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Rice and Butterfly Wing Effect Inspired Low Drag and Antifouling Surfaces

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Rice and Butterfly Wing Effect Inspired Low Drag and Antifouling Surfaces Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 40:1–37, 2015 Copyright Ó Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1040-8436 print / 1547-6561 online DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2014.917368 Rice and Butterfly Wing Effect Inspired Low Drag and Antifouling Surfaces: A Review Gregory D. Bixler and Bharat Bhushan* Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2), The Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA In this article, a comprehensive overview of the reported rice and butterfly wing effect discovered by the authors is presented with the hope to attract and inspire others in the field. Living nature has inspired researchers for centuries to solve complex engineering challenges with much attention given to unique structures, materials, and surfaces. Such challenges include drag reducing and antifouling surfaces to save energy, lives, and money. Many flora and fauna exhibit low drag and antifouling characteristics, such as shark skin and lotus leaves, due to their hierarchical microstructured morphologies. The authors have reported that rice leaves and butterfly wings combine the shark skin (anisotropic flow leading to low drag) and lotus leaf (superhydrophobic and self-cleaning) effects, producing the so-called rice and butterfly wing effect. Such surfaces have been fabricated with photolithography, soft lithography, hot embossing, and coating techniques. Fluid drag, anti-biofouling, anti- inorganic fouling, contact angle, and contact angle hysteresis results are presented to understand the role of sample morphology. Conceptual modeling provides design guidance when developing novel low drag and antifouling surfaces for medical, marine, and industrial applications. Keywords shark skin, rice leaf, lotus effect, butterfly wing, low drag, antifouling Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1. Examples in Living Nature............................................................................................................................. 4 1.2. Commercial Approaches................................................................................................................................ 5 1.3. Overview..................................................................................................................................................... 5 2. DRAG AND ANTIFOULING MECHANISMS..................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Drag Mechanisms ......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Fouling Formation ........................................................................................................................................ 6 2.2.1. Biofouling.......................................................................................................................................... 6 Downloaded by [Ohio State University Libraries] at 05:35 29 January 2015 2.2.2. Inorganic Fouling ................................................................................................................................ 7 2.3. Self-cleaning Mechanisms.............................................................................................................................. 7 3. INSPIRATION FROM LIVING NATURE .......................................................................................................... 8 3.1. Ambient Species........................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2. Aquatic Species............................................................................................................................................ 8 3.3. Rice and Butterfly Wing Effect ....................................................................................................................... 9 4. SAMPLE FABRICATION.................................................................................................................................10 4.1. Fabrication of Replicas .................................................................................................................................10 4.1.1. Urethane Soft Lithography and Coating Procedure ..................................................................................10 4.2. Rice Leaf Inspired Surfaces ...........................................................................................................................10 *E-mail: [email protected] Color versions of one or more figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/bsms. 1 2 G. D. BIXLER AND B. BHUSHAN 4.2.1. Silicon Master Patterns........................................................................................................................11 4.2.2. PDMS Soft Lithography procedure .......................................................................................................12 4.2.3. Hot Embossing Procedure....................................................................................................................12 5. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES....................................................................................................................12 5.1. Pressure Drop Measurements.........................................................................................................................12 5.1.1. Predicting Closed Channel Pressure Drop...............................................................................................13 5.2. Antifouling Experiments...............................................................................................................................14 5.2.1. Anti-biofouling ..................................................................................................................................14 5.2.2. Anti-inorganic Fouling........................................................................................................................14 5.3. Wettability..................................................................................................................................................15 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................15 6.1. Sample Characterization ...............................................................................................................................15 6.1.1. Actual, Replica, and Rice Leaf Inspired .................................................................................................15 6.2. Pressure Drop Measurements.........................................................................................................................16 6.2.1. Water Flow .......................................................................................................................................17 6.2.2. Oil Flow ...........................................................................................................................................18 6.2.3. Air Flow ...........................................................................................................................................19 6.2.4. Non Dimensional Pressure Drop Model .................................................................................................19 6.3. Antifouling Experiments...............................................................................................................................21 6.3.1. Anti-biofouling ..................................................................................................................................22 6.3.2. Anti-inorganic Fouling........................................................................................................................25 6.4. Wettability..................................................................................................................................................27 6.4.1. Actual, Replica, and Rice Leaf Inspired Samples.....................................................................................27 6.4.2. Wettability, Drag, and Antifouling ........................................................................................................29 6.5. Models for Low Drag and Antifouling.............................................................................................................29 6.5.1. Low Drag Models...............................................................................................................................29 6.6. Antifouling Models ......................................................................................................................................32 7. CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................................................................33 FUNDING.............................................................................................................................................................34 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................................34 1. INTRODUCTION height and width are non dimensional lengths of a rectangle. A Optimized designs to
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