Technical Reports from the Dhiban Excavation and Development Project (2004 - 2009)

Archaeological Research Facility UC Berkeley

Title: Digging Deeper: Technical Reports from the Dhiban Excavation and Development Project (2004 - 2009)

Author: Fatkin, Danielle Steen, Knox College Adelsberger, Katherine, Knox College Farahani, Alan, University of California, Berkeley Fischer, Alysia, Miami University Kansa, Sarah Whitcher, Alexandria Archive Institute Lev-Tov, Justin, Statistical Research, Inc. Morgan, Colleen, University of California, Berkeley Porter, Benjamin, University of California, Berkeley Routledge, Bruce, University of Liverpool Wilson, Andrew, University of Liverpool

Publication Date: 01-01-2011

Series: Archaeological Research Facility Field Reports

Publication Info: Archaeological Research Facility Field Reports, Archaeological Research Facility, UC Berkeley

Permalink: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/44m7f3mz

Original Citation: Fatkin, Danielle Steen, Katherine Adelsberger, Alan Farahani, Alysia Fischer, Sarah Whitcher Kansa, Justin Lev-Tov, Colleen Morgan, Benjamin W. Porter, Bruce E. Routledge, and Andrew T. Wilson. 2011. “Digging deeper: Technical reports from the Dhiban Excavation and Development Project (2004-2009).”Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 55: 249-266.

Keywords: Dhiban, Jordan, archaeology, glass, zooarchaeology, Geographic Information Systems, paleoethnobotany, Middle East, Near Eastern archaeology, hydrology

Copyright Information: All rights reserved unless otherwise indicated. Contact the author or original publisher for any necessary permissions. eScholarship is not the copyright owner for deposited works. Learn more at http://www.escholarship.org/help_copyright.html#reuse

eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. DIGGING DEEPER: TECHNICAL REPORTS FROM THE DhÈbån EXCAVATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (2004-2009) 1

Danielle Steen Fatkin, Katherine Adelsberger, Alan Farahani, Alysia Fischer, Sarah Whitcher Kan- sa, Justin Lev-Tov, Colleen Morgan, Benjamin W. Porter, Bruce E. Routledge and Andrew T. Wilson

Introduction and occupational history of the site. The article The Dhiban Excavation and Development also includes preliminary information on the Project (hereafter DEDP) integrates archaeolog- glass, faunal and palaeoethnobotanical remains ical practice with sustainable site development. at the site. The article concludes with a discus- The project’s focus is the site of Tall Dhπbån sion of how the DEDP envisions integrating (Fig. 1) where the DEDP has excavated for four archaeological excavation with the community seasons (2004, 2005, 2009 and 2010). Overall, and twenty-first century digital media. Informa- the project has focused on recovering data that tion in this article complements and expands assists in the reconstruction of local societies upon the information available in earlier ADAJ from the site’s earliest habitation (Early Bronze articles about the DEDP’s research (Porter et al. 1b, circa 3100 BCE) to the modern day. To fur- 2005; Porter et al. in press). ther this understanding, research objectives during these seasons have included: Palaeolandscape Assessment: Landscape and 1. Creating a digital topographic site map for use Hydrology in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Dhπbån is located on the Dhπbån Plateau, software. which forms the southern edge of the Wadi al- 2. Re-excavating and improving excavation ar- Wålå watershed (Fig. 1). The site is flanked by eas from former projects (especially “Area the Wådπ Sakrån to the west and Wådπ Dhπbån L” on the uppermost part of the site). to the north. These local incised valleys effec- 3. Linking human activities to local environmen- tively isolate the tall as a topographic feature tal data at various periods of occupation. distinct from the adjacent town and agricultural 4. Co-ordinating excavation with the Department land. On a regional scale, the Dhπbån Plateau is of Antiquities’ conservation and preservation formed by the deeper wadi systems of the Wådπ efforts, and preparing the site for public pre- al-Wålå to the north and the Wådπ al-Møjib to sentation. the south. While both of these larger systems The following reports represent a significant contain water year-round, the pluvial inputs of step forward in our understanding of human ac- these systems are not identical. Local topogra- tivities at Dhπbån, particularly regarding the na- phy indicates that the Wådπ al-Møjib would not ture of the Middle Islamic settlement and human receive hydrologic inputs from rainfall in the activities during the site’s recent history (Byzan- Dhπbån region, which would instead flow into tine to present day). This article presents infor- the Wådπ al-Wålå system and west to the Dead mation about Dhπbån’s local environment, then Sea. discusses the creation of the digital site map that Incision within these wadi systems was a has aided researchers’ understanding of the size function of hydrologic inputs and regional tec-

1. This article is the first of two bringing ADAJ readers up in the next issue of ADAJ, contains specific informa- to date on the DEDP’s research at Dhπbån. It contains tion regarding on-site survey, excavation, architectural reports on mapping, the environment, numismatic phasing and preliminary ceramic vessel reports from data, glass finds, plant and animal remains, and digital the 2009 and 2010 seasons. documentation. The second article, which will appear

