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Narratives on a Struggle for Peace, Equality and Development in Sudan ISBN: 978 - 94 - 6169 - 220 - 7

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Narratives on a Struggle for Peace, Equality and Development in Sudan ISBN: 978 - 94 - 6169 - 220 - 7 Margret Verwijk Is peace not for everyone? Narratives on a struggle for peace, equality and development in Sudan ISBN: 978 - 94 - 6169 - 220 - 7 Cover design: Nico Commijs © 2012 Margret Verwijk All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, or by electronic, or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the holder of the copyright. Key words: Conflict, Peace, Development, Feminism, Gender, Transdisciplinarity, International Relations, Empowerment, Conflict resolution, Conflict transformation, Mediation, Peacebuilding, Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD), United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, Sudan Layout and printing: Optima Grafische Communicatie, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Is peace not for everyone? Narratives on a struggle for peace, equality and development in Sudan Is vrede niet voor iedereen? Verhalen over een strijd voor vrede, gelijkheid en ontwikkeling in Soedan (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) أليس السﻻم للجميع؟ حكايات عن النضال من أجل السﻻم وإحترام حقوق املرأة والتنمية فى السودان )ترجمة باللغة العربية( Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. G. J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 1 mei 2012 des middags te 4.15 uur door Margret Verwijk geboren op 8 augustus 1964 te Den Haag Promotor: Prof.dr.ir. G. E. Frerks Acknowledgements This research has developed over many years of working both inside and outside Sudan, listening, reading and talking to whomever was interested in making and building peace in Sudan. I am very grateful to Henk van der Vegt and Peter Arnoldus, who encouraged and helped me to undertake this research. Special thanks also go to Roel van der Veen, Rob Visser, Reneko Elema, Hanneke Epema, Angelika Honsbeek, Rolf Wijnstra, Ariane Amsberg, Yvonne Stassen, Nada Mustafa and Nico Commijs. I fondly remember numerous colleagues expressing their kind interest in the progress of my research. I gratefully acknowledge the support which was provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as it gave me access to its archives, management information systems and the opportunity to work part-time on my research for a period of two years. The views presented here are solely those of the researcher and do not necessarily represent the views of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Netherlands. Many people and institutions have facilitated my research enormously. In particular I would like to thank the Aletta Institute for Women’s History in Amsterdam. I also wish to thank Jane Hogan and Michael Harkness of the Sudan Archive, Durham University. My intellectual debts are numerous but I would especially like to thank late Prof. Bodour Osman Abu Affan, Samia Ahmed, Maarten Brouwer, Ruta Denyangos, Esther Droppers, Anis Haggar, Samira Hasan, Rosien Herweijer, Jos Hoenen, Tamadur Khalid, Jennifer Kujang, Joy Kwaje, Dr. Priscilla Joseph Kuch, Esta Kuku, Corina van der Laan, Medelena Philip Ladu, Inaam Haroun Mahmoud, Jan Pronk, Joyce Neu, Agnes Nyoka, Sylva van Rosse, Rita Tesselaar, Bea ten Tusscher, Anita Veldkamp and Nicolien Wassenaar. They have all enriched this research. I extend profound thanks to my supervisor, Professor Georg Frerks, for his guidance and support, commitment to qualitative research, keen interest in the life histories collected in this dissertation and insightful review of everything I have put on paper. His ever-present encouragement, time and energy meant a lot to me and certainly helped move this research through completion. Family and friends are everything. I am glad that my mother and sister are around to witness the completion of my exploration. I am also thankful for the company of André van Peppen, and continue to enjoy his absentmindedness when preoccupied with his own ideas of marrying Kant and Darwin. He has enriched my life and studies. A big Canadian bear hug to travel companion Sophia Robineault, who provided the most invaluable help by reading through this research and giving generous editing suggestions. Two Sudanese friends, Rose Pauline and Sara Musa, stood by my side by sharing the latest developments and updating me on the whereabouts of contacts in Sudan. Thank you all. 5 Abbreviations and Acronyms AACC All Africa Conference of Churches ACCORD African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes ACHPR African Commission on Human and People’s Rights AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AU African Union AUW Ahfad University for Women AWA Advocacy