Sheffield Domestic and Sexual Abuse Needs Assessment 2014: An update to ‘A Supporting Document for Domestic Abuse Commissioning in Sheffield 2013’

Sheffield Domestic Abuse Co-ordination Team

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4

Revision History

Version Author Purpose / reason Date

1.0 L. Potter Initial document April 2014

1.1 J. Newcomb First draft August 2014 – January 2015

1.2 J. Newcomb Amendments following review by the Domestic February 2015 Abuse Strategy Manager

1.3 J. Newcomb Amendments following provider and March 2015 commissioning consultation

1.4 J. Newcomb Final draft to the Strategic Board March 2015

This document was signed off by the Domestic Abuse Strategic Board on 12th March 2015

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 1

Contents

Introduction ...... 3 Headline Data and Information and Identified Needs and Gaps in 2014 ...... 7 Update to the Gaps Identified in 2013 ...... 16 Chapter 1 Update to National Data on Domestic Abuse ...... 24 Chapter 2 Demographic Information & the Estimated Prevalence of Domestic and Sexual Abuse in Sheffield . 27 Chapter 3 Identification of Domestic and Sexual Abuse and the Domestic Abuse Referral Pathway ...... 37 Chapter 4 Domestic Abuse Commissioning in Sheffield ...... 40 Chapter 5 Sexual Violence / Abuse Commissioning in Sheffield ...... 46 Chapter 6 Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Conference (MARAC) ...... 52 Chapter 7 Vulnerabilities ...... 56 Chapter 8 Children and Young People ...... 69 Chapter 9 Police Data - Domestic Abuse Incidents...... 77 Chapter 10 Perpetrators ...... 85 Chapter 11 Domestic Homicide Reviews (DHR) ...... 90 Chapter 12 Recommendations ...... 97 Appendix A ...... 98 Appendix B ...... 100

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 2

Introduction

Background and Purpose

This is the first update to the ‘Supporting document’ for Domestic Abuse Commissioning in Sheffield, which was published in September 2013.

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance 'Domestic violence and abuse: how health services, social care and the organisations they work with can respond effectively'1 (PH50) provides guidance on what the needs assessment should include. Recommendation One is that ‘Strategic partnerships should assess the need for domestic violence and abuse services…Consult with women, men and young people who have experienced domestic violence and abuse as part of this assessment. Commissioners of domestic violence and abuse services and related services should be aware of the importance of consulting communities that are rarely heard on this matter’.

Applying the NICE recommendation and the application of an update to the Supporting document, this needs assessment will:

1 Ascertain the prevalence of domestic abuse and the need for support in Sheffield

2 Provide an update to the gaps identified in the ‘supporting document’ and current position

3 Provide an update to the data presented in the ‘supporting document’

4 Interlink with the new Domestic and Sexual Abuse Strategy2 and provide updates on new projects and initiatives

5 Provide information regarding existing and newly identified gaps to service provision, data, the pathway and process.

Purpose

The purpose of this document is to bring together the most recent available national data, research and findings to create a picture of the potential impact of domestic and sexual abuse / violence. The best available local data has been applied to this research to show the pressures faced by domestic abuse services in Sheffield. The findings of the needs assessment should be used over the coming year to help influence commissioning decisions made and areas of priority.

As the NICE guidance advises the overarching purpose of this needs assessment is for ‘Local commissioners to…use the results of the needs assessment (alongside a mapping exercise) to

1 NICE (February 2014) 'Domestic violence and abuse: how health services, social care and the organisations they work with can respond effectively' http://guidance.nice.org.uk/PHG/44. 2 http://sheffielddact.org.uk/domestic-abuse/resources/local-strategies/ James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 3

inform commissioning, developing referral pathways that aim to meet the health and social care needs of all those affected by domestic violence and abuse.’

In scope

The report focuses on individuals who are victims of domestic abuse as per the latest Government definition, April 2013 (see page 5), young people and children who are living with victims, perpetrators of domestic abuse and victims of sexual abuse.

Current Position

The following strategic changes have happened since September 2013:-

National

NICE guidance on domestic abuse was published in February 2014 http://guidance.nice.org.uk/PHG/44.

Local

The following local changes have happened since September 2013:-

 Domestic and Sexual Abuse Strategy for Sheffield has been completed and is active.

 The Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Conference (MARAC) review has been completed.

 Since October 2013, the Domestic Abuse Co-ordination Team (DACT) has been the commissioner of contracts for an Independent Domestic Violence Advocates (IDVA) Service for high risk clients, for medium and standard clients (helpline and outreach) and workforce development.

 Since April 2014, the Housing Independence Service (HIS) has commissioned a one provider model for Sheffield refuges. HIS also commissions the sole domestic abuse floating support service.

Strategic Links

A list of legislation, national and local strategies that are intrinsically linked to the needs assessment can be found in Appendix A. The list represents the current documents at the time of writing and will continue to be linked to any future updates.

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Legal Definitions

Domestic Abuse: The new definition of domestic abuse used by the government is: any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive, threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over who are, or have been, intimate partners or family members regardless of gender or sexuality. The abuse can encompass, but is not limited to:

 psychological

 physical

 sexual

 financial

 emotional

Controlling behaviour is: a range of acts designed to make a person subordinate and/or dependent by isolating them from sources of support, exploiting their resources and capacities for personal gain, depriving them of the means needed for independence, resistance and escape and regulating their everyday behaviour.

Coercive behaviour is: an act or a pattern of acts of assault, threats, humiliation and intimidation or other abuse that is used to harm, punish, or frighten their victim.

At the end of 2014 the Home Secretary announced that a new offence of domestic abuse will be included as an amendment to the Serious Crime Bill. The amendment will explicitly criminalise patterns of coercive and controlling behaviour where they are perpetrated against an intimate partner or family member.3

Forced Marriage: A forced marriage is where one or both people do not (or in cases of people with learning disabilities, cannot) consent to the marriage and pressure or abuse is used. It is an appalling and indefensible practice and is recognised in the UK as a form of violence against women and men, domestic/child abuse and a serious abuse of human rights.

The pressure put on people to marry against their will can be physical (including threats, actual physical violence and sexual violence) or emotional and psychological (for example, when someone is made to feel like they’re bringing shame on their family). Financial abuse (taking your wages or not giving you any money) can also be a factor.4

3 Strengthening the Law on Domestic Abuse Consultation – Summary of Responses, December 2014. 4 https://www.gov.uk/forced-marriage James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 5

Female Genital Mutilation: A person is guilty of committing Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) if they excise, infibulate or otherwise mutilate the whole or any part of a girl’s labia majora, labia minora or clitoris5.

The costs Associated with Domestic Abuse Nationally

Domestic Abuse costs society an estimated £15.7 billion a year. 77 women were killed by their partners or ex-partners in 2012/13. In the UK, one in four young people aged 10 to 24 reported that they experienced domestic violence and abuse during their childhood. On average, the police receive an emergency call relating to domestic abuse every 30 seconds.6

Acronyms

There are a number of Acronyms used throughout this document the explanation of each can be found in Appendix B.

5 Section 1 (1) The Female Genital Mutilation Act (2003) 6 A Profile of Domestic Abuse Perpetrators in South Yorkshire, Ashmore, J. DS 3328, June 2014 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 6

Headline Data and Information and Identified Needs and Gaps in 2014

Summary

The overall findings are that while referrals to services are increasing, only around a quarter of the estimated numbers of people experiencing domestic and sexual abuse in the city are in receipt of support. Specific groups are under-represented in those receiving support but with services already working at full capacity there is a tension between the need to raise awareness and engage with those who are ‘hard to reach’ and the ability of services to respond to increased demand.

Headline Data and Information7

Domestic abuse estimated prevalence and demographics: Latest available data for prevalence estimates using the Violence Against Women and Girls Ready Reckoner, and information collated from responses to the Crime Survey for England and Wales 2012/13 (CSEW), suggests that up to 12,000 females and 7,400 males aged 16-59 have been a victim of domestic abuse in Sheffield the last 12 months. Clearly domestic abuse does not stop at age 59 so the overall numbers will be higher. The numbers and proportions of male and female victims is explored further on pages 28 and 29 as there is evidence that overall female victims experience much higher repeat victimisation and severity than do males.

Domestic abuse can have an impact on a person’s life, and health and wellbeing, long after the occurrence of the abuse. The CSEW estimates that nearly a third of females (30%) aged 16 – 59 and 16.3% of men have been a victim of some form of domestic abuse at least once since the age of 16, 5% of females a victim of serious sexual assault (0.4% of men), and 17.4% (8% of men) a victim of stalking at some point in their life since the age of 16.

All of these individuals, whether the abuse was within the last year or historic and still impacting on their life, could benefit from support provided by the domestic abuse services available in Sheffield.

Using the estimated prevalence from the CSEW 2012/13 and applying this to the Sheffield 16 – 59 age population, provides an estimate that 19,404 individuals have been a victim of domestic abuse in the last year in Sheffield. As 4266 referrals were received by DACT commissioned support services in the same year, this suggests that 22% of the estimated prevalence accessed support, and also suggests that there a large number of victims that do not access support. However, this information is given for illustrative purposes and should be viewed with caution

7 The Crime Survey for England and Wales data referenced in this section does have limitations. An explanation can be found in section 1.3 of this report.

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given that individuals accessing support will have been a mix of those currently a victim of domestic abuse and those who had been a victim in the past. Therefore the percentage of the prevalence that accessed support and were a victim during the last 12 months could be lower than 22%.

Local data does also tell us that in 2013/14 over 4,900 referrals were received by DACT commissioned services (with over 1,000 high risk referrals) indicating that people accessing support for domestic abuse continues to increase.

The CSEW data also suggests that incidences of domestic abuse are higher among younger cohorts. For example the highest percentages are recorded for the 16 – 19 and 20 – 24 age groups, for both males and females. 7.5% of 16 – 19 year old males and 11.3% of females reported being a victim of domestic abuse in the last year, and 6.9% of males and 12.5 % of females in the 20 – 24 year old age group. Applying these percentages to the number of 20 – 24 year olds in Sheffield suggests that 3460 females and 1963 males within this age group will have been a victim of domestic abuse in the last 12 months. 2011 Census data tells us that 10.2% of the Sheffield population fit in the 20 – 24 age group, the highest proportion for any age group.

CSEW data is split by gender and ethnicity but only into White/Non-White. For men who have been a victim of any domestic abuse the percentage is 4.7% for White, and 2.4% for Non-White. For women the reported percentage is 7.4% for White females and 4.4% for Non-White females, although this is likely to indicate barriers to reporting / disclosure for non-white groups. What we can say for Sheffield is that 26% of individuals receiving support from DACT commissioned providers were BME; this is in comparison to an overall BME population of 19.2% of the Sheffield population.

South Yorkshire Police data tells us that over 28% of domestic abuse victims in 2013/14 had more than one incident recorded in the last 12 months, 3.9% of victims experienced 5 or more incidents. Victims of domestic violence are more likely to experience repeat victimisation than victims of any other crime.