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1. Map showing the location of Dhπbån in west-central Jor- dan and related topographic features. Note Dhπbån’s central location between Wådπ al-Wålå to the north and Wådπ al-Møjib to the south. tonics. More localized wadi systems are rela- downcutting and nominal sediment accumula- tively shallow, whereas larger systems down- tion in the wadi channels immediately adjacent stream from local drainages form significantly to Dhπbån. deeper valleys. The geomorphic expression of Despite the presence of several large regional these wadi systems reflects stream order as well faults and folds (al-Hunjul 1993a, 1993b), the as headward adjustments to base level changes limestone bedrock in the immediate area of Tall during the Quaternary (e.g., de Jaeger and de Dhπbån exhibits minimal localized folding. Bed- Dapper 2002). However, the fact that archaeo- rock instead maintains a flat to slightly dipping logical construction at Dhπbån occurs at the base (primarily to the south-east, though significant of the site, almost within the local wadi systems, local variation exists) orientation. Local topog- also indicates that minimal downcutting has oc- raphy has been defined by the erosional action curred during historic periods. Wadi incision in of the wadi networks examined above, creating these upstream areas was likely more frequent isolated high points despite a lack of evident lo- during periods of higher rainfall and wetter cli- calized uplift. Wadi formation and morphology matic conditions, which occurred during the has been determined in part by bedrock (de Jae- Pleistocene (Cordova 2007). The last several ger and de Dapper 2002), particularly in regions thousand years seem to have resulted in minimal north of Tall Dhπbån where wadi systems are

-250- D. S. Fatkin et al.: Technical Reports from the Dhπbån Excavation and Development Project significantly incised. Despite their depth, these walls contain rounded clasts, which indicate flu- wadis remain passable on foot. vial deposition and transport as opposed to a col- The expression of the landscape around luvial origin. Walls were therefore constructed Dhπbån has likely been maintained without sig- in trenches dug into extant wadi deposits. The nificant changes since at least Roman times, and presence of architectural features within local potentially throughout the period of habitation wadi bottoms may indicate a need to stabilize lo- of the site. The lack of recent incision within cal hillsides against further degradation. Repeat- wadi drainages, paired with limited soil devel- ed episodes of colluvial deposition, followed by opment and minimal sedimentary inputs, leaves landscape stability, may indicate that colluvial a landscape affected primarily by degradational action has responded to environmental triggers, processes. The Dhπbån Plateau as a whole has possibly in the form of human activities further been exposed to significant fluvial and aeolian upslope or changes in local climatic conditions. activity during the Quaternary, and erosion has Hypotheses developed by Cordova (1999) and been the dominant geologic process in this area others suggest that regional sedimentary ac- during the Holocene. While this means that cumulation within wadi systems may correlate wadi systems in this region are more likely to with agriculturally induced soil degradation have had sedimentary deposits removed than to on local hillsides. Although a limited amount have preserved depositional records, it also in- of pottery found within trenches indicates that dicates a level of exposure for historical periods these colluvial deposits correspond with periods that may be a benefit to archaeological investi- of occupation at the site, further chronological gations. control as well as sampling for agricultural in- Quaternary deposits, including those associ- dicators will be necessary to make any claims ated with the archaeological sediments of the of causation for hillslope sediments at the site. site, occur directly on the Cretaceous limestone Beyond the immediate site of Dhπbån, the bedrock. In the immediate area of Dhπbån, Qua- Dhπbån Plateau has many similarly steep slopes ternary deposits consist of minimal soil thick- into local wadi systems. Agricultural terraces nesses, designated as Red Mediterranean soils are commonly found on these slopes, both as (Cordova et al. 2005). Soil formation has oc- actively farmed fields and as abandoned archi- curred largely within colluvial deposits, which tectural features. Some remnant wall construc- vary from large slides and rock falls to finer-scale tion can also be identified within wadi bottoms, deposition resulting from sheetwash events. suggesting that hillslope stabilization was nec- Slopes within the wadis are steep and subject to essary throughout the region, or that a single continual degradation owing to the grazing of cultural group made use of wadi hillsides across local sheep and goats as well as both animal and the Plateau. human foot traffic. Soil preservation on the site Investigations into palaeohydrology and pa- proper is also minimal due to the extensive an- laeolandscape stability at Dhπbån have only re- thropogenic alteration of the site itself. cently become a focus for the DEDP, and the Due to the limited sedimentary archive pres- latest observations represent the results of ini- ent in the Dhπbån region, colluvial deposits may tial investigations into the nature of the historic reveal more about local landscape changes, in- landscape of the Plateau beyond the site proper. cluding human activities and climatic events, As work progresses on these wider-scale inves- than other sedimentary sources. Limited exca- tigations, new insights will be forthcoming on vations into the colluvial deposits preserved be- the relationship between Dhπbån’s inhabitants hind wall construction within the nearby Wådπ and the Plateau’s environment. Sakrån reveal surface soils poor in organic material on top of alternating beds of coarse gravels Topography and GIS and fine-grained peds. These beds are inclined The purpose of the 2009-10 topographic sur- toward the wadi, supporting the hypothesis of vey was to consolidate and refine all previously colluvial deposition alternating with periods of collected survey data within a GIS. The proj- stability. ect adopted ArchGIS for this purpose. To gain Gravels found behind the base of constructed meaningful results from the GIS, a total cover-

