig : Herwig for diffractive interactions, B.E. Cox, J. R. Forshaw, Comput. Phys. Commun. 144 (2002) 104 [15] WW Scattering at the LHC, J. M. Butterworth, B. E. Cox and J. R. Forshaw, hep-

66 ph/0201098, accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D. [16] H1 Collaboration; Energy Flow and Rapidity Gaps Between Jets in Photoporduction at HERA, DESY-02-023, hep-ex/0203011, Submitted to Eur.Phys.J. B E Cox, R Marshall & K Stephens [17] Future Neutrino Astrophysics Projects at the UK Boulby Mine, P. F. Smith et. al. Proc. 4th International Symposium on Origins of Dark Matter, Marina del Rey, California 2000 A Forti [18] Poster at CHEP 2001: Distributing file-based data to remote sites within the BaBar Col- laboration, T Adye, A Dorigo, A Forti and E. Leonardi G Lafferty [19] Universality in hadron production in electron-positron, lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron reactions, G.D.Lafferty, Proceedings of the XXXth International Symposium on Multi- particle Dynamics, World Scientific, 2001, pp.175-182, ed. T. Csorg¬ o,¬ S. Hegyi and W. Kittel. [20] Hadronization in the string and cluster models, G.D.Lafferty, Proceedings of the LISHEP International Workshop on Diffractive Physics, 2002, in preparation. N Malden [21] W Production and High Pt isolated leptons at HERA, talk at DIS 2000, Liverpool, April 2000. S Snow [22] Measurement of common mode noise in binary read-out systems. L Feld, S Roe, A Ahmad, S Snow.To be published in Nucl. Instr. & Methods A.

67 THESES PhD Theses [1] James Weatherall, A Measurement of the B → J/ψK∗ Branching Ratio and Calorimeter Studies using the BABAR Detector for Particle Physics Detector Simulations. (February 2000). [2] Nik Savvas, Fast simulation of the BABAR calorimeter and a measurement of the Branching → 0 Ratio B Ks X. (November 2000). [3] Nick Malden, W production in ep collisions. (November 2000). [4] Angela Wyatt, Energy flow and rapidity gaps between jets in photoproduction. (September 2001). [5] Kay Roscoe, Measurement of Triple Gauge Boson Couplings using W+W− → νqq¯ Events with OPAL. (September 2001). + − [6] James Boyd, Measurement of the Branching Ratio B → J/ψπ π at BABAR. (September 2001). + − [7] Thomas Marchant,√ Search for new physics using acoplanar lepton pair events in e e collisions at s = 183 − 209 GeV. (September 2001). − − [8] Jon Fullwood, A Study of τ → π π 0ν using the BABAR detector. (2001).

MSc Theses [9] Chikara Kimura, CP Violation beyond the Standard Model. (October 2001).

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