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Lake Van Norden/Meadow Work Book

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Lake Van Norden/Meadow Work Book LAKE VAN NORDEN/MEADOW WORK BOOK A CONTEXTUAL OVERVIEW OF HUMAN LAND USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS report prepared by Susan Lindström, Ph.D. (RPA), Consulting Archaeologist Truckee, California report prepared for BALANCE HYDROLOGICS, INC. Truckee, California on behalf of TRUCKEE DONNER LAND TRUST Truckee, California January 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS page PROJECT BACKGROUND 1 DATA SOURCES AND CONTACTS 1 Published and Unpublished Sources 2 Archaeological Records Review 2 Research Contacts 3 Archives 4 Native American Consultation 5 SETTING 6 Physical Environment 6 Prehistory 7 Ethnography 8 Washoe 8 Nisenan (Southern Maidu) 9 History 9 Transportation 10 Lumbering 15 Ice 16 Grazing 17 Communications 18 Lake Van Norden and Meadow 19 ALTERNATIVES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 23 Potential Impacts with Dam Lowering 23 Notching of Lake Van Norden Dam 24 Lake Van Norden/Meadow Work Book January 2014 i Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist Lowering the Water Surface of Lake Van Norden 24 Incision, Erosion and Deposition 24 Construction of Secondary Weir 25 Recommended Follow-Up Archaeological Work 25 REFERENCES 27 CORRESPONDENCE Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California April Moore, Nisenan (Southern Maidu) Consultant MAPS 1. Project location map (USGS Quad) 2. Project location map (aerial photo) 3. General Land Office Survey Plat T17N/R14E 1865-1866 (numbered field notes keyed to Map 3) 4. General Land Office Survey Plat T17N/R15E 1865-1866 (numbered field notes keyed to Map 4) 5. Von Leicht & Hoffman Map (1874) 6. USGS Truckee Sheet (1889) 7. USGSs Truckee Quad (1889, 1897 edition) 8. USGS Truckee Quad (1940, 1951 reprint) 9. Map of Nevada County (1880) 10. Map of Placer County (1887) 11. Map of Nevada County (1913) 12. Tahoe National Forest (1915) 13. Tahoe National Forest (1921) 14. Tahoe National Forest (1926) 15. Tahoe National Forest (1930) 16. Tahoe National Forest (1962) Lake Van Norden/Meadow Work Book January 2014 ii Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist 17. Tahoe National Forest (1983) 18. USGS Donner Pass 15' Quad (1955) 19. USGS Norden and Soda Springs 7.5' Quads (1955) 20. USGS Norden and Soda Springs 7.5' Quads (1955, photo revised 1979) 21. USGS Norden and Soda Springs 7.5' Quads (1986) 22. Map of the Emigrant Trail (Graydon 1986) 23. Map of the Emigrant Trail (State of California 1991) 24. Map of the Emigrant Trail (Wiggins 2001) 25. Plan and Profile of State Highway (1927) 26. Metsker's Map of Nevada County (ca. 1938) 27. Southern Pacific's Norden Ski Hut (1940) 28. Your 1966 Guide to PG&E Recreational Facilities PHOTOGRAPHS (all images are courtesy of Donner Summit Historical Society- Norm Sayler Collection, unless otherwise noted) 1. Summit Valley ca. late 1860s-1870s; Summit Valley (background); "Wine Rock" (foreground); view east 2. Summit Valley; Lake Van Norden (background); "Wine Rock" (foreground); view east 3. Summit Valley ca. late 1860s-1870s; Summit Valley (background); view west 4. Summit Valley ca. late 1860s-1870s; Summit Station/Soda Springs Station and dam (midground); Castle Peak (background); view northeast 5. Summit Valley ca. 1870; Dutch Flat & Donner Lake Wagon Road (midground); Castle Peak (back); view north 6. Freight wagon on Dutch Flat & Donner Lake Wagon Road (likely at the Castle Creek crossing); view north 7. Freight wagons on Dutch Flat & Donner Lake Wagon Road (likely at the Castle Creek crossing); view north Lake Van Norden/Meadow Work Book January 2014 iii Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist 8. Sheep grazing in Summit Valley ca. 1942 9. Sheep camp in Summit Valley 10. Sheep grazing in Summit Valley ca. 1930 11. Sheep grazing in Summit Valley; undated postcard; view southeast 12. Lake Van Norden; undated postcard; railroad snowsheds (foreground); view southwest 13. Norden; undated postcard; view southeast 14. Van Norden Dam 1931; view north (photo courtesy Searles Historical Library) 15. Van Norden Dam 1931; view east (photo courtesy Searles Historical Library) 16. Lake Van Norden ca. 1942; railroad (foreground); Crow's Nest Peak (background); view southeast 17. Lake Van Norden ca. 1919-1920; view southeast; (photo possibly taken by T. C. Wohlbruck) 18. Lake Van Norden; undated postcard; railroad snowsheds (foreground); view southwest 19. Lake Van Norden January 1960; view east 20. Lake Van Norden; undated postcard; view northwest 21. "Lake Van Norden near Soda Springs, ca. 1946 Lake is Gone"; view southeast 22. Lake Van Norden; postcard ca. 1954; view southeast 23. Lake Van Norden; postcard ca. 1914; view southeast 24. Lake Van Norden meadow ca. 1963; view southeast 25. Lake Van Norden; view southeast 26. Lake Van Norden; view southwest 27. Lake Van Norden 28. Lake Van Norden; view southwest 29. "Cat Fishing at Lake Van Norden"; undated postcard 30. Fishing at Lake Van Norden Lake Van Norden/Meadow Work Book January 2014 iv Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist 31. Fishing at Lake Van Norden; view southeast 32. Old U.S. 