-251- ADAJ 55 (2011) age resolution of less than one meter for the site Glass Vessels / Housewares was required. In addition, selected areas were To date, most of the glass from Dhπbån has mapped at a higher resolution (<0.5m) to enable been excavated from mixed contexts. Much of further analysis by the geoarchaeological team. it is found within the fill of a Middle Islamic The work was undertaken by Andrew T. Wilson building and courtyard complex situated on the with the help of undergraduate students from acropolis (Fig. 4; Porter et al. 2005; Porter et al. Knox College, the University of Liverpool and in press; Porter 2010; Routledge et al. in press), the University of California, Berkeley. though it dates from a variety of periods. Several gaps existed in the earlier survey data. To identify areas which required refine- Hellenistic-Early Roman Period ment, a Triangular Irregular Network (TIN) was Within this period at Dhπbån, we find a glass calculated using the 2004 - 05 survey point data. corpus consisting primarily of tablewares, most- A TIN is the process by which all points within ly cups and bowls. There are two fragments of the survey area are connected using a series of bowls with internal lathe cuts that appear to be triangles. Each triangle indicates the distance to Early Roman blown renditions of the Late Hel- the next point, the longer the triangles, the larger lenistic pillar-molded bowl type. Prior to the the distance between each control points. Areas invention of glass-blowing, glass vessels were with longer distances between control points very precious objects. After that technological indicate areas of the survey lacking in control shift, glass became more readily available but points. Areas were re-surveyed if there was also easier to break. This was a simple function more than one meter between control points. of the thickness of the glass. The cast vessels The survey area was expanded in the 2009 - 10 were thicker and thus harder to break, while the seasons into the local wadi systems, requiring blown vessels had thinner walls which were the addition of many survey points. much more fragile (Fischer 2000: 115). The The new survey data proved vital in the cre- thicker glass could be transported great dis- ation of the digital site map and elevation model. tances without fear of breakage; the same was Wilson processed the raw survey data in Arch- not true for the blown vessels. This suggests the GIS to produce a digital elevation model (DEM) blown glass objects were produced regionally. and one meter contour map for the site and its immediate environs (Fig. 2). The creation of the Late Roman - Byzantine Period DEM has enabled further excavation and analy- The Dhπbån glass from these periods is sis (Figs. 3 and 4). Chief was the re-calculation again blown tablewares: cups, goblets, plates of site size, now estimated at 12 hectares rather and bowls, with a few glass lamp fragments as than the 2.5 to 7.5 hectares identified in earlier well. There is one example of a 3rd-5th century ASOR excavation reports (Winnett and Reed blown lamp with blue dot decoration (parallel 1964: 5, 39, n2). The DEM also aided in the at Jalame (Weinberg 1988: 332)), as well as a identification of terraces, several of which had 6th / 7th century lamp with ball stem (parallels received no archaeological attention up to this at Sardis (Von Saldern 1980, pl. 23) and Nabre- point and may prove important in understanding tain (Fischer 2009: 343)). Here we begin to get long-term settlement history. a fuller picture of how glass was utilized within the household on a daily basis at the site. Glass Objects from Dhπbån 2004-2009: Pre- liminary Report Islamic Periods Between 2004 and 2009, 903 glass fragments The identifiable objects in the 2004-2009 dating from the Late Hellenistic to modern pe- corpus of Islamic glass consist almost exclu- riods were excavated at Dhπbån. Though glass sively of bracelets, which will be discussed fur- from archaeological sites is most often used to ther in a separate section of this report. There investigate trade and issues of dating, this cor- are also many glass vessel fragments at the site pus yields information about household activi- and, though it is not possible to determine, some ties as well as a more specific glimpse into the may be from Islamic period wares. A very pre- lives of women and children at the site. liminary look at the 2010 materials suggests a

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2. Shaded Digital Elevation Model (DEM) created from survey data collected in 2004, 2005 and 2009.