Refuge and Temporary Accommodation: For those who are currently a victim of domestic abuse, to escape the situation they may need to leave their home. In Sheffield there is a Women’s refuge provision (that is domestic violence specific) and a range of other supported accommodation, which are generic services. In 2013/14 296 households fleeing domestic abuse were supported via a refuge (182 households) or supported accommodation provision (114 households). 35% of these households came from outside of Sheffield, and across the 296 households there were a total of 210 children supported.

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Sexual Violence / Abuse: Police recorded crime data for 2013/148 states that there were 512 reported sexual offences in Sheffield. 167 (32.6%) of these offences were rape, with 152 of these being female victims of any age. Applying the 152 female victims of rape to the 2011 census female population gives a rate of 5.4 female rape victims per 10,000 population this compares to a rate of 6.5 rapes reported per 10,000 female population across England.

There were also 15 reported rapes of a male in 2013/14, which would equate to a rate of 0.6 per 10,000 male population and compares to a rate of 0.5 per 10,000 males nationally.

However, we know that there are a significant proportion of sexual offences that are not reported to the Police. The CSEW 2012/13 found that 90% of victims of the most serious sexual offences knew the perpetrator but only 15% of these victims reported it to the Police.

CSEW data estimates that over 4,000 individuals aged 16 – 59 were a victim of a sexual assault in the last year in Sheffield and over 1,000 were a victim of the most serious types of sexual assault.

MARAC: Referrals to MARAC increased to 867 in 2013/14, of which 24% were repeat referrals. This represents a 59% increase on the previous year. At the mid-point of the 2014/15 year there have been 477 referrals to MARAC which can be extrapolated to estimate that there will be 954 referrals by the year end. This would exceed the CAADA expected level of 920 cases.

In Sheffield, less than 1% of referrals to MARAC were for victims who had a disability. This is against a recommendation of 5%. Although nationally and in the most similar Police force group referrals were also below the 5% recommendation, they were higher than in Sheffield at 3.6% and 3.8% respectively.

Referrals for male victims were also lower in Sheffield than nationally and for the most similar Police force group. CAADA recommends 4-10% of referrals to be for male victims; nationally 4.4% of referrals were for male victims, and 4.8% of referrals for the most similar force group. In Sheffield, 2.9% of referrals were for a male victim.

Vulnerabilities: Evidence suggests that over 50% of women within the mental health system have been a victim of violence and abuse9. A meta-analysis of 18 studies into the relationship between domestic violence and mental health problems found a strong association (Golding 1999 as cited in Walby 2004). Golding found that 48% of female victims had depression, 18% had suicidal thoughts and 64% had post-traumatic stress disorder.10 26.5% of individuals that received support in Sheffield via DACT commissioned services stated that they suffered from mental health problems.

8 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/police-recorded-crime-open-data-tables 9 Department of Health 2003, Women’s Mental Health: into the main stream, p. 46 10 Walby, S (2004) The Cost of Domestic Violence http://www.ndvf.org.uk/statistics_and_research_on_domestic_violence James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 9

A Women’s Aid report cites the following data on drug and alcohol misuse:11 that 37% of domestic cases have alcohol as a factor and that domestic abuse victims are 15 times more likely to abuse alcohol and nine times more likely to abuse drugs than individuals who are not victims of domestic violence. Many women use alcohol or other drugs to help them cope with the abuse.

CSEW data from 2012/1312 found that 11.3% of women with a long-standing illness or disability reported having been a victim of any domestic abuse in the last year in comparison to 6.3% of women with no long-standing illness or disability. For men, the percentages were 7% for those with a long-standing illness or disability, and 4% for those with no long-standing illness or disability.

In 2013 the Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) gave advice or support related to a possible forced marriage in 1302 cases with 6.8% (89 cases) in the Yorkshire & Humber region.

25% of cases were for victims aged 16-17 and 33% involved victims aged 18-21. 82% of cases were for a female victim. Nationally 97 cases involved victims with disabilities and there were 12 cases where the victim identified themselves as LGBT.

The Health & Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) now releases experimental statistics13 for FGM. As of November 2014 there were 1,803 females in England identified as having a history of FGM that were still actively being seen/ treated by acute hospital trusts, 229 in the north of England. This includes females being treated for non-related conditions. During November 2014 there were an additional 466 newly identified patients as having undergone FGM, 110 of the newly identified patients were in the north of England. Signed off data was provided by 124 of 157 eligible acute trusts in England to provide this information.

Local data for Sheffield tells us that in November 2014 there were 14 newly identified FGM cases and a further 32 females continuing to receive services from Sheffield Teaching Hospitals.

Data reported by commissioned domestic abuse services in Sheffield shows that 2% (32 people) of the people receiving support in 2014 were a victim of, or at risk of, HBV. Data for Sheffield from South Yorkshire Police shows that between 2010 and 2014 a total of 5514 people at risk of HBV were in contact with them. 28 of these were in 2014, in comparison to an average of 7 in each of the previous four years. MARAC hears HBV cases in a special session at the end of the regular meeting with only those agencies present who are involved with the case.

11 As cited on http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-survivors- handbook.asp?section=000100010008000100360003§ionTitle=Alcohol+and+other+drugs 12 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences, Chapter 4 – Intimate Personal Violence and Partner Abuse, Office for National Statistics, February 2014 13 http://www.hscic.gov.uk/searchcatalogue?productid=16748&q=%22female+genital+mutilation%22&sort=Relevance&size=10&page=1#top 14 This data is for all victims, the majority are adults but some victims will be under 18s. James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 10

Children and Young People: A quarter of children exposed to domestic abuse, equally boys and girls, exhibit abusive behaviours, with highest rates amongst 15 – 17 year olds.15

Children who are exposed to the domestic abuse of a parent often have greater behavioural and emotional problems compared to other children.16

CSEW data tells us that 22.7% of lone parent females reported having been a victim of domestic abuse in the last 12 months. This has the potential to have a knock on effect to the children based on the above findings.

CSEW estimates that 11.3% of females and 7.5% of males aged 16 – 19 have been a victim of domestic abuse in the last year. With regard to sexual abuse the estimate is 7% for 16 – 19 year old females and 1.2% for males.

Data recorded by commissioned providers on the case management software suggests that 6% of people receiving support during 2014 were between the ages of 16 and 19. Based on this age group representing 17% of the overall estimated prevalence for victims of domestic abuse, it could be suggested that this age group is under-represented at support services.

Data for 2013/14 tells us that for the 867 cases discussed at MARAC there were 998 children living in the households. 3.6% of MARAC cases between October 2013 and March 2014 were for a victim who was aged 16 – 17 years, in comparison to 3.4% in South Yorkshire and 1.8% nationally. This suggests that MARAC in Sheffield has a good coverage of 16 – 17 year old victims in comparison to other areas, meaning that the multi-agency work is more successful at identifying high risk victims in this age group.

Perpetrators: The profile of domestic abuse perpetrators created by South Yorkshire Police based on the 2,243 offenders charged with domestic offences across the region in 2013/14 has shown that:

 Approximately 90% of offenders are male

 The age group with the highest number of offenders was 25 – 29, 21.7% of all offenders fall into this age group, 487 people. 58.4% of all offenders (1311 people) are between the ages of 20 and 39.

 91% of offenders were White, 4% Asian, 1% Middle Eastern, 4% Black, 0.2% South East Asian.

15 Children’s Insights for domestic abuse services, national dataset 2014, CAADA 16 Humphreys, C. (2006) ‘Relevant evidence for practice’. In C. Humphreys and N. Stanley, eds. (2006), ‘Domestic violence and child protection: Directions for good practice’. London: Jessica Kingsley. Quoted from: In Plain Sight: The evidence from children exposed to domestic abuse, CAADA children’s Insights dataset 2014

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 64% of offenders were unemployed at the time of the offence, 31% employed, 4% students, 1% retired.

 47% of domestic abuse offenders were an ex-partner / spouse. 31% current partner, 17% were a blood relation, remaining 5% were either an in-law / ex in-law, or in a fostering relationship with the victim.

 73% of domestic crimes recorded were violent offences.

Domestic Homicide Reviews: the number of homicides per year in Sheffield varies but has seen an increase over the last three years. There were three domestic homicides in Sheffield in 2013/14. However, this is fewer than in 2010/11 when there were five. A DHR is carried out for each domestic homicide.

Four out of the most recent seven DHRs (including one from 2014/15) have involved people who were recent arrivals in the city and / or were from BME backgrounds. Two victims and two perpetrators were recent arrivals. Three victims did not speak English as a first language.

Conclusion

It can be seen in the summary above that some cohorts are under-represented in support services in Sheffield, particularly where national research suggests that these cohorts are more likely to experience domestic abuse than the general population. It is suggested that referrals from these groups should increase or represent a larger proportion of service users. However the data also shows that many services are running at full capacity and this needs to be considered when looking at increasing the number receiving support from under-represented groups.

The list below highlights all of the needs and gaps within service provision in Sheffield that were found to exist during writing this report. This is followed by an update to the needs and gaps identified in the previous supporting document to domestic abuse commissioning written in 2013.

Needs and Gaps Identified in 2014

1. There is a need for data recording on the domestic abuse case management system used by DACT commissioned providers to continue to improve, particularly the recording of a person’s religion. Consistency is needed across ethnicity recording with a simplified list of options available on the system.

2. The number of people receiving support from commissioned services and consenting to share data via the domestic abuse case management system database needs to be monitored and addressed accordingly.

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3. There is also a need to continue to improve promotion of domestic abuse services to the Lesbian, Gay, Bi-sexual and Transgender (LGBT) community with the aim of increasing the number accessing support. However, there is also a need to work closely with providers to monitor capacity and respond to the increasing number of overall referrals received, due to the fact that many providers are already supporting more people than the commissioned level.

4. There is a need for all services to robustly record data on sexual exploitation separate to the overarching identification of sexual abuse, and to collate information on the age of victims. Whether the abuse is recent or historic, better recording of the data in relation to sexual exploitation across all services would help to provide a better estimation of the potential impact in the city and need for specialist support.

5. Robust routine monitoring of outcomes for users of the commissioned high risk and standard / medium risk service needs to be carried out on data recorded on the case management system.

6. There is also a need to reduce Did Not Attend (DNA) rates at sexual abuse counselling services in order to make the best use of commissioned and scheduled counselling hours.

7. An ongoing need for the DACT and partner agencies to continue to encourage victims to report sexual offences.

8. There is a need for the MARAC process and frequency to be continually reviewed in order to adapt to any increase in the number of cases when needed.

9. Ensure that midwifery services have all the information, skills and tools they need to identify and refer appropriate patients to domestic abuse services, and to remind and refresh them of the process as necessary to keep it in the forefront of their mind.

10. Given the national and Police most similar force group reported MARAC percentages and the recommendations by the Co-ordinated Action Against Domestic Abuse (CAADA) charity further work to investigate referral levels for high risk males and high risk victims with a disability, so that they are proportionately represented, is also needed.

