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Home , Social Progress Index

Global Social Index How do we advance society?

Economic Social Progress Development

www.socialprogressindex.com The Social Progress Imperative defines social progress as:

“the capacity of a society to meet the basic human needs of its citizens, establish the building blocks that allow citizens and communities to enhance and sustain the quality of their lives, and create the conditions for all individuals to reach their full potential.”

www.socialprogressindex.com www.socialprogressindex.com The Social Progress Index design principles:

www.socialprogressindex.com Indicator selection decision tree

Included Indicators Eliminated Indicators

Does the indicator measure an economic, social or environmental concept?

An economic concept A social or environmental indicator indicator (including employment)

Does this indicator measure an input or an outcome?

A concept that we are interested in because it Important mainly because it signals some- is good or bad for its own sake thing else and is therefore an input indicator

The Social Progress Index What is the source of this indicator? uses the best available social outcome indicators Widely reputable and the methods Unknown, uses biased methods, that are current and it uses are sound or lacks rigorous data collection relevant to all countries How old are the data points?

Most data points are more than Reasonably current 5-10 years old

How many geographic regions does this indicator cover?

Fewer than 95% of the geographic 95-100% of geographic regions regions in the Index

SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX Social Progress Index indicator-level framework The Social Progress Index is Basic Human Needs Foundations of Wellbeing Opportunity Nutrition and Basic Medical Care Access to Basic Knowledge Personal Rights an aggregate index of social Undernourishment Adult literacy rate Political rights Depth of food deficit Primary school enrollment Freedom of expression and environmental indicators Maternal mortality rate Secondary school enrollment Freedom of assembly Child mortality rate Gender parity in secondary Private property rights that capture three dimensions enrollment Deaths from infectious diseases Personal Freedom and Choice Water and Sanitation Access to Information and Freedom over life choices of social progress. Communications Access to piped water Freedom of religion Mobile telephone subscriptions Rural access to improved water Early marriage Internet users source Satisfied demand for contraception Access to improved sanitation facilities Health and Wellness Tolerance and Inclusion Shelter Life expectancy at 60 It includes data from 128 Tolerance for immigrants Availability of afordable housing Premature deaths from non- Tolerance for homosexuals countries on 50 indicators Access to electricity communicable diseases Suicide rate Discrimination and violence Quality of electricity supply against minorities • An additional 61 countries Household air pollution attributable Environmental Quality Religious tolerance deaths Outdoor air pollution attributable Community safety net have partial results Personal Safety deaths Access to Advanced Education Homicide rate Wastewater treatment Years of tertiary schooling Level of violent crime Biodiversity and habitat Women’s average years in school Perceived criminality Greenhouse gas emissions Inequality in the attainment of Political terror education It includes 98% of the world Trafc deaths Globally ranked universities Percentage of tertiary students enrolled in globally ranked population universities Map of 2017 Results

Social Progress Tier Very High High Upper Middle Lower Middle Low Very Low Incomplete Data SOCIAL PROGRESS PROGRESS SOCIAL Very High Social Progress Rank Country Score Rank Country Score Rank Country Score Rank Country Score 34 78.61 68 67.10 99 54.17 1 90.57 35 78.09 69 66.93 100 53.09 2 90.53 36 78.04 101 52.78 Lower Middle Social Progress 3 90.27 37 77.32 102 Swaziland 52.64 Rank Country Score 3 90.27 38 75.90 103 51.74 70 66.43 5 90.10 104 51.69 Upper Middle Social Progress 71 66.31 6 89.84 105 51.54 Rank Country Score 71 66.31 7 89.82 106 Côte d’Ivoire 50.65 39 75.18 73 66.16 8 89.66 107 50.21 40 74.61 74 66.01 9 89.30 108 50.10 41 74.42 75 65.41 9 89.30 109 50.01 42 74.12 76 65.33 11 Ireland 88.91 110 49.75 43 73.97 76 65.33 12 88.73 111 49.59 44 73.53 78 65.25 13 88.50 112 49.34 45 73.41 79 65.10