40 (westbound) ca. late 1930s-1940s; Lake Van Norden/Meadow covered with snow (left mid ground); Beacon Hill Ski Run (background) 33. Lake Van Norden, ice-covered; undated post card; Beacon Hill Ski Run (back right) 34. Lake Van Norden; undated post card; railroad (foreground); Beacon Hill Ski Run (back right) 35. Norden Ski Lodge; undated postcard (ca. 1930s) 36. "Winter Sports at the Sugar Bowl"; undated postcard 37. Lake Van Norden; view southeast Lake Van Norden/Meadow Work Book January 2014 v Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist PROJECT BACKGROUND The Truckee Donner Land Trust (TDLT) has acquired the Royal Gorge Property near Soda Springs, California, including portions of Van Norden Meadow and Lake Van Norden. The study area falls within Township 17 North, Range 14 East, sections 23, 24, 25, and 26 and in Township 17 North, Range 15 East Section 20, MDM (maps 1 and 2). Lake Van Norden is currently under jurisdiction of the State of California Division of Safety of Dams (DSOD) and the TDLT would now like to lower the reservoir storage capacity below threshold sizes for DSOD jurisdiction in anticipation of transferring the land to the U.S. Forest Service (USFS). In order to be non-jurisdictional, a dam can be less than 6-feet high or store less than 50 acre-feet of water. At its current spillway elevation (6754.6 ft, NGVD), Van Norden Dam is over 10 feet high, with a surface area of 87.0 acres and reservoir storage of approximately 208 acre-feet. Based on surveyed bathymetry and calculated stage-storage-area relationships, the spillway will need to be lowered by 2.3 feet to reduce reservoir storage to below 50 acre-feet. The spillway would be notched to elevation 6752.0 feet, and would result in smaller impoundment with an area of approximately 31 acres and storage capacity of 47.8 acre- feet (Correspondence Shaw and Lang to Svahn 2013). To accomplish this goal, project alternatives include modifying the existing dam under one of the following actions: (1) 2.3-foot spillway notch; (2) a greater than four-foot spillway notch (exact depth to be determined); (3) complete breach; and (4) secondary dam and compartmentalized reservoir. Balance Hydrologics, Inc., Dudek and Susan Lindstrom, Consulting Archaeologist are evaluating the hydrology, biological resources and history of Summit Valley (today's Lake Van Norden/Meadow) in an effort to better evaluate potential impacts associated with lowering the dam. As part of this evaluation, a contextual history of human land use and past environmental conditions has been prepared, which can be used as an independent and corroborative tool to link historic conditions and contemporary environmental restoration and protection efforts. With this in mind, readily available archaeological, ethnographic and historic background data were assembled in order to assist project planners in evaluating potential opportunities and constraints attendant to any alteration of existing hydrological conditions in Summit Valley. Data are compiled into a “work book” format, in anticipation that additional archival and field research will follow. Findings presented in this work book are preliminary and a more extensive contextual history of pre-modern conditions in Summit Valley is needed in order to better document human disturbances and set a baseline of reference conditions from which to better assess the contemporary environment. Initial research has confirmed that Summit Valley in its entirety is sensitive to contain heritage resources, with meadow margins being the most likely places to encounter prehistoric and historic archaeological remains. Accordingly, a formal inventory of known heritage resources should be accomplished at an early point in the planning process and field archaeological surveys should be conducted prior to any project ground disturbance activities. DATA SOURCES AND CONTACTS Research for the Lake Van Norden/Meadow project was conducted by Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Lindström meets the Secretary of Interior's Professional Qualifications Standards. She has 40 years of professional experience in regional prehistory and history, holds a doctoral degree in Lake Van Norden/Meadow Work Book January 2014 1 Susan Lindström, Ph.D. Consulting Archaeologist anthropology/archaeology and has maintained certification by the Register of Professional Archaeologists (formerly Society of Professional Archaeologists) since 1982. Note that he contextual discussion presented in this report draws from the existing literature, supplemented by personal notes and experience. The overview is far from exhaustive and data are uneven. Mostly assembled at an earlier time and for a different purpose, information has been adapted to fit into the Lake Van Norden/Meadow assessment framework. PUBLISHED AND UNPUBLISHED SOURCES Research involved a literature survey of pertinent historic and prehistoric themes and a selective review of prior regional archaeological investigations. A number of sources were consulted to include the Donner Summit Historical Society and the Truckee Donner Historical Society, as well as historic documents, photographs and maps on file in the consultant’s personal library.
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