11. LGBT referrals to MARAC, although similar to national and most similar police force group percentages, are not representative of the CAADA recommendation.

12. Some of the gaps and issues identified in the MARAC review still need to be progressed.

13. There is a need to work towards increasing referrals from mental health care settings, ensuring all mental health professionals are providing their service users with the opportunity to access domestic abuse support services in Sheffield.

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14. The potential to utilise the online local alcohol screening tool needs to be investigated by the commissioned support services.

15. There is a continued need to improve the recording and reporting of client disability data to meet the requirements of the Equalities Act 2011, so that all clients are asked about disability and so the 8.6% citing a disability can be ratified and any issues can be addressed accordingly by services.

16. There is a need to ensure that support services promote the fact that they support people affected by / at risk of Forced Marriage and that staff are appropriately skilled and experienced to respond to disclosures of this kind.

17. There is a gap in that the minimum dataset does not provide data for the number of females who are a victim of or at risk of FGM. This needs to be discussed amongst the commissioners and if required, a request made to the supplier to have this field added.

18. There is a need to ensure that support services promote the fact that they support people affected by / at risk of ‘Honour’ Based Violence (HBV) and that staff are appropriately skilled and experienced to respond to disclosures of this kind.

19. There is a need to continue efforts with partner agencies to ensure that 16 – 17 year olds are referred to MARAC and other domestic abuse services as appropriate.

20. There is a need to ensure that families affected by domestic abuse are getting the right support to achieve sustained and significant change in their circumstances as part of the Building Successful Families (BSF) programme.

21. The inclusion of prolific domestic abuse perpetrators in the Integrated Offender Management (IOM) programme offers new opportunities for multi-agency working in this area. There is a need to find examples of best practice to inform the development of this work.

22. In terms of Domestic Homicide Reviews (DHR) there is a need to for all stakeholders to continue to work within agreed timescales so that the process remains consistent, timely, and as effective as possible.

23. Sheffield MARAC and DHR process needs to remain in line with the published guidelines, refreshing the process and implementing changes as necessary in light of revised guidance and lessons learned documentation.

24. There is a gap in Sheffield provision given that no voluntary perpetrator programme is available and a need to understand the feasibility of providing such a service. However, given the ongoing work discussed in the Perpetrator section of this report, it would be useful to understand the

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findings of the pilots and what is identified as best practice in order to better inform this work.

25. There is a need to develop the relationship with the IOM police team in order for all organisations to get the best out of the inclusion of prolific domestic abuse perpetrators in the IOM programme.

26. Recent data for helpline activity levels show increasing demand and highlights the need to expand provision of this service going forward.

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Update to the Gaps Identified in 2013

Identified gap in 2013/14 Position in 2014/15

Work is being undertaken to ensure pathways to domestic abuse services are Increase the referrals from Healthcare professionals into embedded in health services and that 1 support services Domestic Abuse, Stalking, and Honour based violence (DASH) and domestic abuse training and briefings are available and taken up.

Commissioned services both have a target to Work towards 100% clients triaged at any domestic abuse complete this - Latest data from service to have a DASH risk assessment undertaken, 2 commissioned providers (Q3 2014/15) where domestic abuse has occurred in the last six months suggest that 83% of engaging referrals are (not ‘historic’ abuse) assessed.

MARAC referrals and referrals for support have continued to rise evidencing that there Promote the use of the DASH assessment tool across is greater awareness of the DASH tool and 3 services with a view to increasing referrals the domestic abuse pathway across the city thanks to training and briefings offered to a wide range of agencies.

4 Service specifications to introduce a target for waiting times Completed

Introduce quality standards for waiting times and outcomes 5 Completed (planned completions) for all providers

6 Commission an average time in support Completed

Introduce re-assessment targets for all providers for clients 7 Completed who are still in support after 12 weeks of support

Create consistency in targets across services (noted below 8 Completed are targets that do not exist or that are not consistent)

Introduce performance frameworks for DACT 9 Completed commissioned services

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Process in place to collect the data as part of Services to record data in accordance with the Equalities the minimum dataset. Improvements are 10 Act 2011 required in all services on the quality of data collection, particularly on equality information.

This is progressing with 3 volunteers at the Increase the number of volunteers working/ contributing to 11 helpline but more volunteer training and DA services recruitment is needed.

The introduction of a quarterly performance monitoring 12 Completed process

Introduce a new consent form to all services, to ensure clients are explicitly informed about the uses of their data 13 and add an additional section to enable the use of clients Completed anonymised data for performance, research and needs analysis purposes.

Completed - this is part of the contracts Write a citywide information sharing protocol for domestic DACT have with our commissioned 14 abuse support services. providers. The MARAC protocol was due for reviewed in September 2014.

Improve the quality of the citywide collection of client data 15 by all commissioned services using Modus, in line with their contract clauses. A Minimum dataset was introduced to address these gaps. Launched in January Maximise opportunities to retrieve data from Modus, test 2014 this is the first dataset required of all the robustness of the software and review currently 16 clients entering domestic abuse support in provided information; including the intake and exit forms. Sheffield. Data quality is improving, although there is still work required to accurately Create a minimum data set locally for all services for clients record those who consent. This will enable 17 in support services for domestic abuse. This will include a an accurate picture of activity and improve summary of outcomes monitoring. the system as a performance management Start recording data and collecting it centrally for Honour tool. 18 Based Violence, Forced marriage and FGM, and include on the local Minimum dataset.

Not required for those using the minimum Consider introducing a proforma for services to report to the 19 dataset. HIS data shared with DACT when DACT where they are not commissioned directly by DACT requested.

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Improve the recording and reporting of client disability data Part of the minimum dataset. However, more to meet the requirements of the Equalities Act 2011, so the work needs to be done with the software 20 9% citing a disability can be ratified and, where required, for provider and service providers in order to disability issues to be addressed accordingly by services. improve data available on disabilities.

Continue to monitor the number of sexual violence cases DACT do not receive data on a regular basis, 21 on the Independent Sexual Violence Advocate (ISVA) therefore a process needs to be established caseload. to enable this. .

Data has constantly been reviewed, as Monitor the monthly high risk referrals into IDVAs, MARAC referrals have been higher than forecast. 22 data and subsequent engagement to ensure the IDVAs supported 943 referrals and referred commissioned IDVA service meets need. 903 to MARAC during first four quarters of their contract.

The difference between referrals to IDVAs and referrals to MARAC has been Understanding the gap between the number of high risk determined to be due to referrals of cases IDVA referrals and the number of referrals to MARAC is that were previously high risk. Pathway has 23 required for future capacity planning and commissioning of been clarified in this respect with key the IDVA Service. referrers. 867 cases were discussed at MARAC in 2013/14 in comparison to 546 in 2012/13. An increase of 59%.

Continue to monitor translation services used to ensure the Ongoing - translated leaflet reprint in 2015 24 language needs of those accessing support services are will include extra languages as a result. met.

Write and agree a No Recourse for Public Funds (NRPF) Included in the Domestic and sexual abuse 25 Policy, rollout to all services and monitor the impact. strategy

Site launched and has been live since Update the Domestic Abuse section of the DACT Website September 2013. In 2014 the domestic 26

https://www.sheffielddact.org.uk/ abuse homepage was visited 436 times per month, on average.

Agree a formal process for reporting citywide performance 27 Still to be actioned. to the Joint Commissioning Group (JCG)

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 18

Group was first held in October 2013. The group terms of reference have been agreed; Launch the Domestic Abuse Service User Reference Group 28 the meeting takes place bi-monthly and has (SURG) had attendance by an average of three to five current/ex-service users per month.

The MARAC review was completed by CAADA working in conjunction with DACT Complete the review of the current MARAC model in and South Yorkshire Police. CAADA Sheffield; to ensure it is fit for purpose; it meets the 10 attended and reviewed a live MARAC, and principles of a successful MARAC, and it has the capacity there were a number of successful MARAC 29 to take on an ever increasing number of cases. This review consultations held with participants from all started in June 2013 with the DACT working in partnership work areas. The MARAC review was signed with South Yorkshire Police & CAADA. It is very likely new off by Sheffield City Council (SCC); an action actions will be identified as part of this process. plan has been agreed and is in the process of being implemented.

There is a need for a complete referral list of cases to MARAC to identify clearly those services referring a low The MARAC spreadsheet has been adapted number of referrals and those services who would be by a DACT analyst to include greater detail 30 expected to refer to MARAC but have yet no done so, to regarding referrers and more detailed understand the reason behind the low referrals and where information has been recorded since possible aim to increase future referrals by these services February 2014. to MARAC.

Ascertain via a questionnaire the work undertaken by the 28 services identified as working with children and young people and understand the governance of such services alongside mapping such services to see where gaps in Completed in September 2013 and signed off 31 support are. This action is in progress and an initial report by the JCG. including a list of children and young people’s services has been taken to the Provider Consultation Group (PCG) and following updates will be taken to the next Joint Commissioning Group.

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 19

A domestic abuse and young people's strategy group has been operating since April 2014 working on pathways and guidance Review the impact of the change in the domestic abuse around supporting young people affected by 32 definition on safeguarding children’s services and pathways domestic abuse. MARAC heard 17 cases for referral into domestic abuse support. where the victim was aged 16-17 in 2013/14 - 3.6% of cases where national average was 1.8%.

Implemented. Data now recorded routinely on the performance monitoring framework for Continue to monitor the number of 16 and 17 year olds the high risk and standard and medium risk 33 seen in support services. contracts, it is included as part of the HIS supporting people data and MARAC records this data.

To have a section in the domestic abuse strategy on young Included in the Domestic and Sexual Abuse 34 people and be explicit on who is taking the lead for this Strategy work (Home Office, 2013).

There is an on-going need to increase the use of the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) DASH Work is on-going. Progress in the last year assessment tool and the ‘comms tools’ in Sheffield within 2013/14 has been to train 135 individuals 35 referral sources, to ensure risk assessments are representing 29 different services. Use of standardised and more individuals are identified, so support DASH by South Yorkshire police was to be for their domestic abuse can be provided and an onward launched in 2014/15. referral made where required and where appropriate.

Since October 2013 the DACT has organised There is a need for service user feedback and for surveys a domestic abuse SURG. The group has to be undertaken over the next year; to gain further been involved in improving the DACT website understanding of how well services are known, how 36 and improving the publicity and literature that individuals got into support, where there may be perceived promotes services and encourages victims to gaps in provision and how/where client needs can be seek help. The group remains active and will further supported. continue to feed in to future publicity.

Identify opportunities to promote the use of Children and Referral to MAST and Social Care plus use Young people’s services for those affected by domestic of the Family Common Assessment 37 abuse working in collaboration with Children’s Social Care Framework is included in contracts of and the Multi-Agency Support Team (MAST). commissioned providers.

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 20

The Community Youth Team (CYT) service believes that a specialist therapeutic counselling service would best meet the needs of a section of these young people but there is Referred to the Domestic Abuse JCG for 38 not an immediate service on offer for this cohort, therefore consideration opportunities could be explored on how best this perceived need could be met.