2017 RESULTS 14 87.98 113 48.44 46 72.42 80 64.44 114 Congo, Republic of 48.24 High Social Progress 47 72.15 81 64.17 115 48.21 Rank Country Score 48 71.93 82 63.76 116 47.90 15 87.15 49 71.72 83 63.72 117 47.83 16 86.96 50 71.14 84 62.62 118 47.75 17 86.44 51 71.09 85 62.02

119 47.40 RESULTS 2017 18 86.43 52 70.97 86 62.00 47.10 70.80 120 19 85.92 53 87 61.98 45.29 70.01 121 20 85.44 54 88 61.93 55 69.97 21 84.32 89 61.76 Very Low Social Progress 69.85 22 84.22 56 90 61.44 Rank Country Score 69.45 23 82.96 57 91 60.08 122 Yemen 43.46 Macedonia 69.35 24 82.62 58 92 58.87 123 43.40 59 69.01 25 82.54 93 58.39 124 42.97 60 68.73 26 Korea, Republic of 82.08 94 58.31 125 40.73 61 68.68 27 81.15 126 35.69 81.03 62 68.51 Low Social Progress 28 127 35.66 63 68.42 Rank Country Score 29 80.61 128 Central African Repubic 28.38 30 80.22 64 68.35 95 56.17 31 80.09 65 67.80 96 55.69 32 79.65 66 67.25 97 54.84 67.17 54.54 SOCIAL PROGRESS 33 78.92 67 98 World performance on the Social Progress Index and component scores

World Social Progress Index Score 64.85

Nutrition and Basic Medical Care Water and Sanitation Shelter Personal Safety Access to Basic Knowledge Access to Information and Communications Health and Wellness Environmental Quality Personal Rights Personal Freedom and Choice Access to Advanced Education Tolerance andTolerance Inclusion

Basic Human Needs Foundations of Wellbeing Opportunity World component scores over time

89.62 (0.94)

71.26 (1.11)

69.72 (3.37) Basic Human Needs 64.61 (0.44)

87.63 (0.75)

64.75 (1.75)

62.51 (3.77)

60.67 (1.68) Foundations of Wellbeing

63.11 (1.93)

51.25 (-0.69)

50.04 (4.02) Opportunity

43.00 (0.85)

2014 2017 2017 Social Progress Index (Delta) Social Progress Index vs GDP per capita

100 VERY HIGH Across the

Denmark Norway New Zealand Netherlands Canada Germany Switzerland spectrum, we Portugal United Kingdom Austria Ireland Japan Czech Republic United States Chile France HIGH

Cyprus Italy Uruguay see how some 80 Costa Rica Israel Croatia Brazil Argentina Social Progress Index Tiers Index Progress Social MIDDLE Peru UPPER countries are Jamaica Kuwait Mexico Georgia Malaysia Montenegro Turkey Saudi Arabia Bolivia Russia much better at Azerbaijan MIDDLE LOWER LOWER

Iran 60 Ghana Mongolia turning their India

Laos

LOW economic

Nigeria Congo, Republic of Cameroon growth into Yemen 2017 Social Progress Index Scores Niger 40 Angola social progress

Afghanistan VERY LOW than others

20 0K 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K 30K 35K 40K 45K 50K 55K 60K 65K 70K

GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2011 international $) Social Progress Index vs GDP per capita

100 VERY HIGH Across the

Denmark Norway New Zealand Netherlands Canada Germany Switzerland spectrum, we Portugal United Kingdom Austria Ireland Japan Czech Republic United States Chile France HIGH

Cyprus Italy Uruguay see how some 80 Costa Rica Israel Croatia Brazil Argentina Social Progress Index Tiers Index Progress Social MIDDLE Peru UPPER countries are Jamaica Kuwait Mexico Georgia Malaysia Montenegro Turkey Saudi Arabia Bolivia Russia much better at Azerbaijan MIDDLE LOWER LOWER

Iran 60 Ghana Mongolia turning their India

Laos

LOW economic

Nigeria Congo, Republic of Cameroon growth into Yemen 2017 Social Progress Index Scores Niger 40 Angola social progress

Afghanistan VERY LOW than others Central African Republic

20 0K 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K 30K 35K 40K 45K 50K 55K 60K 65K 70K

GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2011 international $) Social Progress Index vs GDP per capita

