DOCSLIB.ORG

South Sudan Infrastructure Action Plan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
South Sudan Infrastructure Action Plan South Sudan: An Infrastructure Action Plan A Program for Sustained Strong Economic Growth Summary Report South Sudan: An Infrastructure Action Plan A Program for Sustained Strong Economic Growth Summary Report This report is the summary report of the Infrastructure Action Plan (IAP) for South Sudan. The full report is also available. The IAP report was prepared with the assistance of the African Development Bank Group (AfDB) at the request of the Government of the Republic of South Sudan. Foreword We are privileged to present the Infrastructure Action Plan (IAP) for South Sudan. Th is fl agship report is the outcome of an exemplary intensive and rich dialogue with the Government of the Republic of South Sudan (GRSS), Development Partners and other key Stakeholders, including the private sector. South Sudan became offi cially independent on 9 July 2011. It is the newest African country faced with not only unique challenges, but also opportunities. Th e economic base is currently narrow, with a heavy dependence on the oil sector. Th e country has undergone decades of war, underdevelopment and other calamities that contributed to the fragility of its institutional, economic and social structures. Th e country has one of the lowest social development indicators in Africa. At the same time, South Sudan is endowed with abundant natural resources, including a large amount of mineral resources, aquatic and forest resources as well as fertile rain-fed agricultural land that is potentially irrigable to allow all-year cropping. Th e most pressing challenge of South Sudan is the urgent need for State building in a context of persistent internal and external threats to peace and security. We share the view that the country will need to diversify its economy and promote inclusive growth, by improving the management of oil resources, building the requisite institutional capacity and continuously working towards creating the conditions for internal cohesion and regional stability. In this regard, rehabilitating and developing the dilapidated infrastructure off er great opportunities. In this context, the IAP should be seen as part of the broader Bank’s contribution to peace and state building eff orts in South Sudan and the region. Th is fl agship report is also part of a series of analytical work designed to strengthen the Bank’s knowledge base in order to eff ectively assist Regional Member Countries (RMCs), particularly those in fragile situations. Th e IAP represents a key instrument for planning and programming, resource mobilization, policy dialogue and aid coordination for infrastructure development. It is our hope that the IAP will go a long way in serving these overarching objectives, as it has already been used as a key guiding tool in the preparation of the South Sudan Development Initiative (SSDI), the successor to the South Sudan National Development Plan (SSDP). © 2013 African Development Bank (AfDB) Group Temporary Relocation Agency (TRA) Angle de l’Avenue du Ghana et des rues Pierre de Coubertin et Hédi Nouira B.P. 323-1002 Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia Zondo Sakala Tel: (216) 7110-2876 Vice President, Country and Regional Programs and Policy Fax: (216) 7183-5705 African Development Bank Group Email: [email protected] Website: www.afdb.org South Sudan: An Infrastructure Action Plan - A Program for Sustained Strong Economic Growth Th is document has been prepared by the staff of the African Development Bank (AfDB) Group. Th e views expressed therein do not necessarily refl ect those of the Board of Directors or the countries they represent. Designations employed in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the Bank concerning the legal status of any country, or the limitation of its frontier. While eff orts have been made to present reliable information, the AfDB accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequences of its use. Rights and Permissions All rights reserved. Th e text and data in this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted as long as the source is cited. Reproduction for commercial purposes is forbidden. 