DACT to keep informed of the progress made to the introduction of a young people’s perpetrator programme YJS have been asked to supply DACT with 39 currently in the process of being developed by Youth progress update. Justice Service (YJS) & CYT.

Given the national strategy to address the behaviour of perpetrators and that there is a recognised gap in Sheffield for commissioned voluntary perpetrator support there is a Included in the Domestic and Sexual Abuse 40 need for a feasibility study to understand the benefits of Strategy commissioning a local voluntary referrals Perpetrator Programme, although waiting for the outcome of Action 103 of the Strategy Update (April 2014) would be advisable.

There has been an increase in the number of ISVA clients in the last few years and whilst the commissioning will be led by the NHS there is a need for the DACT to be a 41 stakeholder in the future commissioning of the Sexual The Office for the Police and Crime Assault Referral Centre (SARC) and ISVA provision for Commissioner who are leading in this area Sheffield residents. has a representative attending the domestic

The Government’s aim is to establish ‘a register of all abuse Strategic Board. ISVAs, raise the profile of the role amongst statutory 42 agencies and introduce quarterly regional focus groups’, Sheffield needs to be a stakeholder in such developments.

Sheffield provides a Child Assessment unit for victims of sexual assault aged 18 years or younger and does not fund Also being considered by the Office of the a children’s ISVA post at the SARC. Further consideration 43 Police and Crime Commissioner as part of should be given to fully understand the benefits that this wider review of ISVA services. Sheffield approach gives to those victims aged less than 18 years compared to the other areas in South Yorkshire.

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 21

All Housing Independence Service (HIS) and Local Included in the Domestic and Sexual Abuse Authority contracts with domestic abuse services include Strategy -action is to develop pathway to 44 providing support to victims of sexual violence; therefore support for victims of sexual abuse whether work with sexual abuse victims in all support services as part of domestic abuse or not. needs to be better understood.

There is a need for Sheffield Rape and Sexual Abuse Use of DASH was included in grant Centre (SRASAC) to use the ACPO DASH assessment, to conditions. Service to be commissioned by 45 reduce the waiting time for assessment and to have an DACT from April 2015 and a new effective approach to discharging clients successfully in a performance management framework to be shorter period of time. developed.

The Government’s ‘A Call to End Violence Against Women and Girls Action Plan 2013’ has an action (17) to review the Awaiting publication. Locally developed 46 suitability of existing risk assessment tools for 16 and 17 guidance will be available by April 2015. years (March 2014 time frame) and therefore it would be mindful of Sheffield to observe the outcome of this review.

Increase our understanding of the support needs of the LGBT population group, including service user feedback Targets agreed with all commissioned DACT 47 where possible; apply known best practice with a view of services and monitored quarterly. S/U survey increasing the proportion of LGBT individuals accessing to be undertaken. support services.

Targets agreed with all commissioned DACT There is a continued need to ensure all services are services and monitored quarterly. Specific accessible to all ethnic groups; with particular focus on the 48 groups targeted with information about following ethnicity groups; Pakistani, Indian, Chinese and pathways and services e.g. Chinese Black African populations. community, Roma Slovak community.

There is a need to better understand the effectiveness of Domestic Abuse Strategy Manager consulted the referral pathway between Domestic Abuse support re. new Safeguarding Adults Procedures and 49 services and adult social care services and vice versa to to attend Adult Safeguarding Best Interests understand whether there is a gap in identification and/or a Group spring 2015 to discuss. gap in referrals.

There is a need to better understand how compliant The Domestic Abuse Operational Group has services are with the Mental Capacity Act (2005), review 50 had briefings on the Mental Capacity Act but policies and procedures and ascertain where there may be refreshers are needed during 2015. training needs.

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 22

There is a need to better understand if cases over the age Domestic Abuse Strategy Manager consulted of 60 plus are more likely to present at Safeguarding Adults re. new Safeguarding Adults Procedures and services rather than police and domestic abuse support to attend Adult Safeguarding Best Interests 51 services, and whether these cases are shared with anyone. Group spring 2015 to discuss. Commissioned Alongside this there is a need to review whether support services are contracted to tailor services services meet the needs of those aged 60 plus. appropriately to older clients.

There is a need to better understand the offer available for domestic abuse support victims who have a mental health problem; including the current use of counselling services Included in Domestic and Sexual Abuse 52 for victims, how support services refer into counselling Strategy. services and where there may be opportunities to explore this offer further.

Audit against the NICE guidelines - 'Domestic violence and Initial audit undertaken summer 2014 - paper 53 abuse: how health services, social care and the to go to Domestic Abuse Strategic Board in organisations they work with can respond effectively' 2015.

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 23

Chapter 1 Update to National Data on Domestic Abuse

1.1 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences, 2012/1317

Main findings are:-

 In 2012/13 there were 398,000 domestic violence incidents reported in England and Wales, 90,000 more than in 2011/12, and constituting 20% of ALL violent crime incidents.

 There were 19,124 rapes and 41,770 other sexual offences reported to the Police in 2013.

 7.1% of women and 4.4% of men reported having experienced any type of domestic abuse in the last year.

 30% of women and 16.3% of men had experienced any form of domestic abuse since the age of 16.

 4% of women and 2.8% of men reported partner abuse (non-sexual) and 4.1% of women and 1.9% of men reported having experienced stalking, these were the most common of the separate types of intimate violence.

 2% of women and 0.5% of men experienced some form of sexual assault in the last year. It is estimated that 331,000 females were a victim of sexual assault in the last year.

 The prevalence of intimate violence is higher among younger age groups for both men and women. Prevalence of intimate violence against women was 11.3% and 12.5%, for 16 – 19 year olds and 20 – 24 year olds, respectively. This compares to a prevalence of 4.7% and 2.7% for 45 – 54 year olds and 55 – 59 year olds, respectively.

 24% of victims believed that the perpetrator was under the influence of alcohol, and 9% believed the perpetrator was under the influence of drugs.

 53% of female victims of homicide (16 years or older) were killed by their partner or ex-partner, which compares to 4% of male homicide victims (16 years or older).

 81% of homicide victims killed by their partner / ex-partner were White, 7% Black, 7% Asian (Indian sub-continent).

 49% of homicide victims killed by their partner / ex-partner were killed by a sharp instrument (60% for males, 46% for females). 23% of victims were killed by strangulation / asphyxiation (27% of females, 4% of males).

17 ONS Publication using data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales 2012/13 and Police recorded crime 2012/13 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/focus-on-violent-crime-and-sexual-offences--2012-13/index.html James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 24

 For female homicide victims killed by their partner / ex-partner, all suspects were male. For male homicide victims killed by their partner / ex-partner, 64% were female.

1.2 An overview of Sexual offending in England and Wales18

This report also draws on data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) and was a more in-depth look at sexual offending specifically. It was published in January 2013, using CSEW data up to 2011/12. The data is therefore older than in the latest CSEW reports but this particular report had not been updated at the time of writing.

Main findings are:-

 Self-reported data suggests that on average (2009/10 – 2011/12) 2.5% of females and 0.4% of males have been a victim of a sexual offence.

 It is estimated that 0.5% of females and 0.1% of males report being a victim of the most serious sexual offences in the last 12 months.

 90% of victims of the most serious sexual offences in the last 12 months had known the perpetrator.

 In 2011/12 there were 53,700 sexual offences recorded by the police in England and Wales. 16,000 reports of rape and 22,100 for sexual assault. This accounts for 71% of the total recorded by the police.

 Only 15% of female victims of the most serious sexual offences had reported the incident to the Police.

1.3 Crime Survey of England and Wales Data

CSEW findings are used throughout this report along with data and estimates from other sources. Crime Survey responses are collated via one-to-one face-to-face interviews between a research interviewer and the interviewee. There are also some self-completion sections for the more sensitive areas that interviewees complete in private on a computer and therefore their responses are completely anonymous. The self-completion modules include domestic violence and sexual assault.19 However, as with a lot of surveys, it is possible that incidents are under-reported, particularly around the sensitive issues. It is also important to be mindful that the survey is a sample survey, is only asked of people 16 – 59 years, and is also reliant on individuals choosing to disclose requested information and could therefore be underestimated. All surveys can have

18 An Overview of Sexual Offending in England and Wales, Ministry of Justice, Home Office and the Office for National Statistics, using CSEW, Police Reported Crimes, and criminal justice outcome data, Published 10th January 2013 19 http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww w.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fguide-method%2Fmethod-quality%2Fspecific%2Fcrime-statistics-methodology%2Fuser-guide-to-crime- statistics.pdf&ei=bhtrVIL4C8rsaKiXgsgD&usg=AFQjCNHkBK146wGA_1LYFsSeUuSVYdeO8g James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 25

limitations that need to be taken on board. The findings of the CSEW and its predecessor, the British Crime Survey, have been questioned in the past and limitations highlighted. For example, ‘Domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey (BCS)’20 appendix report highlights that although some sections are self-completion, 7% of respondents required some assistance from the interviewer which may alter how they responded to those questions. The gender of the interviewer can also affect responses; prevalence reported to female interviewers was higher than to male interviewers, whether the interviewee was male or female. The survey also excludes people not in private households such as those in refuges, hostels, or other temporary accommodation, this could particularly affect prevalence rates recorded for ‘victim in the last year’ questions. It is worth noting therefore, that prevalence estimates could be understated but in the absence of another survey, the findings along with other research and findings are used in this report. The forward to the report does acknowledge however, that the findings are from an innovative computerised self-completion questionnaire which encourages wider reporting of experiences than a face-to-face interview.

The survey remains one of the largest social research studies conducted in England and Wales. The accompanying technical report21 describes the ongoing work carried out to get the most accurate and therefore useful responses to the questions asked. It should be noted that the 2012/13 survey results released and reported by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in 2014, have retained their national statistics kitemark standard.22

20 Sylvia Walby and Jonathan Allen, 2004 21http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=7&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CEkQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdo cukdataservice.ac.uk%2Fdoc%2F7422%2Fmrdoc%2Fpdf%2F7422_csew_2012- 13_technical_report.pdf&ei=K_o8VPXLMILe7AbuuYHwAw&usg=AFQjCNHMVteZRR2J2tgpC18ufdUYOYb0nw 22 http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmpubadm/760/76006.htm#n46 item 51

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 26

Chapter 2 Demographic Information & the Estimated Prevalence of Domestic and Sexual Abuse in Sheffield

What the Sheffield strategy says…

We will ensure that services in Sheffield are accessible to all.

We will do this by: Ensuring services meet the needs of all victims, including the female majority but also with a specific focus on those from known hard to reach groups in the city.

2.1 This section focuses on the demographical and diversity information of the people of Sheffield and Domestic Abuse victims in Sheffield. It should be noted that mid-year population estimates for 2013 were released in June 2014. However, these estimates do not include estimates for an individual’s religion or ethnicity and so the 2011 Office of National Statistics (ONS) census data has been used for consistency. The 2013 mid-year estimates suggest an increase of 1.34% on the overall Sheffield population, with an increase of 1.8% for the male population and 0.9% for the female population.