100 VERY HIGH Across the

Denmark Norway New Zealand Netherlands Canada Germany Switzerland spectrum, we Portugal United Kingdom Austria Ireland Japan Czech Republic United States Chile France HIGH

Cyprus Italy Uruguay see how some 80 Costa Rica Israel Croatia Brazil Argentina Social Progress Index Tiers Index Progress Social MIDDLE Peru UPPER countries are Jamaica Kuwait Mexico Georgia Malaysia Montenegro Turkey Saudi Arabia Bolivia Russia much better at Azerbaijan MIDDLE LOWER LOWER

Iran 60 Ghana Mongolia turning their India

Laos

LOW economic

Nigeria Congo, Republic of Cameroon growth into Yemen 2017 Social Progress Index Scores Niger 40 Angola social progress

Afghanistan VERY LOW than others Central African Republic

20 0K 5K 10K 15K 20K 25K 30K 35K 40K 45K 50K 55K 60K 65K 70K

GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2011 international $) STRENGTH/ SCORE RANK WEAKNESS 2017 Social Progress Index 86.43 18/128 UNITED STATES GDP PPP per capita $52,704 5/128

SCORE/ STRENGTH/ SCORE/ STRENGTH/ SCORE/ STRENGTH/ VALUE RANK WEAKNESS VALUE RANK WEAKNESS VALUE RANK WEAKNESS Basic Human Needs 93.42 17 Foundations of Wellbeing 84.19 29 Opportunity 81.68 13

Nutrition and Basic Medical Care 98.96 36 Access to Basic Knowledge 97.95 30 Personal Rights 88.98 19 Undernourishment (% of pop.; 5 signifies ≤ 5) 5.00 1 Adult literacy rate (% of pop. aged 15+) Political rights (0=no rights; 40=full rights) 36.00 32 Depth of food deficit Primary school enrollment (% of children) 98.04 53 Freedom of expression (calories/undernourished person; 8 signifies ≤ 8) 8.00 1 (0=no freedom; 16=full freedom) 16.00 1 Secondary school enrollment (% of children) 97.56 50 Maternal mortality rate (deaths/100,000 live 13.75 39 Freedom of assembly 0.86 14 births) Gender parity in secondary enrollment (0=no freedom; 1=full freedom) (distance from parity) 0.02 32 Child mortality rate (deaths/1,000 live births) 6.50 35 Private property rights (0=none; 100=full) 80.00 17 Deaths from infectious diseases (deaths/100,000) 23.33 34 Access to Information 84.63 27 Personal Freedom and Choice 79.88 19 and Communications Freedom over life choices (% satisfied) 75.48 65 Water and Sanitation 98.77 27 Mobile telephone subscriptions 100.00 1 (subscriptions/100 people) Freedom of religion (1=low; 4=high) 3.00 54 Access to piped water (% of pop.) 98.64 30 Internet users (% of pop.) 74.45 27 Early marriage (% of women aged 15-19) 3.00 32 Rural access to improved water source 98.16 44 (% of pop.) Press Freedom Index 22.49 32 Satisfied demand for contraception (0=most free; 100=least free) (% of women) 85.10 13 Access to improved sanitation facilities (% of pop.) 99.99 10 Corruption (0=high; 100=low) 74.00 15 Health and Wellness 75.88 34 Shelter 89.18 10 Life expectancy at 60 (years) 23.61 27 Tolerance and Inclusion 68.30 23 Availability of afordable housing (% satisfied) 56.68 30 Premature deaths from non-communicable Tolerance for immigrants (0=low; 100=high) 78.78 16 299.40 42 diseases (deaths/100,000) Access to electricity (% of pop.) 100.00 1 Tolerance for homosexuals (0=low; 100=high) 71.34 19 Suicide rate (deaths/100,000) 12.41 82 Discrimination and violence against Quality of electricity supply (1=low; 7=high) 6.47 13 5.10 39 minorities (0=low; 10=high) Household air pollution attributable deaths 0.00 1 Environmental Quality 78.31 33 (deaths/100,000) Religious tolerance (1=low; 4=high) 2.00 92 Outdoor air pollution attributable deaths 18.48 13 (deaths/100,000) Community safety net (0=low; 100=high) 89.58 31 Personal Safety 86.76 21 Wastewater treatment (% of wastewater) 50.44 36 Homicide rate (deaths/100,000) 3.90 70 Access to Advanced Education 89.55 1 Biodiversity and habitat 79.35 73 Level of violent crime (1=low; 5=high) 1.00 1 (0=no protection; 100=high protection) Years of tertiary schooling 1.86 3 Greenhouse gas emissions Perceived criminality (1=low; 5=high) 2.00 1 (CO2 equivalents per GDP) 392.70 60 Women’s average years in school 15.06 7 Political terror (1=low; 5=high) 2.00 34 Inequality in the attainment of education (0=low; 1=high) 0.05 28 Trafc deaths (deaths/100,000) 10.60 40 Number of globally ranked universities (0=none; 10=most highly ranked) 10.00 1 Percent of tertiary students enrolled in globally ranked universities 4.00 15 Strengths and weaknesses Overperforming by 1 or more pts. (0=none; 6=highest enrollment) Oveperforming and underperforming are relative to 15 countries of similar GDP per capita: Overperforming by less than 1 pt. Performing within the expected range Ireland, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Underperforming by less than 1 pt. Australia, Canada, Belgium, Iceland, Norway, Finland, United Kingdom Underperforming by 1 or more pts. No data available Ongoing Research Ever-growing Data Wish List