3 South Sudan: An Infrastructure Action Plan Preface Acknowledgments At the request of the Government of the Republic of South Sudan (GRSS), the African Development Bank Group (AfDB) Th e Infrastructure Action Plan (IAP) Flagship Report for South Sudan was prepared by a team of staff and consultants from has provided assistance in preparing this fl agship Infrastructure Action Plan (IAP) aimed at putting in place an eff ective the African Development Bank Group (AfDB) led by Solomane Kone, Lead Economist in the Regional Department East 2 instrument for all stakeholders in the collective eff ort to provide the necessary full-fl edged support to address the country’s (OREB). Th e AfDB staff in the dedicated core team was comprised of: Mr. Abdul Kamara, Resident Representative (SDFO), development challenges. Mr. Suwareh Darbo, Principal Economist (OREB), Mr. Andoh Mensah, Principal Country Program Offi cer (SDFO), Mr. Girma B. Bezabeh, Principal Transport Engineer (OITC.2), Mr. Boniface Aleobua, Principal Sanitation Engineer (OWAS.2), As early as in late 2010, the AfDB initiated work to assist the Government in preparing detailed needs assessments in Mr. Engedasew Negash, Division Manager (ONEC.2), Mr. Lawal Umar, Principal Livestock Expert (OSAN.1) and Mr. agriculture and infrastructure sub-sectors (energy, transport, water and sanitation, and ICT). Th e validation workshop of Enock Yonazi, Principal ICT Expert (ICT4D). Mr. Abdul Kamara and Mr. Andoh Mensah are particularly acknowledged the draft reports took place in Juba in September 2011. Th e Bank was further requested to build on the work done to fast- for the coordination work accomplished on the ground before the offi cial full establishment of the South Sudan Field track the preparation of an Infrastructure Action Plan (IAP) for South Sudan for the decade ahead. Th e fi rst draft of the Offi ce (SSFO). Upon taking up their respective duties in the newly-established SSFO, Mr. Jeremiah Mutonga (Resident IAP was completed in February 2012, and validated in July 2012 in Juba at a national stakeholders’ workshop attended by Representative), Mr. Dejene Demissie (Principal Country Program Offi cer), and Mr. Joseph Muvawala (Chief Country several participants from the GRSS, relevant sectors, civil society and other development partners. Economist) have been instrumental in critical steps towards fi nalising the IAP, including the stakeholder validation Th e new Republic of South Sudan (RSS) is classifi ed as a post-confl ict country. South Sudan is characterized by a very high workshop. Other members of the wider South Sudan Task Force also provided valuable comments and assistance in the degree of socio-economic fragility, with weak institutional and human capacities and one of the lowest social development process, namely Ms. Senait Assefa, Principal Resource Mobilization Offi cer (ORMU), Mr. James Wahome, Lead Economist indicators in Africa. Th e political, security, economic and social situations have remained fragile. Th e country has also a (OSFU), Ms. Faith Kamau, Legal Expert (GECL.1) and Ms. Nana-Efua Spio-Garbrah, Young Professional (ORVP), Mr. narrow economic base, with a heavy dependence on the oil sector. In this context, the dilapidated infrastructure, mainly Nyende Magidu (Senior Economist). Mr. Daniel Ugwoke, Team Assistant (OREB) provided excellent administrative as a result of decades of war, has been identifi ed as the most binding constraint for economic diversifi cation and inclusive support, including during the validation workshop of the infrastructure subsector needs assessments. private sector-led growth and productive employment. Infrastructure development can also help address the most pressing challenge of South Sudan, namely the urgent need for peace and state building, including accommodating the high Th e team was assisted by consultants, namely Mr. Russell Cheetham, Lead Consultant, main coordinator and author to expectations of the population for peace dividend through job creation and improved livelihood. several chapters of the IAP, Mr. Felix Ndukwe (Agriculture), Mr. Andrian Rakotobe (Transport), Mr. Bizuneh Fikru (Power), Mesfi n Abebe (Water and Sanitation), and Ms. Dorothy Okello (ICT). Mr. Timothy Wasswa edited the fi nal manuscript Peace and stability remain key prerequisites to addressing vigorously the infrastructure bottlenecks. Th e IAP, however, does and coordinated the fi nal production of the report. Th e consulting fi rm, MK Mazrui and Associates was assigned the task not dwell on the volatility of the political and security landscape in South Sudan. It takes the position that infrastructure of preparing provisional income statements for public entities that currently have responsibilities for infrastructure assets development in South Sudan will primarily require sustained and concerted eff orts in addressing medium to long term structural, human and institutional factors, including devising appropriate fi nancing arrangements. As long as these factors and or provision of infrastructure services in South Sudan, referred