2.2 Age

The 2011 Census23 gave the following age breakdown for the population in Sheffield:

All Persons Males Females All ages 552,698 272,661 280,037 0 ‒ 4 33,977 6.1% 17,382 6.4% 16,595 5.9% 5 ‒ 9 30,337 5.5% 15,623 5.7% 14,714 5.3% 10 ‒ 14 30,193 5.5% 15,481 5.7% 14,712 5.3% 15 ‒ 19 42,309 7.7% 20,926 7.7% 21,383 7.6% 20 ‒ 24 56,134 10.2% 28,451 10.4% 27,683 9.9% 25 ‒ 29 38,805 7.0% 19,214 7.0% 19,591 7.0% 30 ‒ 34 35,936 6.5% 18,416 6.8% 17,520 6.3% 35 ‒ 39 34,878 6.3% 17,477 6.4% 17,401 6.2% 40 ‒ 44 39,453 7.1% 19,610 7.2% 19,843 7.1% 45 ‒ 49 36,497 6.6% 18,346 6.7% 18,151 6.5% 50 ‒ 54 32,216 5.8% 16,238 6.0% 15,978 5.7% 55 ‒ 59 27,578 5.0% 13,622 5.0% 13,956 5.0% 60 ‒ 64 28,687 5.2% 14,205 5.2% 14,482 5.2% 65 ‒ 69 24,114 4.4% 11,592 4.3% 12,522 4.5% 70 ‒ 74 20,574 3.7% 9,699 3.6% 10,875 3.9% 75 ‒ 79 16,800 3.0% 7,341 2.7% 9,459 3.4% 80 ‒ 84 12,437 2.3% 5,181 1.9% 7,256 2.6% 85 ‒ 89 7,600 1.4% 2,716 1.0% 4,884 1.7% 90 ‒ 94 3,338 0.6% 947 0.3% 2,391 0.9% 95 ‒ 99 732 0.1% 182 0.1% 550 0.2% 100 and over 103 0.02% 12 0.004% 91 0.03% Under 16 100,684 18.2% 51,687 19.0% 48,997 17.5% Under 18 113,311 20.5% 58,117 21.3% 55,194 19.7% 16+ 452,014 81.8% 220,974 81.0% 231,040 82.5% 16 ‒ 44 241,338 43.7% 120,893 44.3% 120,445 43.0% 45 ‒ 64 124,978 22.6% 62,411 22.9% 62,567 22.3% 65 and over 85,698 15.5% 37,670 13.8% 48,028 17.2%

23 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/population-and-household-estimates-for-england-and-wales/index.html James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 27

The data shows us that 81.8% of the Sheffield population are 16 years or older (81% of males and 82.5% of females). The 4-year age group that has the highest proportion of the population is the 20 – 24 years group with 10.2% of the population (10.4% of males and 9.9% of females). 66.3% of the population are aged between 16 and 64 (67.2% of males and 65.4% of females).

The age of a person can affect the likelihood of a person experiencing domestic abuse, according to collated via the CSEW, however this could be affected by an individual’s willingness to disclose such information in response to the questions asked. A statistic release from the ONS24 that draws on data from the CSEW 2012/13 found that 4.4% of men (16 years+) and 7.1% of women (16 years+) have experienced domestic abuse in the last year. However, incidences of domestic abuse are higher among younger cohorts. For example the highest percentages are recorded for the 16 – 19 and 20 – 24 age groups, for both males and females. 7.5% of 16 – 19 year old males and 11.3% of females reported being a victim of domestic abuse in the last year, and 6.9% of males and 12.5 % of females in the 20 – 24 year old age group. Applying these percentages to the number of 20 – 24 year olds in Sheffield suggests that 3460 females and 1963 males within this age group will have been a victim of domestic abuse in the last 12 months. It should be noted that the data from the CSEW only covers people aged 16 – 59.

2.3 Gender

Applying the data from the CSEW which suggests that 4.4% of males and 7.1% of females aged 16 – 59 have experienced domestic abuse in the last year, this would equate to 11,966 females and 7,440 males in Sheffield. In terms of an individual who has been a victim of domestic abuse since the age of 16, 30% of females and 16.3% of men reported having been a victim once or more.

The CSEW reports that in 2012/13 83.5% of homicide victims that were killed by a partner or ex- partner were female.

CAADA recommend that 4 – 10% of referrals to MARAC should be for male victims25; in Sheffield during 2013-14 2.9% of referrals to MARAC were male. In South Yorkshire the percentage of referrals to MARAC that were male was 4%, 4.8% for the most similar Police force group, and 4.4% nationally. This suggests that male victims are under-represented in Sheffield at MARAC.

Data available on the minimum dataset for Sheffield tells us that 95% of people receiving support in 2014 were female and 5% were male.

The majority of the tables of CSEW data used for the Home Office reports ‘Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences 2012/13’ present percentages for people who reported having been a victim of domestic or sexual abuse once or more either in the last 12 months or since the age of

24 http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/crime-stats/crime-statistics/focus-on-violent-crime-and-sexual-offences--2012-13/index.html 25 http://www.caada.org.uk/marac/Reviewing_your_MARAC_data.html James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 28

16. This could hide the level of repeat victimisation experienced by females and the severity of the abuse. It does highlight however, that 30% of females reported being a victim more than once, 13% 6 times or more, however, 39% of females did not wish to disclose an answer to this question which could mean these percentages are grossly understated.

Women are the overwhelming majority of the most heavily abused group. For people who had been subject to four or more incidents of domestic violence from the perpetrator of the worst incident experienced, 89% were women26. Women are also four times more likely to experience the most serious and potentially lethal violence, such as threats, assault with a weapon, choking and sexual assault. They are also three times more likely to report suffering a physical injury27.

2.4 Ethnicity

Data in the table below shows the population ethnicity breakdown of people living in Sheffield. The data is also split by gender.

% of male % of female Sheffield Demographics All % of total males total females total Population 552,698 -- 272,661 -- 280,037 -- ethnicity White: British 446,837 80.8% 218,131 80.0% 228,706 81.7% White: Irish 2,891 0.5% 1,479 0.5% 1,412 0.5% White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller 358 0.1% 190 0.1% 168 0.1% White: Other White 12,458 2.3% 6,089 2.2% 6,369 2.3% Mixed/multiple ethnic group: White and Black Caribbean 5,450 1.0% 2,596 1.0% 2,854 1.0% Mixed/multiple ethnic group: White and Black African 1,296 0.2% 643 0.2% 653 0.2% Mixed/multiple ethnic group: White and Asian 3,490 0.6% 1,736 0.6% 1,754 0.6% Mixed/multiple ethnic group: Other Mixed 3,053 0.6% 1,508 0.6% 1,545 0.6% Asian/Asian British: Indian 5,868 1.1% 3,396 1.2% 2,472 0.9% Asian/Asian British: Pakistani 21,990 4.0% 11,180 4.1% 10,810 3.9% Asian/Asian British: Bangladeshi 3,326 0.6% 1,637 0.6% 1,689 0.6% Asian/Asian British: Chinese 7,398 1.3% 3,719 1.4% 3,679 1.3% Asian/Asian British: Other Asian 5,803 1.0% 3,087 1.1% 2,716 1.0% Black/African/Caribbean/Black British: African 11,543 2.1% 5,973 2.2% 5,570 2.0% Black/African/Caribbean/Black British: Caribbean 5,506 1.0% 2,823 1.0% 2,683 1.0%

Black/African/Caribbean/Black British: Other Black 3,033 1,539 1,494 0.5% 0.6% 0.5% Other ethnic group: Arab 8,432 1.5% 4,609 1.7% 3,823 1.4% Other ethnic group: Any other ethnic group 3,966 0.7% 2,326 0.9% 1,640 0.6% ONS Census 2011 data. http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/lc2101ew

The table shows that 80.8% of the population are White British with 19.2% being from a Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) group (20% of males and 18.3% of females). The BME groups that make up the largest proportions of the Sheffield population are; 4% are Asian/Asian British:

26 Domestic Violence, sexual assault and stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey, Walby and Allen, March 2004. 27 The gendered nature of domestic violence – facts and figures, Refuge, 2014 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 29

Pakistani, 2.3% White: Other white, 2.1% Black/African/Caribbean/Black British: African.

CSEW data for 2012/13 states that 0.4% of White people were a victim of violence committed by a domestic acquaintance, the same percentage was recorded for Asian or Asian British and Chinese or Other. For Mixed Race ethnicity the percentage is 0.7% and for Black or Black British 0.2%. The CSEW also reports the percentage of men and women aged 16 – 59 that have been a victim of any domestic abuse in the last year. This data is split by gender and ethnicity but only White/Non-White. For men who have been a victim of any domestic abuse the percentage is 4.7% for White, and 2.4% for Non-White. For women the reported percentage is 7.4% for White females and 4.4% for Non-White females, although this is likely to indicate barriers to reporting / disclosure for non-white groups.

The proportion of BME clients accessing support services nationally differ according to reports; a Women’s Aid Federation England week long survey in June 201428 found that 34% of refuge residents on the 16 June 2011 and 25% of individuals accessing non-refuge services were BME. Whilst CAADA Insight data29 reported 15% accessing support services were BME. 16.9% of MARAC referrals in Sheffield for 2013-14 were for BME individuals, slightly below the MARAC area BME population of 19%.

At the end of 2013/14 26% of individuals receiving support from commissioned providers were BME30. There is a need to simplify the ethnicity options available on the domestic abuse case management system to provide consistency of ethnicity reporting.

Research also suggests different ethnic groups have different experiences of the type of abuse they are subjected to and also in how they access support services. For example CAADA found that the dual heritage victims were more likely to be referred via health services, black victims were more likely to be health or self-referrals and less likely to be referred by the police, and Asian victims were more likely to be experiencing abuse perpetrated by a current family member or an adult family member/s and were more likely to be living with a perpetrator.

2.5 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT)

The LGBT population in the UK was estimated at 1 in 16 people, or 6% of the national population31 in 2005 following research undertaken by the Treasury actuaries when analysing the financial implications of the Civil Partnerships Act (2005). There are no local projections available. Information on the Stonewall website32 states that the government uses a figure of 5 – 7% which they believe to be reasonable. A 6% population rate therefore has been applied to the Sheffield

28 The day to count snapshot survey, Women’s Aid Federation of England, Annual Survey of Domestic Violence Services 2010-11, page 21 and page 25 29 http://www.caada.org.uk/policy/Appendix_CAADA_Insights_National_Dataset_2011-12.pdf 30 Provider reported performance 31 Campbell, D. ‘3.6m people in Britain are gay – official’ The Observer, Sunday 11 December 2005 http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/dec/11/gayrights.immigrationpolicy 32 http://www.stonewall.org.uk/at_home/sexual_orientation_faqs/2694.asp James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 30

model.