for Women in Africa AWCPD African Women’s Committee on Peace and Development AWID Association for Women’s Rights in Development BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BBSAWS Babikr Badri Scientific Association for Women’s Studies CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CRS Catholic Relief Services CRU Conflict Research Unit CSCW Centre for the Study of Civil War DAC Development Assistance Committee DAWN Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era DDR Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration DOP Declaration of Principles DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DUP Democratic Unionist Party EC European Commission ECHO Humanitarian Aid department of the European Commission EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front FAS Femmes Africa Solidarité FOI Friends of IGAD GAD Gender and Development GDI Gender-related Development Index GDP Gross Domestic Product GEM Gender Empowerment Measure GNI Gross National Income GNP Gross National Product GONU Government of National Unity GOS Government of Sudan GOSS Government of Southern Sudan (and following independence Government of the Republic of South Sudan) HDI Human Development Index HDR Human Development Report 7 Abbreviations and Acronyms HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HRW Human Rights Watch HSBA Human Security Baseline Assessment HSRP Human Security Report Project IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee ICC International Criminal Court ICG International Crisis Group IDMC Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre IDP Internally displaced person IGAD Intergovernmental Authority for Development IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development INGO International Non-Governmental Organization IPF IGAD Partners Forum JAM Joint Assessment Mission JEM Justice and Equality Movement LRA Lord’s Resistance Army MDG Millennium Development Goal MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund MP Member of Parliament MSF Médecins Sans Frontières NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCP National Congress Party NDA National Democratic Alliance NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIF National Islamic Front NPA Norwegian People’s Aid NSCC New Sudan Council of Churches NSRCC National Salvation Revolutionary Command Council NSWF New Sudan Women’s Federation NUP National Unionist Party NUPI Norwegian Institute of International Affairs OAU Organization of African Union OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ODA Official Development Assistance OLS Operation Lifeline Sudan PAD Postmodernism and Development PCP Popular Congress Party PDF Popular Defence Forces PDP People’s Democratic Party PRA Participatory Rapid Appraisal PRIO Peace Research Institute Oslo PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper QDA Qualitative Data Analysis 8 Abbreviations and Acronyms RNE Royal Netherlands Embassy SAD Sudan Archive, Durham SAF Sudan Alliance Forces SANU Sudan African National Union SC Security Council SCC Sudan Council of Churches SCP Sudanese Communist Party SCR Security Council Resolution SLM Sudan Liberation Movement SNCTP Sudan National Committee on the eradication of harmful Traditional Practices SPLA Sudan People’s Liberation Army SPLM Sudan People’s Liberation Movement SPLM/A Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army SSDF Southern Sudan Defence Force SSIG South Sudan Independence Group SSIM Southern Sudan Independence Movement SSLM Southern Sudan Liberation Movement SSU Sudan Socialist Union SuWEP Sudanese Women Empowerment for Peace SSWAN Southern Sudanese Women’s Association in the Netherlands SWAN Sudanese Women Association in Nairobi SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats SWVP Sudanese Women’s Voice for Peace UDSF United Democratic Salvation Front UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund For Women UP Umma Party US(A) United States (of America) USAID United States Agency for International Development USAP Union of Sudan African Parties USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics VOND Vrouwenorganisatie Nederland - Darfur, Women’s Organization the Netherlands - Darfur WDI World Development Indicators WAD Women and Development WAG Women Action Group 9 Abbreviations and Acronyms WED Women, Environment and Development WID Women in Development WIIS Women In International Security WLUML Women Living Under Muslim Law WU Women’s Union WWR Wetenschappelijke Raad voor het Regeringsbeleid, Scientific Council for Government Policy 10 Note on Arabic Transliteration The Arabic script is written from right to left and includes 28 basic characters. All twenty- eight characters represent consonants. In addition, there are vowel signs and various
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