to as quasi State Owned Enterprises (SOEs). are not adequately dealt with, they will remain valid and persist over time. Th e IAP Report benefi tted from the general direction provided by Mr. Steve Kayizzi-Mugerwa, former Director of OREB. Th e IAP proposes a major program for the development of basic infrastructure in the decade ahead that, in conjunction Th e IAP Report and the South Sudan Task Force also benefi tted from the leadership and guidance provided by Mr. Aloysius with a range of other initiatives aimed at building human capacities and labor force skills and strengthening institutions, U. Ordu, former Vice-President Country and Regional Programs and Policy (ORVP) from the very beginning of the long would provide the basis for a transition to economic growth in the range of 9% a year in real terms in the non-oil economy. journey towards completing this IAP. Th e team also wishes to express its appreciation to Mr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sudan National Report
    REPUBLIC OF THE SUDSN MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION OF ISTANBOUL PLAN OF ACTION FOR LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (IPoA) 2011-2020 SUDAN NATIONAL REPORT Khartoum October 2019 Contents I. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 1 II. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4 III. The National Development Planning Process .................................................................................. 5 IV. Assessment of Progress and Challenges in the Implementation of the Istanbul Program of Action for the Decade 2011-2020 ............................................................................................................................ 7 a) Productive Capacity ......................................................................................................................... 7 b) Agriculture, Food Security and Rural Development ...................................................................... 16 c) Trade .............................................................................................................................................. 17 d) Commodities .................................................................................................................................. 19 e) Private Sector Development ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Medicalisation of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Sudan: Shifts in Types and Providers
    MEDICALISATION OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CUTTING IN SUDAN: SHIFTS IN TYPES AND PROVIDERS October 2018 MEDICALISATION OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION/CUTTING IN SUDAN: SHIFTS IN TYPES AND PROVIDERS NAFISA BEDRI HUDA SHERFI GHADA RODWAN SARA ELHADI WAFA ELAMIN GENDER AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND RIGHTS RESOURCE AND ADVOCACY CENTER AHFAD UNIVERSITY FOR WOMEN OCTOBER 2018 The Evidence to End FGM/C: Research to Help Girls and Women Thrive generates evidence to inform and influence investments, policies, and programmes for ending female genital mutilation/cutting in different contexts. Evidence to End FGM/C is led by the Population Council, Nairobi in partnership with the Africa Coordinating Centre for the Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (ACCAF), Kenya; the Gender and Reproductive Health and Rights Resource and Advocacy Center (GRACE), Sudan; the Global Research and Advocacy Group (GRAG), Senegal; Population Council, Nigeria; Population Council, Egypt; Population Council, Ethiopia; MannionDaniels, Ltd. (MD); Population Reference Bureau (PRB); University of California, San Diego (Dr. Gerry Mackie); and University of Washington, Seattle (Prof. Bettina Shell-Duncan). The Population Council confronts critical health and development issues—from stopping the spread of HIV to improving reproductive health and ensuring that young people lead full and productive lives. Through biomedical, social science, and public health research in 50 countries, we work with our partners to deliver solutions that lead to more effective policies, programmes,
    [Show full text]
  • Spotlight on Sudan
