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Bioinspired Surface for Low Drag, Self-Cleaning, and Antifouling: Shark Skin

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Bioinspired Surface for Low Drag, Self-Cleaning, and Antifouling: Shark Skin Bioinspired Surface for Low Drag, Self-Cleaning, and Antifouling: Shark Skin, Butterfly and Rice Leaf Effects Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gregory D. Bixler, P.E., M.S. Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Professor Bharat Bhushan, Adviser Professor Robert Siston Professor Ahmet Kahraman Professor Sandip Mazumder Gregory D. Bixler 2013 i ABSTRACT Researchers are continually inspired by living nature to solve complex challenges through the field of biomimetics. Nature thrives on effective designs while optimizing the use of precious resources, which is something that inspires engineers worldwide. Gaining a deeper understanding of nature can lead to bioinspired products that save time, money, and lives. Examples include “low drag” boat hulls inspired by shark skin as well as “self- cleaning” windows and “antifouling” medical devices inspired by the superhydrophobic and low adhesion lotus leaf. Common engineering challenges solved in nature but hindering many industries are fluid drag reduction and antifouling. Nature holds clues to these challenges, including the unique surface characteristics of rice leaves and butterfly wings that combine the shark skin (anisotropic flow leading to low drag) and lotus leaf (superhydrophobic and self-cleaning) effects, producing the so-called rice and butterfly wing effect. In this thesis, first presented is a chapter on biofouling and inorganic-fouling which is generally undesirable for many medical, marine, and industrial applications. A survey of promising flora and fauna are studied in order to discover new antifouling methods that could be mimicked for engineering applications. New antifouling methods will presumably incorporate a combination of physical and chemical controls. Mechanisms and experimental results are presented focusing on my new drag reducing ii shark skin inspired surfaces. This includes my new laser etched and microtextured film samples for closed channel drag using water, oil, and air as well as in wind tunnel. Finally mechanisms and experimental results are presented focusing on my newly discovered rice and butterfly wing effect surfaces. I collected and present morphology, drag, antifouling, contact angle, and contact angle hysteresis results to understand the role of sample geometrical dimensions, wettability, viscosity, and velocity. Hierarchical liquid repellent coatings combining nano- and micro-sized features and particles are utilized to recreate or combine various effects. I fabricated such samples with photolithography, soft lithography, hot embossing, and coating techniques. Discussion is provided along with new conceptual models describing the role of surface structures related to low drag and antifouling properties. Modeling provides design guidance when developing novel low drag and antifouling surfaces for medical, marine, and industrial applications. iii DEDICATION Dedicated to my lovely wife and two kiddos. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The accomplishments presented in this dissertation would not have been possible without the support of many people in my life. First I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Bharat Bhushan, who tirelessly provided guidance and feedback throughout the entire process. I will certainly remember all the times that we spent together discussing research and writing papers. I also would like to thank the many lab mates at the Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics, especially Dave Maharaj. Many members continually supported my research and offered helpful insight and guidance. I would also like thank my doctoral committee members Professor Robert Siston, Professor Ahmet Kahraman, and Professor Sandip Mazumder at The Ohio State University. Furthermore, I would like to express my sincere love and appreciation to my entire family who supported my efforts and encouraged me to finish strong. Special thanks to my wife Mary Hannah and two children Brody and Rachel who sacrificed much quality family time while I was working on research. Finally, I would like to thank The Ohio State University Mechanical Engineering Advising and First Year Engineering staff members who were supportive throughout the masters and doctoral programs. Their support and help truly made this all possible. v VITA February 1980…………………………………………….…Born – Ohio, USA 2003…………………………………………………………B.S. Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University, USA 2007…………………………………………………….…..M.S. Mechanical Engineering The Ohio State University, USA 2008 – present………………………………………..…….Graduate Research Associate The Ohio State University, USA vi PUBLICATIONS Research Publications 1. Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2012a), “Biofouling Lessons from Nature,” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 370, 2381-2417 2. Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2012b), “'Bioinspired rice leaf and butterfly wing surface structures combining shark skin and lotus effects,” Soft Matter 8, 11271- 11284 3. Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2013a), “Bioinspired micro/nanostructured surfaces for oil drag reduction in closed channel flow,” Soft Matter 9, 1620-1635 4. Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2013b), “Shark skin inspired low-drag microstructured surfaces in closed channel flow,” J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 393, 384- 396 5. Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2013c), “Fluid Drag Reduction with Shark-skin Riblet Inspired Microstructured Surfaces,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 4507-4528. 6. Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2013d), “Fluid Drag Reduction and Efficient Self- Cleaning with Rice Leaf and Butterfly Wing Bioinspired Surfaces,” Nanoscale 5, 7685-7710. vii 7. Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2013e), “Rice- and Butterfly-Wing Effect Inspired Self-Cleaning and Low Drag Micro/nanopatterned Surfaces in Water, Oil, and Air Flow,” Nanoscale, DOI:10.1039/C3NR04755E. 8. Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2013f), “Rice- and Butterfly-Wing Effect Inspired Low Drag and Antifouling Surfaces: A Review,” under review. 9. Bixler, G.D. and Bhushan, B. (2013g), “Fluid Conveying Apparatus With Low Drag, Anti-Fouling Flow Surface And Methods Of Making Same,” United States Patent Pending. 10. Bixler, G.D., Theiss, A., Bhushan, B., and Lee, S.C. (2013), “Anti-fouling Properties of Microstructured Surfaces Bio-inspired by Rice Leaves and Butterfly Wings,” under review. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Mechanical Engineering viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................ v VITA ............................................................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Fluid drag and antifouling overview ............................................................................................. 3 1.2. Bioinspired low drag and antifouling............................................................................................ 8 1.3. The rice and butterfly wing effect ............................................................................................... 10 1.4. Scope of the thesis ...................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 2: Biofouling: Lessons from Nature .................................................................................... 14 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 14 2.2. Fields susceptible to biofouling .................................................................................................. 17 2.2.1. Medical ................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1.1. Permanent implants ............................................................................................................. 23 2.2.1.2. Temporary implants ............................................................................................................ 24 2.2.2. Marine ..................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3. Industrial ................................................................................................................................. 29 ix 2.3. Biofouling and inorganic fouling formation ............................................................................... 31 2.3.1. Colonization ............................................................................................................................ 31 2.3.2.
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