• Quality of water • Quality of housing • Homelessness • Access to electricity • Education data • Mobile issues, affordability of internet or phone access • Press freedom • Property rights • Discrimination based on gender • …. And many more

www.socialprogressindex.com THE SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX METHODOLOGY 2017

APPENDIX D. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

We use sensitivity analysis to test the strength and Assessing the Multidimensionality of the Index rigor of the Social Progress Index and its components. Sensitivity analysis assesses the stability of country The Social Progress Index is composed of three scores and rankings with respect to changes in the dimensions and twelve components. Applying PCA framework. First, we test the aggregation of the Index across the twelve components of the Index, we find into a composite, multidimensional score and use the that they fall into three underlying dimensions, two of same analysis at the dimension level. We also test the which carry an eigenvalue higher than 1 and the third importance of each component in contributing to the with an eigenvalue of 0.59. An eigenvalue of 1 denotes overall Social Progress Index score, as well as analyze a significant sub-dimension. The exercise confirms the the efect of using principal component analysis for multidimensionality of the overall Index, and shows weighting as opposed to equal weighting of indicators. the components are interrelated, contributing to a common factor. Furthermore, we find that all twelve Overall, we find that the framework of the Social components contribute to the principal factor with the Progress Index is robust in its multi-dimensionality. same orientation and balanced weights. The twelve components of the Index contribute to a common factor, both within dimensions and in The same analysis can be applied to the three aggregate across the Index framework. Furthermore, dimensions. Within each dimension, PCA results most of the twelve components contribute in a show that there is only one significant underlying balanced manner, such that the absence of one factor. The contributions of each component are component does not drastically afect the resulting relatively balanced. In Basic Human Needs, we find scores and ranks of most countries. Finally, we find that Personal Safety contributes somewhat less. that the use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) strengthens the reduction of multiple variables into one aggregate component score. Unidimensionality Figure M.12 / Scree Plot and Factor Loadings by Dimension PCA scree plot by component

44 4 4 4 44 4 4 4 44

33 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 33

22 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 22 Eigenvalue Eigenvalue Eigenvalue

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11

00 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 00 11 1 22 1 2 33 2 3 4 3 4 4 1 11 2 1 22 3 2 33 4 3 4 4 1 1 2 1 2 3 22 3 4 3 4 4 Overall OverallSPI Basic OverallSPI HumanSPI Needs Foundations of Wellbeing Opportunity

8 8 8 32 Social Progress Index 2017 | METHODOLOGICAL REPORT www.socialprogressindex.com

6 6 6

4 4 4

2 2 2

0 0 0 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6 5 6 7 6 7 8 7 8 9 8 9 10 9 10 1110 11 1211 12 12 Component contribution Effect of PCA vs. Equal Weighting Alignment with SDGs Thank you!

Tamar Epner [email protected] www.socialprogressindex.com