Total male female LGBT proportion of the UK population 6% Sheffield LGBT population (16yrs+) based on 6% of the population 27,121 13,258 13,862

Using the 6% estimate and applying it to the Sheffield population 16 years and over gives an estimated prevalence of 13,258 LGBT males and 13,862 LGBT females.

CAADA recommends a 5% LGBT client base on the MARAC caseload nationally; however the MARAC Performance results show that less than 1% of referrals to MARAC are LGBT33 which is a similar proportion to the England Average, Sheffield’s most similar forces and the Yorkshire and Humber region. Therefore as LGBT individuals are estimated to be around 6% of the Sheffield population, and that CAADA suggests 5% (which would equate to 83 MARAC cases in Sheffield in 2013-14) of the victims presented at MARAC should be LGBT this indicates that the proportion of LGBT individuals referred to MARAC in 2013-14 is smaller than one would expect and this issue is not just local to Sheffield.

Data reported on the Sheffield minimum dataset for 2014 shows that 1% of those in support were LGBT; however, 7.7% did not have their sexuality recorded.

2.6 Religion

Religion can be of significance for some victims presenting at support services, for example beliefs can influence a victim’s response to domestic abuse e.g. if they feel that domestic abuse is accepted and perceived as the norm. This can impact on whether an individual will accept support, and/ or their interpretation of their own situation. The data below is from the ONS 2011 Census.

Area Sheffield percentage All categories: Religion 552,698 Christian 290,299 53% Buddhist 2,282 0.4% Hindu 3,566 1% Jewish 747 0.1% Muslim 42,801 8% Sikh 942 0.2% Other religion 1,961 0.4% No religion 172,516 31% Religion not stated 37,584 7%

53% of the Sheffield population are Christian, 31% have no religion, and 8% are Muslim. 1% or less of the Sheffield population identified themselves in each of the other religious categories

33 CAADA data for the 12 month period between April 2013 and March 2014. James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 31

shown above.

In terms of domestic abuse service users in Sheffield data for January 2014 – March 2014 tells us that 65.1% of the service user population had a religion recorded, therefore showing that asking and recording of this data has increased (27% were asked in 2011-12) but needs to continue to be improved. Of those asked and responding the findings have been compared to the Census 2011 data. 28.6% were Christian (Census was 53%), 50.8% were Atheist or of no religion compared to 31% on the Census and 16.2% were Muslim compared to 8% on the Sheffield Census data. For the remaining groups less than 1% of people asked their religion were in each and just 1.4% of the people asked declined to answer the question.

2.7 The Estimated Prevalence of Domestic Abuse in Sheffield (victim in the last year)

Domestic Abuse Prevalence Estimates Prevalence Total Female Male source Sheffield population size (16 - 59 years) 337,629 168,530 169,099 2011 Census, ONS. Domestic Abuse 10,280 Violence Against Women and Girls Ready Victim of domestic abuse in the last year (16 - 59 years) 6.1% Reckoner (2009) (margin of error +/-2960) Victim of any type of domestic abuse in the last year (16 - 5.7% 7.1% 4.4% Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and 59 years) 19,406 11,966 7,440 Sexual Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data. Sexual Assault 6,741 Violence Against Women and Girls Ready Victim of sexual assault in the last year (16 - 59 years) 4.0% Reckoner (2009) (margin of error +/- 2146) Victim of any sexual assault in the last year (16 - 59 4052 3371 845 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and years) 1.20% 2.0% 0.50% Sexual Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data. Victim of serious sexual assault in the last year (16 - 59 1013 843 169 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and years) 0.30% 0.5% 0.10% Sexual Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data. LGBT 27,121 13,258 13,862 6% of Sheffield population 16 years + 25.6% 22% 29% Prevalence of domestic violence among lesbians Victim of domestic abuse at some point in their life 6937 2917 4020 and gay men. Henderson, L. (2003) Ethnicity Sheffield White population (16 - 59 years) 279,645 140,831 138,814 ONS Census 2011

Experienced domestic abuse in the last year (16 - 59 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and years) 6.1% 7.40% 4.70% Sexual Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data. Estimated No. experiencing domestic abuse in the last estimate prevalence based on above population year (16 - 59 years) 16,946 10,421 6,524 data and estimated % Sheffield Non-White population (16 - 59 years) 57,984 27,699 30,285 ONS Census 2011

Experienced domestic abuse in the last year (16 - 59 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and years) 3.4% 4.40% 2.40% Sexual Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data. Estimated No. experiencing domestic abuse in the last estimate prevalence based on above population year (16 - 59 years) 1,946 1219 727 data and estimated % Stalking 12,131 Violence Against Women and Girls Ready Victim of stalking in the last year (16 - 59 years) 7.2% Reckoner (2009) (margin of error +/- 2947) 3% 4.1% 1.9% Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Victim of stalking in the last year (2012/13) 10033 6838 3195 Sexual Offences, 2012/13, ONS.

The table shows that the estimate for any form of domestic violence in Sheffield over the last year (16 to 59 years, male and female) is around 19,406, with 11,966 women and 7,440 men. These

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 32

estimates are combined unlike the Ready Reckoner34 which separates the three forms of violence (Domestic abuse, sexual abuse and stalking) although an individual may experience more than one type of abuse. Evidence from the Home Office Research Study 276 (2004) using findings from the British Crime Survey (2001) found that of those individuals who had been a victim of domestic abuse:

 85% men and 66% of women had been a victim of one of the three forms of domestic violence,

 27% of women and 13% of men had been a victim of two forms

 7% of women a victim of all three forms of violence compared with 1% of men.

Based on this research, then using the findings from the ready reckoner around 6,785 (66%) of the 10,280 Ready reckoner abuse female victims would be a victim of one form of abuse in the last year, and 720 females (7%) had been a victim of all three forms of domestic abuse in the last year.

The Ready Reckoner and the CSEW suggest that the prevalence estimate for female victims of domestic abuse in the last year is fairly similar (between 10,000 and 12,000 taking into account the margin of error on the ready reckoner estimate), and therefore gives support to both figures however the sexual assault and stalking figures for estimates differ quite considerably, and are both below the -95% Confidence Interval levels for these forms of abuse given on the Ready Reckoner.

2.8 The Estimated Prevalence of Domestic Abuse in Sheffield (victim since the age of 16)

Domestic Abuse Prevalence Estimates Prevalence Total Female Male source Sheffield population size (16 - 59 years) 337,629 168,530 169,099 2011 Census, ONS. Domestic Abuse Victim of any type of domestic abuse since the age of 16 23.2% 30.0% 16.3% Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual (16 - 59 years) 78,330 50,559 27,563 Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data. Sexual Assault Victim of any sexual assault since the age of 16 (16 - 59 36802 32189 4566 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual years) 10.90% 19.1% 2.70% Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data. Victim of serious sexual assault since the age of 16 (16 - 8778 8258 676 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual 59 years) 2.60% 4.9% 0.40% Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data. Stalking 13% 17.4% 8.2% Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Victim of stalking since the age of 16 (16 - 59 years) 43217 29324 13866 Offences, 2012/13, ONS.

The table above provides the estimates for the number of people that have been a victim of domestic abuse, sexual assault, and stalking since the age of 16. The CSEW provides the estimated percentage prevalence for people aged 16 – 59 and the estimated number has been

34 http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100104215220/http:/crimereduction.homeoffice.gov.uk/domesticviolence/domesticviolence072.ht m James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 33

calculated by applying that percentage to the ONS 2011 census population size in Sheffield for people aged 16 – 59. The survey is also limited to incidents from the age of 16 and therefore historical (child) sexual abuse that took place before the survey responder was 16 years old is not captured.

Based on the CSEW findings in 2012/13 30% of females aged 16 – 59 have been a victim of one or more incidence of domestic abuse since they were 16 years old, equating to 50,559 females within the age range. 19.1% (32,189) stated that they had been a victim of sexual assault once or more since the age of 16, 4.9% (8,258) stated they had been a victim of a serious sexual assault. 17.4% (29,324) of females also recorded having been a victim of stalking.

In terms of males, 16.3% (27,563) stated they had been a victim of domestic abuse once or more since the age of 16, 2.7% (4,566) a victim of a sexual assault and 0.4% (676) a victim of a serious sexual assault. 8.2% (13,866) stated that they had been a victim of stalking.

What the above data does not tell us is the estimated rate of repeat victimisation and the number of incidents of domestic / sexual abuse experienced by repeat victims.

2.9 Repeat Victimisation

Victims of domestic violence are more likely to experience repeat victimisation than victims of any other types of crime.35

South Yorkshire Police data for domestic abuse crimes and incidents in Sheffield36 states that of 7209 victims in 2013-14 28.4% of them had more than one incident recorded in the 12 month period, and 3.9% experienced 5 or more incidents. If this was applied to the estimated prevalence of 19,406 persons having been a victim of domestic abuse in the last year, this would suggest that 5,511 persons experienced more than one incident in the last 12 months. It is also well documented that females are more likely to be repeat victims of domestic abuse and more likely to suffer the more serious forms of abuse / violence. For example, in 2004 it was documented that 2/3rd of female victims of non-sexual domestic violence and half the victims of sexual assault had experienced more than one incident of domestic abuse in the last year.37

The CSEW found that 30% of females had been a victim more than once in the previous 12 months, with 13% having been a victim 6 times or more. However, in response to this question 39% of females did not wish to disclose how many times they had been a victim, suggesting that these percentages will be understated. 11% of females had been a victim of sexual assault in the last year.

35 http://www.cps.gov.uk/news/articles/domestic_violence_-_the_facts_the_issues_the_future/ 36 Domestic Abuse Statistics 2011 – 2014, crimes and incidents reported to the Police with a domestic violence tag. 37 Domestic Violence, sexual assault and stalking: findings from the BCS, Walby. S., Allen. J. James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 34

In 2010/11 repeat victimisation accounted for 73% of all domestic violence, 44% were victimised more than once and 24% were victimised three times or more.38

2.10 People Receiving Support

Quarter 4 2013/14 snapshot Total % of prevalence Note

Estimated Prevalence (CSEW 2012/13) (16 - 59 years) 4851 Prevalence figure divided by four to give a quarter estimate No. receiving support (Q4 2013/14) 566 11.7% data recorded on Paloma Modus+ No. females receiving support (Q4 2013/14) 539 11.1% data recorded on Paloma Modus+ No. males receiving support (Q4 2013/14) 26 0.5% data recorded on Paloma Modus+ No. rated high risk at intake (Q4 2013/14) 216 4.5% data recorded on Paloma Modus*+ No. rated medium/standard risk at intake (Q4 2013/14) 361 7.4% data recorded on Paloma Modus*+ South Yorkshire Police Domestic Violence Statistics No. Police recorded victims (2013-14) 1802 37.1% (annual figure divided by four) Police referrals to services (Q4 2013/14) 917 18.9% Q4 13-14 provider reported data Police referrals as a percentage of Police recorded % of Police victims 50.9% victims.

+ Data shown is only for those who consented to data sharing. Therefore total activity may be higher than is shown here. *If an individual has had more than one episode with different risk ratings they will be counted in both numbers reported.