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3. Excavation areas (grey squares) overlaying Dhπbån’s topographic features. wider variety of glass objects from this period Glass-Working can be discussed in the future. Thus far there has been only one potential indication that glass may have been worked at Modern Period the site of Dhπbån. Within the Middle Islamic In the modern period, Pepsi and Coca-Cola courtyard area excavated in 2005 (BR41, 28, bottles predominate. There are some alcohol 122, 7; see Porter et al. in press) was a small bottle fragments as well as glass cups for tea. piece of glass adhered to ceramic. This may be This shift away from tablewares to objects that evidence that glass was being melted in ceramic can be used out-of-doors is indicative of the installations at the site, but may also be a poorly site’s most recent use as a recreational get-away fired glazed pot or the result of a fire at the site. from the modern city of Dhπbån. As in earlier At this time we have no conclusive evidence of periods, the glass can give us a vivid picture of glass-working. Due to the size of Dhπbån, par- the kinds of activities people have engaged in at ticularly in the Byzantine and Islamic periods, the site. it is possible — but not necessarily the case —

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4. Map of Dhπbån’s acropolis (“Area L”) with DEDP excavation units labeled. that glass was being formed into objects on-site. ing the site. Alternatively, local consumers could have taken The proliferation of bracelets was clear dur- advantage of the thriving regional trade in glass ing the 2004 and 2005 seasons. Previous chemi- objects, particularly from Hebron or Damascus. cal analysis has suggested the bracelets may be understood as having three separate periods Bracelets and places of origin (Salvant 2007). Two of the The glass corpus from Dhπbån contains 101 compositions are considered Levantine, with a bracelet fragments, which represents 11.9 % change in flux between the Byzantine and Is- of the glass fragments as a whole (total = 903). lamic periods (Salvant 2007; but see Fischer and Once unreadable body fragments are removed McCray 1999). The third composition is iden- from the corpus (527 of the total of 903), glass tified as an import from South Asia. The black bracelets make up 28.7 % of the readable cor- bracelets which predominate at the site (75 % pus. This figure is quite high compared to other of the fragments) appear to be made from this sites in the region and indicates the bracelets third compositional type. Salvant has proposed should receive special attention when interpret- that “these bracelets were imported from India”

-255- ADAJ 55 (2011) (2007: 61). Salvant is relating them to bangles circumference is considered. The purpose of the analyzed by Brill (1987), none of which have bracelets is unclear, though ethnographic paral- a date later than 1250 AD (Salvant 2007: 62). lels suggest they may have had apotropaic and Brill’s dating does not suggest this composition / or healing functions in addition to being sta- was only used until the 13th century, but merely tus markers. Future investigations of the Dhπbån indicates the dates of the glass he was analyzing. glass will consider these issues while continu- Turning to the morphology of the bracelets ing to look at the roles all types of glass objects yields a range of possible dates. Many of the played in the history of the site. bracelet types are very simple; Spaer (1988; 1992) has dated these types to “Pre-Islamic on- Faunal Evidence from Middle Islamic Dhπbån: wards”. Sixty-five of the 101 bracelet fragments Interim Report on the 2005 Season fall into Spaer’s types A2a, A2b, C1a, C1b and This report is a preliminary analysis of faunal D1a. A further 24 of the bracelets are of types specimens recovered from the 2005 excavation found primarily in the Middle Islamic period season at Tall Dhπbån. The vast majority of the and later (Spaer’s A4a, A4b and A5b). Given the specimens came from Middle Islamic period locations of excavation and soil deposition at levels, that is to say the post-construction phase Dhπbån, it is likely the majority of bracelets ex- of a building complex. A small portion of the cavated in the Middle Islamic building complex assemblage came from the narrow L - SECT on the acropolis — though in mixed fill — are trench dating from the Iron Age to Byzantine from the Middle or Late Islamic periods. Three periods, as described by Porter et al. (in press). bracelets from the area seem to be of an Otto- man type with added decorations, but they differ Methods from Spaer’s typology enough that they may in- The analysts developed a methodological stead be Middle Islamic. It is also possible some framework prior to analysis. Reference manu- of the bracelets date from the Bani Hamida als were used in lieu of a modern reference occupation of the site. This group is known to collection, including those by Schmid (1972), have made pilgrimages to Hebron, where glass Boessneck et al. (1964), Boessneck (1969) and bracelets have been sold in large quantities for Prummel and Frisch (1986). Questionable iden- centuries. tifications were checked against modern speci- The prevalence of glass bracelets at sites in mens where available. Measurements are those the region begs the question of their use and described by von den Driesch (1976). We fol- importance in daily life. To date, most studies lowed Payne (1973) and Zeder (1991: 93) in of glass bracelet assemblages have focused on determining mortality patterns among sheep / their chemical compositions as a way to look at goats through tooth eruption and wear analysis. ancient trade and technology. Less attention has Bone fusion stages are based on Silver (1969). been paid to their function. This seems to be a This report is based on the 2,542 specimens modern bias, with researchers assuming brace- analyzed to date. 17 % of this assemblage (n = lets functioned as simple adornment and status 447) was identified to skeletal element. Gnaw- markers as they do today. Given ethnographic ing and breakage are based on these 447 speci- parallels as well as historical records, this may mens. Of these, 353 fragments could also be at- be an overly simplistic interpretation. tributed to a specific taxonomic category (Table Bracelets were produced for both adults and 1). The remaining specimens were counted (n children. We do not have data to suggest that = 2,095) and broadly classified by size (e.g., glass bracelets were worn by adult males, but it “large mammal”). appears they may have been worn by male children. That they were worn by both adults and Damage to the Assemblage children is shown by the various circumferences Many of the bones in the Dhπbån assemblage produced, as well as their appearance in grave show signs of wear and tear indicative of post- goods. Also, what may seem to be a bracelet depositional surface exposure, such as weath- when in fragmentary condition can be iden- ering. The majority of specimens show at least tified as a ring, anklet or hair ornament when light root etching, suggesting they spent some