    REGIONAL PROGRAM POLITICAL DIALOGUE SOUTH MEDITERRANEAN FOREWORD At the crossroads between Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, Sudan is keeping pace with the political developments of the entire region. Yet, little studied, the country is not very visible to research institutions and think tanks due to difficult access to information. The recent developments that have brought Sudan to the forefront have also highlighted the extent to which this country of 42 million inhabitants has its destiny linked to the countries on the southern Mediterranean. Indeed, from the sending of Sudanese militiamen to Libya to the discussions on normalization with Israel through the numerous transactions with the Egyptian neighbor, Sudan is a country that impacts the southern Mediterranean in a deep and constant way. Furthermore, in addition to the internal ongoing conflicts, Sudan has found itself in the middle of the Nile river dispute between Ethiopia and its north African neighbor Egypt. Faced with this, and following a common reflection, the Regional Program Political Dialogue South Mediterranean of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung decided to open its geographical scope to Sudan and develop more knowledge about this country through various events and programs. SPOTLIGHT ON SUDAN In this sense, our regional program elaborated this study striving to highlight the recent developments in Sudan, its impact on the country’s neighbors and the geopolitical situation. Thomas Volk Director Regional Program Political Dialogue South Mediterranean
    [Show full text]
  • East and Horn of Africa
    East and Horn of Africa Major developments espite the fact that several of the countries in Dthe subregion were confronted by many socio- economic and political challenges, a number of im- portant political developments had a positive impact on the lives of the refugees. The continuing, albeit reluctant, compliance of Eritrea and Ethiopia with the decision of the Boundary Commission in The Hague allowed for the repatriation of thousands of returnees to Eritrea and their reintegration. The agreement on security and sharing of wealth between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) under the IGAD-led peace negotiations in Naivasha, Kenya, raised hopes of bringing the protracted Djibouti Sudanese war to an end. Eritrea However, in the course of the year, in western Ethiopia Sudan, serious fighting broke out between groups affiliated with the Government of Sudan and its Kenya opponents in the region of Darfur, creating massive internal and external population displacements. By Somalia the end of the year, some 110,000 Sudanese had Sudan crossed into neighbouring Chad and more than 700,000 persons were estimated to be internally dis- Uganda placed in western Sudan. The ongoing peace talks on southern Sudan were negatively affected by the humanitarian crisis in Darfur, which had not been resolved at the time of reporting. East and Horn of Africa In North-west Somalia (“Somaliland”), a peaceful In 2003, the deteriorating security situation along multi party presidential election was held on 14 April the eastern border of Sudan repeatedly caused the 2003, marking a milestone in the democratization suspension of registration for voluntary repatriation process.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Water Management in the Lake Chad Basin Addressing Current Challenges and Adapting to Future Needs
    Seminar Proceedings Adaptive Water Management in the Lake Chad Basin Addressing current challenges and adapting to future needs World Water Week, Stockholm, August 16-22, 2009 Adaptive Water Management in the Lake Chad Basin Addressing current challenges and adapting to future needs World Water Week, Stockholm, August 16-22, 2009 Contents Acknowledgements 4 Seminar Overview 5 The Project for Water Transfer from Oubangui to Lake Chad 9 The Application of Climate Adaptation Systems and Improvement of 19 Predictability Systems in the Lake Chad Basin The Aquifer Recharge and Storage Systems to Halt the High Level of Evapotranspiration 29 Appraisal and Up-Scaling of Water Conservation and Small-Scale Agriculture Technologies 45 Summary and Conclusions 59 4 Adaptive Water Management in the Lake Chad Basin Acknowledgements The authors wish to express their gratitude to the following persons for their support; namely: Claudia Casarotto for the technical revision and Edith Mahabir for editing. Thanks to their continuous support and prompt action, it was possible to meet the very narrow deadline to produce it. Seminar Overview 5 Seminar Overview Maher Salman, Technical Officer, NRL, FAO Alex Blériot Momha, Director of Information, LCBC The entire geographical basin of the Lake Chad covers 8 percent of the surface area of the African continent, shared between the countries of Algeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Libya, Niger, Nigeria and Sudan. In recent decades, the open water surface of Lake Chad has reduced from approximately 25 000 km2 in 1963, to less than 2 000 km2 in the 1990s heavily impacting the Basin’s economic activities and food security.