The table above shows the number of people receiving support in a quarter as well as the number of Police incidents. What we can see is that based on the estimated prevalence for Sheffield 11.7% of the prevalence received support. Females made up 11.1% of this and males 0.5% (the number of males / females receiving support does not equal the total receiving support due to the gender not being recorded for all clients).

The number of Police recorded victims equates to 37.1% of the estimated prevalence, however, only around half of these were referred on to domestic abuse services (18.9% of the estimated prevalence).

The percentage of victims who were high risk at the point of intake was 38% of the total number of people receiving support in the quarter.

Data recording by commissioned providers on the case management tool has historically been inconsistent. From January 2014 services were required to input a specified number of fields that could be extracted from the system in an Excel spreadsheet. Data recording is now more consistent and continues to improve; this is the reason for using one quarter’s data in the table above, the database is also used by a number of agencies, including some that are not DACT commissioned. However, a quick analysis suggests that in quarter 4 2013/14 as many as 40% of service users did not consent to data sharing meaning that the quoted 566 people receiving support may actually be as high as 943 individuals. More recent data shows that the percentage not consenting to share data is reducing and is anticipated to reduce further, through close working with providers. This in turn will improve the quality of data and analysis that is available on the Sheffield client base.

38 BCS Crime in England and Wales 2011, Chaplin et al. James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 35

Data reported by commissioned providers during the first four quarters of their current contract tells us that; 1305 inbound calls were received by the helpline, 2763 referrals were received from the Police into the Medium/standard risk service, 408 new individuals were supported via Outreach, and 943 high risk referrals were received by the high risk service. These are discussed in more detail in section 4 of this report.

The chart below shows the number of referrals in to commissioned services per year with a forecast for the 2014/15 year. The chart shows us that the number of referrals continues to increase year on year, placing additional pressures on commissioned services.

Referrals in to DA services 2010/11 - 2014/15 8000 6000 4000 6804 2000 3983 4266 4956 2287 0 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 forecast based on 9 months data

Using the estimated prevalence from the CSEW 2012/13 and applying this to the Sheffield 16 – 59 age population, provides an estimate that 19,404 individuals have been a victim of domestic abuse in the last year in Sheffield. If 4266 referrals were received by support services, this suggests that 22% of the estimated prevalence accessed support. However, this should be viewed with caution given that individuals accessing support will have been a mix of those currently a victim of domestic abuse and those who had been a victim in the past.

2.11 Needs Identified

There is a need for data recording on the case management system to continue to improve, particularly the recording of a person’s religion. Consistency is needed across ethnicity recording with a simplified list of options available on the system.

The number of people consenting to share data via the case management system needs to be monitored and addressed accordingly.

There is also a need to continue to improve promotion of domestic abuse services to the LGBT community with the aim of increasing the number accessing support. However, there is also a need to work closely with providers to monitor capacity and respond to the increasing number of referrals received by providers.

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Chapter 3 Identification of Domestic and Sexual Abuse and the Domestic Abuse Referral Pathway

What the Sheffield strategy says…

We will continue to work together to help reduce risk and improve safety. We will do this by:

 Promoting the pathway to domestic abuse services and ensuring appropriate links are made to pathways for supported accommodation; the Children’s Prevention and Assessment Teams, and pathways for vulnerable adults experiencing domestic and sexual abuse. We will clarify pathways to sexual abuse / violence services.

 Promoting the use of the DASH risk assessment tool across agencies to ensure that people at risk of harm receive the right response first time.

 Ensuring the Sheffield workforce can identify and refer people experiencing domestic and sexual violence and abuse, understands the impact of abuse on people’s lives via commissioned training including training at a more specialised level for agency champions and those likely to risk assess and including how best to offer support to people with additional vulnerabilities.

3.1 Sheffield Domestic Abuse Pathway

The pathway has been redesigned for professionals to identify, refer and signpost individuals to the most appropriate point to meet their needs. Understanding the level of identified risk of a victim is the key to directing a person to a domestic abuse support service, as per the pathway outlined below.

Sheffield Domestic Abuse Pathway All agencies are encouraged to use the Safeguarding DASH risk assessment tool Victim Where children or vulnerable (see www.sheffielddact.org.uk). presents at service or agency adults are living with or at risk from domestic abuse, agencies must All agencies should have a MARAC Screen for ongoing abuse and severity. follow their usual Safeguarding Champion. processes and ensure appropriate Any safeguarding issues? (see right) referrals are made. * Universal health and other services (GPs etc.) can contact the Helpline and If risk issues are evident Assessment Team for help / support in Risk Assess - using DASH Tool completing a DASH or to ask for a DASH to be undertaken Housing Related support Medium/Standard Risk? Unsure of risk primary need? or need help?

Has client given Contact Helpline for consent to refer? assistance or agency MARAC Champion* Yes – Refer to... No – Signpost to... High Risk? Consent desirable Helpline and Assessment Service but not required 0808 808 2241 ([email protected])

Housing Support Pathway Housing Related HousingAdviceandOptions@ Yes If high risk Support issue? sheffield.gov.uk 0114 2736306

No Refer to High Risk Medium / Emergency Brief advice / Service standard risk Yes Consent? No Accommodation or signposting and MARAC service Floating Support**

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** The emergency accommodation options offered will be:

1. Refuge in Sheffield

2. Temporary accommodation in Sheffield (via Housing Solutions)

3. Refuge out of Sheffield (if client does not want to stay in the city)

The pathway above is the pathway for accessing domestic abuse services in Sheffield. The diagram can support both commissioned providers and external partners that come into contact with people who may be a victim of domestic abuse. In the interest of the client, the pathway should be followed to ensure that each person is directed to the most appropriate service to meet their support needs. The pathway is supported by the ACPO (Association of Chief Police Officers) DASH risk assessment tool39 and is used to identify the level of risk of an individual presenting to services.

3.2 Risk Assessment and Identification

The DASH risk assessment should be carried out with every client that discloses abuse; the tool helps the worker to identify the level of risk that a client may be exposed to. The aim is that the risk assessment is completed at the earliest opportunity following disclosure of abuse. The tool contains 27 questions with the aim of gathering as much information as possible to determine the potential risk as accurately as possible. This will then assist the worker in ensuring that the person can receive the best level and type of support for their needs.

Risk levels are recorded and monitored by all domestic abuse services. In 2013/14 there were 4,269 individuals (note this will include repeat victims) referred to commissioned domestic abuse services that had a risk level recorded (see table below). The number risk assessed represents a 5.5% increase on 2012/13.

total % of total Number of High 1066 25.0% Number of Medium 2468 57.8% Number of standard 735 17.2% Total 4269

25% of clients were rated high risk following their referral; this is a 5% increase on 2012/13. 57.8% were risk assessed as medium, similar to 2012/13, and 17.2% were assessed as being of standard risk which is 5% lower than in 2012/13.

Non-Police referrals increased during 2013-14. For example, health based referrals to the helpline increased from 28 in Q1 2013/14 to 100 in Q4 2013/14. Referrals to MARAC have also

39 http://www.dashriskchecklist.co.uk/ James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 38

increased from 546 in 2012/13 to 867 to 2013/14. This is attributed to the implementation and subsequent increased use of the DASH risk assessment tool amongst providers.

3.3 Trained Workforce

In the first four quarters of the current training contract 205 individuals (provider reported performance) received DASH and MARAC risk assessment training. This was made up of 125 individuals who undertook the ‘Domestic Abuse Risk Assessment: DASH and MARAC for Domestic Abuse Leads & Champions’ course and a further 80 individuals who attended the ‘Domestic Abuse Risk Assessment: DASH and MARAC’ course.

Completing the courses enables employees of provider and partner organisations to be confident in completing the risk assessment with clients and making the best decision based on the information available to them. The Leads & Champions training can provide an organisation with members of staff to act as experts on the DASH assessment tool for their team / organisation. This enables their co-workers to draw on the additional expertise of the champion, as necessary, when completing the DASH assessment with a client.

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Chapter 4 Domestic Abuse Commissioning in Sheffield

What the Sheffield strategy says…

Our work will be underpinned by Good Governance and Accountability. We will:

 Embed the new governance structure – we will ensure consultation is undertaken with all stakeholders including service users on local developments.  Continue to increase the reliability of submitted data to support future domestic abuse needs assessment work and allow effective performance management.

Sheffield partners will continue to ensure the provision of good quality services. We will do this by:-

 Commissioning efficient and responsive services whose staff can demonstrate understanding of the needs of users, and effectively performance managed.

 Examining the current offer with regard to therapeutic services in order to consider possible gaps and / or better links between services.

 Reviewing and evaluating strategies and operational processes in relation to Peer on Peer abuse and sexual violence as part of the externally supported MsUnderstood Project.

4.1 There are a number of domestic and sexual abuse services in Sheffield providing support/ advice to:-

 victims of domestic abuse - aged 16 and over

 victims of sexual abuse – aged 13 and over

 Perpetrators of domestic abuse – aged 18 and over, and a new programme for under 18s that commit domestic abuse towards a parent.

 professionals working with those affected by domestic abuse

 Individuals who are concerned about the domestic abuse situation of another, e.g. family member.

Service provision includes: IDVA, one to one support for domestic abuse and those affected by sexual abuse, group support, refuge provision, floating support, a helpline for domestic abuse, a helpline for sexual abuse, SARC, training for professionals and a number of voluntary sector services that are not commissioned by the local authority, but by other grants e.g. National Lottery.

These services provide a range of support covering all three risk areas; Standard, Medium and High risk. Not all services that offer support for domestic abuse are commissioned by the DACT. The DACT commission a helpline, medium and standard Outreach service, a high risk service

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and there are training contracts to provide training to health and public sector services. The Housing Independence Service (HIS) commission refuge provision and floating support. The NHS and Police commission support for victims of sexual assault, with some provision also coming from grant aid. Probation commission a perpetrator course. There are also some non- commissioned services operating in the city. The table below shows a summary of the service provision.