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Table 1: Taxa represented in the Tall Dhπbån faunal assemblage.

time near or on the surface. The weathering dis- from very young individuals were recovered, plays no patterns by taxon or body part, suggest- attesting to careful recovery practices as well as ing that butchery waste and meal refuse were favorable soil conditions. discarded similarly. 8 % (n = 35) of the identified assemblage has Dog and rodent activity also impacted the butchery evidence, mostly in the form of slicing. Tall Dhπbån assemblage. 5% of the assemblage The marks include ones from skinning, disartic- displays evidence for gnawing or digestion (17 ulation, meat removal and marrow extraction; specimens with dog gnawing; 6 specimens with however, most relate to dismemberment. This is rodent gnawing). Dog gnawing appears mainly not surprising as dismemberment requires less on the elements’ ends, while small bones of the skill than other processes and was likely to have foot frequently have a ‘digested’ appearance. been done quickly. Oddly, only two dog elements have so far been identified. Possibly, dogs were disposed of else- The Tall Dhπbån Animals where. Rodent gnawing occurs mainly on the The following results draw upon the speci- sharp edges of elements. Their presence is sup- mens from the Middle Islamic period (Table 1). ported by a handful of rodent bones in the as- Details of the 33 identified specimens from the semblage. Byzantine – Iron Age trench are presented in In spite of the evidence for potentially de- Fig. 5, but are not discussed further. structive weathering and gnawing, both a num- Sheep and goats dominate the Middle Islam- ber of fish bones and small, friable specimens ic assemblage, at 61 % overall. Goats are nearly

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5. Four archaeological seeds from Middle Islamic contexts at Dhπbån: (A) Wheat (Triticum sp.), (B) Grape (Vitis vinifera), (C) Fig (Ficus carica), (D) Ca- narygrass (Phalaris sp.). twice as frequent as sheep (1.7 : 1). Sheep and before maturity. From tooth data, however, we goats were killed at young ages: mandibular know that some mature cattle were present. Pa- tooth eruption and wear data on ten specimens thologies observed on 20 % of toe bones suggest indicates that over 50 % of ovicaprids were the use of older individuals for labor. The as- killed by the age of 12 months and 70 % were semblage produced only two pelvis fragments, killed before reaching 24 months. Only two in- both from females. Despite evidence that cattle dividuals reached maturity, one killed between 4 were slaughtered young, the inhabitants may not and 6 years and one reaching old age (>8 years). have consumed much beef: more than 80 % of The latter were likely females maintained for the cattle elements are from non-meat-bearing breeding, whereas the majority of young ani- parts of the carcass. mals were likely killed for meat. The third most common mammalian taxon These preliminary results are suggestive of in the Tall Dhπbån assemblage is pig. These 15 a focus on young animals for meat production fragments make up 4.7 % of the assemblage. during the Middle Islamic period. Indeed, 8 of 9 The majority of specimens come from wild sexed pelves came from females, suggesting that boar. Boar may have arrived at the site in por- milk production was not a focus. Dominance of tions; this is suggested by some articulating young animals and females further suggests that bones (a distal tibia with an attached astragalus Dhπbån was a producing site, sending surplus and calcaneus). However, a high occurrence of young males for consumption elsewhere. The foot bones (80 % of the pig sample) suggests preference for goats reflects the arid environ- that, like cattle, pigs may have been butchered ment of the site and that wool production was at the site but consumed elsewhere. not important. 13 horses and donkey specimens constitute The next most common taxon in the assem- 4 % of the assemblage. One large specimen blage is cattle, at 14 %. Bone fusion data indi- comes from a horse (Equus caballus), but most cate that cattle were killed at around 2.5 years, of the others are from domestic donkeys (Equus