    [Show full text]
  • South Sudan Climate Vulnerability Profile: Sector- and Location-Specific Climate Risks and Resilience Recommendations
    PHOTO CREDIT: USAID|SOUTH SUDAN SOUTH SUDAN CLIMATE VULNERABILITY PROFILE: SECTOR- AND LOCATION-SPECIFIC CLIMATE RISKS AND RESILIENCE RECOMMENDATIONS MAY 2019 This document was prepared for USAID/South Sudan by The Cadmus Group LLC under USAID’s Global Environmental Management Support Program, Contract Number GS-10F-0105J. Authors: Colin Quinn, Ashley Fox, Kye Baroang, Dan Evans, Melq Gomes, and Josh Habib The Cadmus Group, LLC The contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 2 HISTORICAL AND FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE IN SOUTH SUDAN ...................................................................... 2 AGRICULTURE VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE ........................................................................................................ 3 CLIMATE CHANGE, MIGRATION AND CONFLICT ....................................................................................................... 5 THE VULNERABILITY OF THE SUDD WETLAND ............................................................................................................ 6 POTENTIAL AREAS OF INVESTMENT TO IMPROVE CLIMATE RESILIENCE ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Françafrique and the Prohibition of the Use of Force
    Article Françafrique and the Prohibition of the Use of Force Ricarda Roesch1 Abstract TWAIL challenges the western origin of international law as well as its instrumentalisation by the global North. The prohibition of the use of force is a norm that, nevertheless, corresponds to the interests of the Third World, as it can help to ensure their territorial integrity. However, Art. 2(4) tends to be disrespected by western powers. An example thereof is the long tradition of French interventionism in Africa. After the end of colonialism, France continued its policy of interference, best described by the notion of Françafrique. The most recent examples are the military interventions in Côte d'Ivoire and Mali. This paper assesses how French interventionism has undermined the prohibition of the use of force. It will be shown that a gap between the official justification used by the French and their real intentions exists. The French tradition of intervention in its former colonies undermines the prohibition of the use of force and decreases the credibility of the UN Charter and the UN system. The TWAIL critique with regard to the law on the use of force is therefore justified. I. Introduction International law and its making have a long, but mainly Eurocentric history. Since the beginning of European imperialism, Western nations have tried to export their understanding of the state, culture and law to the rest of the world, actively using the law as a tool for manifesting their hegemonic position. With the beginning of the anticolonial struggle in many countries in the global South, resistance also grew against international law and international institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing the Climate Change Insecurity Challenge in Nigeria and the Lake Chad Basin ZEBULON SUIFON TAKWA
    ISSUE BRIEF Issue no. 22/2020 PDA Fellowship co-hosted by UNDP Oslo Governance Centre and the Folke Bernadotte Academy, in partnership with the Joint UNDP-DPPA Programme Cohort 4: Climate-related security risks and sustaining peace Addressing the climate change insecurity challenge in Nigeria and the Lake Chad Basin ZEBULON SUIFON TAKWA Introduction jointly undertaken by the World Bank, UN, and EU in The multifaceted crisis involving violence and insecuri- partnership with the State and Federal Governments, ty and environmental conflicts in the Lake Chad Basin1 identified climate change as a main structural driver of has been attributed partly to the development deficit conflicts in Nigeria’s north-east region. Climate change 1 the region has endured over the years. In response, has led to desertification, drought, and the contraction a military approach has been used, albeit with limited of Lake Chad to less than 10 percent of its area in 1963. success, to quell the menace. The myriad initiatives in As a result of the prolonged droughts of early 1970s the wider Sahel region and the growing awareness and 1980s, Lake Chad’s waters declined to about that climate change is breeding insecurity or impact- 2,000km2, although some studies allude to the fact ing it negatively has gained momentum of late. Yet, the that the lake waters have risen to about 14,0000km2, crisis in the Sahel region, particularly in the Lake Chad including groundwater. Its status is somewhat stable, 2 Basin, requires deeper analysis to understand the root with multiple “islands” of sand-filled lakebed. The causes and drivers of the violent insurgencies such as shrunken Lake Chad (see map on page 6) is at the core Boko Haram and unpack the linkages between the in- of the multiple problems that define today’s regional surgency and conflicts between herders and farmers, crises engulfing that part of the greater Sahel region the regional dimensions and ways to address resultant of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Chad Basin