-258- D. S. Fatkin et al.: Technical Reports from the Dhπbån Excavation and Development Project asinus). shifting political and / or imperial interventions, Chickens and as yet unidentified birds make especially during time periods - such as the Ro- up 7 % of the assemblage. The majority of bird man and Byzantine eras — from which there is bones are upper limb elements. Fish species, comparatively little data available from Jordan. likewise unidentified, constitute 4.4 % of the assemblage and consist mainly of vertebrae and 2009 Sampling and Laboratory Strategy cranial bones. During the 2009 season, sediment was ex- tracted from every locus on the site as a bulk Conclusions sample regardless of context, generating 158 flo- Preliminary analysis of this faunal assem- tation samples. Identifiable features (e.g.†åbøn , blage has already provided economic insights. floor) were sampled in full. The volume of the Dhπbån probably raised animals to supply meat sample selected for each locus was informed by to urban markets, thereby indicating regional prior laboratory work on material from the 2004 interconnectivity. The cattle and pig evidence and 2005 seasons at Dhπbån. From these analy- suggests that crops were also grown and ani- ses it was possible to ascertain the amount need- mals hunted. Thus, the economic strategy was ed to acquire a representative sample of remains partly exchange-based and partly localized, with from the field for viable intra-site comparison hunting and farming in the vicinity of the settle- (Pearsall 1999; van der Veen 1985; van der Veen ment providing food sources over and above the and Fieller 1982). The mean volume of sample flocks of sheep and goat. collected was 17 litres, with a standard devia- tion of 9 litres. Palaeoethnobotanical Research These samples were then immersed in a flo- In accordance with the research strategy of tation machine that separated botanical remains investigating multiple issues of archaeological from the surrounding sediment matrix (Wright importance at Dhπbån, including palaeoenviron- 2005). When immersed in water, artifacts and ments, agricultural economies and modes of site ecofacts whose density is less than water float occupation, the investigation of palaeoethnobo- to the top. These include ancient carbonized botanical remains was one of the objectives of the tanical remains. The investigation of these car- 2009 season. Data derived from palaeoethnobo- bonized remains is essential, as a widely held tanical analyses often shed light on communi- and empirically demonstrated assumption is ties’ subsistence strategies, economic intensifi- that carbonized botanical remains are present on cation and other cultural phenomena (Dennell archaeological sites due to human agency (van 1976; Hastorf 1988; Morrison 1994; Pearsall der Veen 2007). After processing the samples, 1983). The research design of the 2009 season the light fraction was bagged and shipped to the was aimed at addressing cultural and social University of California, Berkeley for labora- questions rather than morphological or biologi- tory analysis, whereas the heavy fraction was cal studies of plant remains stricto sensu. processed on-site. There have been a number of archaeobo- In addition to macrobotanical samples, ap- tanical studies of assemblages from Jordan and proximately 50 gm of sediment were collected surrounding areas that are contemporary with from the same area in each locus for micro- cultural occupations at Dhπbån and mainly Iron botanical analysis. These samples were also Age in date (Crawford and LaBianca 1986; shipped to the University of California, Berke- Kislev 1993; Liphschitz 1993; Liphschitz and ley. As the preservation of botanical remains Waisel 1987, 1989; Weiss and Kislev 2004; is dependent on a variety of factors (Miksicek Willcox 1992). Other projects in Jordan which 1987), other techniques that help to locate bo- inform this study involve tests of both micro- tanical remains were also exploited. The identi- botanical and macrobotanical assumptions and fication of microscopic starches and phytoliths methodologies (Charles et al. 2003; Mithen et are instrumental in identifying plant taxa that al. 2008). The ability to track shifting agricul- may have disappeared from the archaeological tural strategies and site-use through time con- record as a result of adverse preservation condi- tributes to regional knowledge of the impact of tions (Piperno 2006). Phytoliths are microscopic