    Integrated and Sustainable Management of Shared Aquifer Systems and Basins of the Sahel Region RAF/7/011 LAKE CHAD BASIN 2017 INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SHARED AQUIFER SYSTEMS AND BASINS OF THE SAHEL REGION EDITORIAL NOTE This is not an official publication of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The content has not undergone an official review by the IAEA. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA or its Member States. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the IAEA as to the legal status of such countries or territories, or their authorities and institutions, or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SHARED AQUIFER SYSTEMS AND BASINS OF THE SAHEL REGION REPORT OF THE IAEA-SUPPORTED REGIONAL TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROJECT RAF/7/011 LAKE CHAD BASIN COUNTERPARTS: Mr Annadif Mahamat Ali ABDELKARIM (Chad) Mr Mahamat Salah HACHIM (Chad) Ms Beatrice KETCHEMEN TANDIA (Cameroon) Mr Wilson Yetoh FANTONG (Cameroon) Mr Sanoussi RABE (Niger) Mr Ismaghil BOBADJI (Niger) Mr Christopher Madubuko MADUABUCHI (Nigeria) Mr Albert Adedeji ADEGBOYEGA (Nigeria) Mr Eric FOTO (Central African Republic) Mr Backo SALE (Central African Republic) EXPERT: Mr Frédèric HUNEAU (France) Reproduced by the IAEA Vienna, Austria, 2017 INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SHARED AQUIFER SYSTEMS AND BASINS OF THE SAHEL REGION INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF SHARED AQUIFER SYSTEMS AND BASINS OF THE SAHEL REGION Table of Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan's Infrastructure: a Continental Perspective
    COUNTRY REPORT Sudan’s Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective Rupa Ranganathan and Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia JUNE 2011 © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved A publication of the World Bank. The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
    [Show full text]
  • South Sudan's Infrastructure: a Continental Perspective
    COUNTRY REPORT South Sudan’s Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective Rupa Ranganathan and Cecilia M. Briceño-Garmendia JUNE 2011 © 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved A publication of the World Bank. The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
    [Show full text]
  • South Sudan Relations
    (As on 24 September 2019) India – South Sudan Relations South Sudan was a part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, under joint British-Egyptian rule, from 1899-1955. After two civil wars (1962-72 and 1983-2005), a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) was signed between the Government of Sudan and Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) on 09 January 2005 in Nairobi which led to autonomy for the South and a South Sudanese referendum on independence in six years' time. Consequently, South Sudan gained independence from Sudan on 09 July 2011, following a peaceful referendum in which 98.5 percent South Sudanese voted for separation. South Sudan became the 193rd member of the United Nations and 54th member of the African Union. India did not take sides in the two civil wars; therefore, unlike some other countries, it carries no baggage from the past. There were sporadic informal contacts between SPLM and Indian Missions in Kampala, Nairobi, and Kinshasa in the 1980s and 1990s. When the war broke out in 1983, only a few intrepid members of the Indian community stayed on in Juba and in other major towns while most left for the North. India has a long-standing relationship with the people of South Sudan. In December 1975, the then President of India, Shri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed visited Sudan and addressed the Regional Peoples' Assembly in Juba. Almost the entire population of Juba had turned out to welcome him. An assessment by the Embassy in Khartoum stated: "On the whole, the visit to Juba made it evident that the Southern Sudanese have deeper respect for India." India increased its engagement with South Sudan after the second civil war ended in 2005.
    [Show full text]