-259- ADAJ 55 (2011) silicate bodies that form in and around the cell disentangle such hypotheses. walls of plants. As the shapes of these bodies are often diagnostic, they also have the poten- Directions for Future Research tial to reveal traces of ancient irrigation regimes The results of this preliminary analysis have and agricultural systems (Mithen et al. 2008; raised several questions about the ways in which Rosen and Weiner 1994). Laboratory work on the inhabitants of Dhπbån interacted with their macrobotanical remains has followed standard agricultural and environmental landscape. A procedures of analysis, with personal modifica- pressing issue at a semi-arid site like Dhπbån tion (Pearsall 1999). is the extent to which economic crops such as barley or fig entered the archaeological record Preliminary Results as burned dung fuel, or as accidental spillage Preliminary analyses of the samples recov- during cooking or crop processing. Continuing ered from Dhπbån have yielded insights into the research will concentrate on the identification lives of its ancient inhabitants. Research on the and analysis of wood charcoal to address this macrobotanical remains continues, especially question, in addition to evaluating proxies for on the Iron Age and Middle Islamic cultural oc- dung fuel burning such as the ratio of seeds to cupations. Identified remains common to both wood charcoal (Miller 1988). The identification the Iron Age and Middle Islamic periods include of wood charcoal will also indicate the intensity domesticated grape (Vitis sp.), probably the com- of wood collection by communities at Dhπbån mon grape (Vitis vinifera; Fig. 5B), as well as fig through time, both in diversity and quantity. (Ficus carica, Fig. 5C), which echoes the results The presence of agricultural weeds and of nearby excavations such as Óisbån (Crawford wheat / barley rachis in the Middle Islamic pe- and LaBianca 1986). Barley (Hordeum sp.) and riod are tantalizing indicators of crop processing wheat (Triticum sp.) are also found in contexts and agricultural activity. A key objective will be dating to both periods. Especially interesting is to assess the intensity and scale of this produc- the presence of free-threshing wheat (Triticum tion in comparison to other forms of economic aestivum / durum, Fig. 5A), which has a high intensification. To that end, analysis of heavy water requirement. Agricultural weeds such as fraction residues and the integration of the re- Silene sp. and Phalaris sp. (Fig. 5D) indicate sults of both microscopic and macroscopic pal- agricultural regimes that would have required aeoethnobotanical analyses with faunal remains irrigation and co-ordinated labor to maintain. (e.g. van der Warker and Peres 2011) should In Middle Islamic contexts an abundance of shed light on the relationships between animal weeds are present, such as Phalaris sp., Gali- husbandry and plant production. The scale of ir- um sp., Malva sp., numerous Poaceae (grasses) rigation in all periods will be assessed through as well as potentially economic / subsistence isotopic analyses of select cereals (Ferrio et al. crops such as Vicia ervilia. There are also a 2005). In combination, these methods should large number of leguminous taxa (Astragalus generate a more holistic view of the social and sp., Trifolium sp. and Coronilla sp.), which may economic conditions of these communities, as be indicative of seeds being introduced in dung reflected in their interaction with the biological that was burned as fuel, as they are commonly world around them. consumed by grazing animals such as sheep and goat. Also present in Middle Islamic contexts Digital Documentation and Dissemination are the remains of rachis and culms of wheat and Archaeologists have increasingly embraced barley; there is a notable contrast with the den- the use of digital documentation during field- sity of economic crops (here wheat, barley, fig, work and post-excavation. Persuasive argu- grape, lentil, pea and chickpea) in the same floor ments for digitally recording archaeological contexts, which is less than one seed per liter sites have been made in terms of cost, porta- (n=27). This may indicate on-site processing of bility, organization, ease of use, data standard- agricultural materials, though owing to compet- ization and creative re-use. Although there are ing crop processing models (Stevens 2003; van problematic issues concerning format longevity, der Veen 2007), further research is necessary to archival methods and durability, the technol-

-260- D. S. Fatkin et al.: Technical Reports from the Dhπbån Excavation and Development Project ogy of digital recording is rapidly adapting to as two of the site directors. The families and meet the demands of archaeological research friends of the students involved in the project and becoming progressively cheaper and easier also commented on the blog. We received a total to use. The move toward digital recording has of 2,500 hits (and an additional 4,000 collective also been viewed as part of a more inclusive and hits on individual photographs) for the six-week reflexive methodology, though the implementa- season, a moderate success for a site-specific ar- tion of training in digital methods for archaeolo- chaeological research blog. gists remains for the most part unrealized. Excavation blogs and online photographic Bearing the complications and benefits of archives are becoming standard practice in ar- digital documentation in mind, a relatively mod- chaeology, and at Dhπbån they promoted greater est methodology was devised for field recording communication between the excavation team at Tall Dhπbån. Digital photography and vid- and local community. Although the blog was in eography was first handled by a graduate stu- English, many residents of Dhπbån were able to dent trench supervisor, who was subsequently read it despite not being conversationally pro- assisted by an undergraduate whom she trained ficient in that language. Digital photography on-site. Photographs were taken with a DSLR beyond the technological capability of mobile in RAW format, and were stored as both RAW telephones was also rare in the community, files and converted JPG files. These photographs with the result that local participants in the ex- were then downloaded to a pair of parallel hard cavation actively sought documentation of their drives that were kept in separate locations for work and would often pose for photographs, better data security. Site tours were both photo- sometimes demanding that they be taken over graphed and video recorded in high definition, and over again. This was not a universal char- with an auxiliary pocket-sized video recorder to acteristic; some of the men participating in the supplement the footage. Several undergraduates excavation were uncomfortable with photog- used the video camera for a separate video proj- raphy and we respected their wish to stay out ect, being an introduction to the site for students of the site documentation strategy. Negotiating in 2010. Much of this footage remains unedited the complexities of representation in the photo but is stored securely on the project hard drives. archive and online was an unexpected, yet pro- The strategy for the 2009 field season at Tall ductive, aspect of community outreach during Dhπbån included both digital documentation and the season, and one that will be expanded upon public outreach components, efforts that will in future fieldwork. be expanded in subsequent years. The strategy The requirements for hosting our collection of for digital documentation and dissemination at field photography and on-site student experienc- Dhπbån was one of immediacy: although stan- es also called for a non-traditional approach to dard archive-quality photography was taken and the archive. Rather than setting up independent catalogued on-site for use in later reports and hosting of our blog and site photos, we chose to presentations, we also wanted to make infor- use pre-existing online resources, namely word- mation about the site available as it was being press.com, for our blog, and flickr.com for our revealed throughout the season. This was chal- photography. While we have less control of the lenging for both logistical and social reasons, potential longevity and accessibility of our data, but was rewarding in terms of increased connec- using these sites immediately allowed us to tivity with local and global audiences. Although connect with a larger online audience, as these internet access in and around Dhπbån was lim- sites have pre-existing online communities and ited, residents took an avid interest in our photos higher ‘discoverability’ than individually hosted and site blog (http://Dhiban.wordpress.com). websites. These sites are also relatively easy to One resident was reported as “downloading ev- use, allowing us to update at a rapid pace, even ery single photo” and another as “reading every from the non-optimal internet connections that blog entry,” commenting on the contents of the were locally available. We are still working on entries after inviting several students over for long-term hosting for our full archive, but these dinner. Contributions to the blog were made by selections are still available for public use and undergraduate and graduate students, as well licensed for not-for-profit re-use by educators

-261- ADAJ 55 (2011) and other interested parties. whether Dhπbån’s role as a regional supplier of In an effort to further strengthen links with food was limited to the Middle Islamic period, the community of Dhπbån, the project sponsored or whether it included earlier periods as well. an installation of photographs in Dhπbån’s town Fragments of glass bracelets suggest complex hall in 2010. As a result, local residents are now economic and social relationships enjoyed by able to see more of what occurs during the exca- the residents of Middle and Late Islamic Dhπbån. vations. The installation included photographs Future excavation will continue to illuminate of the town as well as work on-site, thereby these relationships for all periods of Dhπbån’s bringing work on the tall into the wider commu- history. Finally, the project will also continue to nity in physical as well as digital forms . present the results of our work to the contem- Future work at Dhπbån will bring more re- porary community of Dhπbån, seeking new and sources to elaboration of the ‘immediate’ ar- innovative ways to integrate what happens on chive, with even greater participation of students the site with life in the town. in on-site documentation. Integrating more student photography into the archive in the form of Acknowledgements standard, official depictions of archaeology, as The DEDP wishes to thank the Director of well as more informal photography document- the Department of Antiquities, Dr Ziad al-Saad, ing more experiential aspects of the site, will be and his staff, particularly Ali al-Khayyat and a priority for future seasons. Digital documenta- Basem al-Mahameed, for their assistance in co- tion and dissemination at Dhπbån is still at its ordinating research activities. Thanks also to the formative stage, but will serve as a valuable re- American Center of Oriental Research and the source giving greater, immediate visibility to the Council for British Research in the Levant for excavations and inviting stakeholders into the research support. The research described above conversation about work performed at the site. was supported by Knox College, the Ameri- can Philosophical Society, the Fondation Max Concluding Remarks Van Berchem, the University of California, During four seasons of excavation at Dhπbån, Berkeley’s Hellman Family Faculty Fund and the DEDP has focused on creating a new site Archaeological Research Facility’s Stahl En- map, collecting new data and finding innova- dowment Fund, the G.A. Wainwright Fund for tive ways to share these discoveries in Jordan Near Eastern Archaeology and the University and beyond. The project completed its initial of Liverpool. Faunal analysis was specifically objectives in 2004 and 2005, namely to recov- supported by the Princeton University Council er information from the old ASOR excavation on Research in the Humanities and Social Sci- areas to allow their publication. The reports in ences. Glass analysis was supported by a 2009 this article suggest many new avenues of re- - 2010 ACOR / CAORC Post-Graduate Fellow- search yet to be undertaken and form the heart ship. Some data presented in this article will of the project’s research program for the coming soon be available at Open Context (www.open- years. Site mapping has led project members, context.org), a publicly accessible data archive first, to acknowledge the greater size of the site for archaeological research. compared to previous estimates and, second, to prompt interest in the relationship of the desig- Danielle Steen Fatkin nated ancient monument with the surrounding Department of History landscape. Analysis of recovered materials has Knox College revealed important information about past eco- 2 E. South St., K-118 nomic activities, including Dhπbån’s role as a re- Galesburg, IL 61401 gional supplier of meat to urban markets and the USA possibility that earlier residents developed and maintained an irrigation system. Future research Katherine Adelsberger will focus on understanding the economic rela- Department of Environmental Studies tionship between Dhπbån and the wider world Knox College throughout its long history, seeking to resolve 2 E. South St., K-48

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