Young Domestic abuse Who is the service People Type of service provision Name of provider commissioner for? Risk Female Male (under 18) Victim, professional, Helpline - 0808 808 2241 DAOS DACT All Yes Yes Yes perpetrator Domestic abuse website - Victim, professional, DACT All Yes Yes Yes http://sheffielddact.org.uk/domestic-abuse/ perpetrator Independent Domestic Violence Advocacy VIDA (to March 2015) Service (IDVA) service providing support to high Action Housing (from DACT Victim High Yes Yes No risk individuals (citywide, A&E, and Jessops April 2015) maternity hospital) Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Conference Chaired by the police Victim High Yes Yes 16+ (MARAC) and DACT Standard & Citywide floating support Action Housing HIS Victim Yes Yes 16+ Medium Outreach service - Power to change group work Standard & DAOS DACT Victim Yes Yes 16+ and one to one support Medium Refuge Provision SARAS HIS Victim High Yes No Yes Young Womens Refuge Housing Project HIS Victim High Yes No 16+ (YWHP) Sheffield Rape and Sexual Abuse Centre Grant Aid 13+ (SRASAC) Counselling for sexual abuse victims Sexual abuse victims All Yes No Sheffield Women's Sheffield Clinical Counselling Therapy Commissioning Service (SWCTS) Group Sheffield Rape and Telephone helpline support for sexual abuse Sexual Abuse Centre Grant Aid Sexual abuse victims All Yes No 13+ victims (SRASAC) Sexual Assault Referral Centre (SARC) with Independent Sexual Violence Advisor (ISVA) support (forensic medical examination, Rotherham General NHS and Police Sexual abuse victims All Yes Yes Yes emergency contraception, immediate crisis Hospital support, sign-posting to services, Police interview suite). Housing Service to protect individuals in their own home Sanctuary Scheme Independence Victim All Yes Yes No by providing security solutions Service VIDA (to March 2015) Split between High Domestic abuse training for health and public Risk contract and DACT Professionals sector services Medium / Standard risk contract from April 2015 Community High Building Better Relationships Rehabilitation Perpetrator Yes (perpetrators) Company (CRC) Not Eva therapy service & group work VIDA Victim All Yes No 16+ commissioned Sheffield Working Support to female street sex workers Women's SSCP Victim All Yes No Opportunity Project Victim Support, support victims of crime and further support in the courts via citizens advice Not Victim Support Victim bureau (from April 2015), and provide other commissioned specialist services including homicide service. Positive Relationships - a group for young Young people Community Youth people who have experienced domestic abuse affected by domestic Yes Teams and are at risk of offending abuse Youth Justice in Safer, Stronger Families - a service for young partnership with Perpetrator Yes perpetrators of parental abuse MAST and CYT

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4.2 Domestic Abuse Helpline

The Sheffield Domestic Abuse Helpline provides support for all victims, concerned family or friends of a victim, professionals, and referral services. The telephone number is 0808 808 2241 and is advertised widely in Sheffield. The helpline is provided Monday to Friday 08:00 – 18:00.

During the first four quarters of the current contract (Q2 13/14 – Q1 14/15), the helpline received 1305 inbound calls, of which 295 (22.6%) were from a health setting such as GPs, and A&E. These numbers are lower than the current contract level of 1400 inbound calls and 380 from health settings but the most recent data suggests that these targets will be met in 2014/15.

The helpline also received 2763 referrals from the Police. This is higher than the contract level for 2014/15 of 2000 Police referrals, and the service is likely to exceed this level again in the 2014/15 financial year.

The recent data for the helpline activity levels shows increasing demand and highlights the need to expand provision of this service going forward.

4.3 Medium and Standard Risk Support Services

The Outreach Service is provided to domestic abuse victims assessed as medium or standard risk in Sheffield. Support includes one to one support; Power to Change Group Work Programmes (10 week course) and a fortnightly You Are Not Alone (YANA) self-help group. The main areas of focus with clients are housing, safety, confidence building, benefits and legal issues. The service is currently contracted to provide support to 370 individuals with 340 receiving one to one support.

During the first four quarters of the current contract there were 470 referrals to the Outreach service, the highest proportion of referrals to outreach came from the helpline (22%). 408 new individuals received support from the outreach service against a 2014/15 contract level of 370, with 288 of them receiving one to one support, against a contract level of 340. 75% of the people receiving support from Outreach in the first 4 quarters were medium risk.

Waiting times remain an issue for the Outreach service however there is on-going work to reduce the waiting list and to then keep waiting times down.

4.4 High Risk Support Service

All identified high risk domestic abuse cases should be referred to the Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Conference (MARAC) and ideally should have an IDVA support worker. MARAC and IDVAs are a national approach but with locally agreed processes. The increase in the number of people going to MARAC places added pressure on the IDVAs as they have more

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clients to work with. MARAC is discussed in more detail in section 6 of this report

The aim of the high risk IDVA service in Sheffield is to reduce a victim’s risk level by representing victims at MARAC, creating safety plans, supporting the client through the criminal justice process, assisting them to secure safe housing and facilitate access to support services. Working on a caseload of 1:25 (CAADA recommendation), IDVAs have up to a three month engagement period with the client.

In the first four quarters of the current high risk contract there were 997 referrals received, the commissioned level was 650 referrals, 114 of these referrals were referred from healthcare. Following referral, 943 individuals were determined to be high risk by the IDVAs. 903 of the individuals then went on to MARAC, with 100% of these having an IDVA worker. The reason for the difference has been that some individuals move out of area before going to MARAC, or are re-assessed as medium risk. 60.2% of service users that exited support did so in a planned way meaning that they had completed their support plan and had an exit plan in place. Of the planned exits, all clients had a reduced risk rating at the point of exit.

The number of referrals has fluctuated quarter on quarter during the first 12 months of the current contract but have averaged around 236 per quarter. However the total of 997 referrals in the first 4 quarters of the current contract represents a significant increase on the 737 received during 2012-13.

4.5 Refuge and Temporary Accommodation

Sheffield City Council have a statutory duty under the Housing Act to provide emergency accommodation for households who are homeless and are in priority need including those who are homeless as a result of domestic abuse. The Housing Independence Service (HIS) commissions supported accommodation for Sheffield. There are two types of supported housing commissioned relevant to this client group, women’s refuges (which are domestic violence specific) and a range of other temporary supported accommodation, which are generic services.

In 2013/14 Sheffield had three independent refuge providers providing three different services for a total of 34 households40.

From 2014/15 a new organisation “Sheffield Area Refuge and Support” (SARAS) brings together into one organisation the refuge service provision previously offered by Ashiana, Haven House and Sheffield Women’s Aid and is affiliated to the Women’s Aid Federation of England.

40 There is also a separate service commissioned for young women aged 16 to 25 but this is from the young people’s funding stream and although is often referred to and dealt with as a domestic abuse refuge since many of the individuals accessing this service are a victim of domestic abuse it is not specifically commissioned for DA but is more specialised around sexual abuse. James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 43

In 2013/14 296 households fleeing domestic abuse in total were supported via a refuge or supported accommodation provision. The table below shows the breakdown of these households:

Refuge Supported Accommodation

Households supported 182 114

Age range of head of household 16 - 79 (7 under 18 yrs) 16 - 56 (6 under 18 yrs)

Number with children 62 48

total number of children supported 112 98

Number households from Out Of Area 103 2

 All domestic abuse refuge households are female; however 6% of those entering generic supported accommodation had a male ‘head of household’.

 25% of those seeking generic supported accommodation had a primary need of domestic abuse; domestic abuse was the second need for the other 75% seeking supported accommodation.

 35% of those seeking refuge or supported accommodations were from outside of Sheffield.

4.6 Homeless Presentations

DA Homeless Homeless DA acceptances as Year presentations acceptances acceptances a % of all acceptances 2009/10 3,056 989 131 13.2% 2010/11 4,349 1,114 163 14.6% 2011/12 4,794 1,463 219 15.0% 2012/13 4,343 1,284 151 11.8% 2013/14 3,070 840 96 11.4% Five year average 3,922 1,138 152 13.2%

Domestic abuse as a reason for homelessness has accounted for between 11.4% and 15% of all homeless acceptances for households applying to the Local Authority. In numbers this means between 96 and 219 DA households per annum, averaging 152 households per year across the 5 years. The trend in this data is that there seems to have been a peak in 2011/12 for homelessness presentations, the number of acceptances and domestic abuse acceptances, but

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 44

annual presentations now appear to be reducing.

Shelter Housing Support Services also supported and closed 49 cases for households affected by domestic abuse in 2013/14.

4.7 Victims of domestic violence with No Recourse to Public Funds (NRPF)41

Sheffield domestic abuse refuges provide accommodation for some domestic abuse victims who have No Recourse to Public Funds. The local authority has a duty since April 2012 to pay housing benefit for such individuals for an initial 3 month period if they are granted temporary recourse to public funds under the Destitution Domestic Violence Concession which only applies to women on partner visas42.

4.8 Capacity

It is identified in this report that some cohorts are under-represented at Sheffield domestic abuse support services. However, data reported by DACT commissioned providers show that they receive more referrals than the commissioned level. It is important to work with different groups to ensure that people in need of support can access it but it needs to be noted that increases in referrals will place additional pressures on the provider services.

41 An individual, who is subject to immigration control, has no entitlement to welfare benefits, public housing or Home Office asylum support and does not have the right to work. 42 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/application-for-benefits-for-visa-holder-domestic-violence James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 45

Chapter 5 Sexual Violence / Abuse Commissioning in Sheffield

What the Sheffield strategy says…

Our work will be underpinned by Good Governance and Accountability. We will:

 Continue to develop joint commissioning. We will share local information and priorities to inform the commissioning of SARC and ISVA services. We will give consideration to the needs of people in the city experiencing sexual abuse and violence, and the needs of children and young people affected by domestic and sexual abuse and violence.

5.1 Sexual Violence / Abuse data and prevalence

Sexual violence includes sexual assault, rape, sexual coercion, sexual bullying and female genital mutilation and the perpetrator is not always a relation/ family member of the victim. There is no single definition of what sexual violence is there are a number of interpretations that are worked to.

In 2011/12 there were43:-

 50,371 sexual offences reported to police in England.

 4,511 sexual offences reported to police in Yorkshire and Humber.

 359 sexual offences reported to police in Sheffield.

This data was produced by the North West Public Health Observatory but has not been updated after the release of the 2011/12 data.

Police recorded crime data for 2013/1444 states that there were 512 reported sexual offences in Sheffield. 167 (32.6%) of these offences were rape, with 152 of these being female victims of any age. Applying the 152 female victims of rape to the 2011 census female population gives a rate of 5.4 female rape victims per 10,000 population this compares to a rate of 6.5 rapes reported per 10,000 female population across England. There were 77 rapes of a female 16+ reported to the police, this equates to 3.3 per 10,000 female population over the age of 16.

However, we know that there are a significant proportion of sexual offences that are not reported to the Police. The CSEW 2012/13 found that 90% of victims of the most serious sexual offences knew the perpetrator but only 15% of these victims reported it to the Police. If this is applied to the 152 reported rapes in Sheffield in 2013/14 it could mean that 1013 females were a victim of rape in the year, a rate of 36.2 per 10,000 females.

43 Violence Indicator Profiles for England Resource (VIPER) http://www.eviper.org.uk 44 https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/police-recorded-crime-open-data-tables James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 46

There were also 15 reported rapes of a male in 2013/14, which would equate to a rate of 0.6 per 10,000 male population and compares to a rate of 0.5 per 10,000 males nationally. If only 15% reported to the Police the actual number of rapes of a male in Sheffield in 2013/14 could be 100 which would be a rate of 3.7 per 10,000 males.

The table below summarises estimates of sexual abuse prevalence:

Domestic Abuse Prevalence Estimates Prevalence Total Female Male source Sheffield population size (16 - 59 years) 337,629 168,530 169,099 2011 Census, ONS. Sexual Assault 6,741 Violence Against Women and Girls Ready Victim of sexual assault in the last year (16 - 59 years) 4.0% Reckoner (2009) (margin of error +/- 2146) Victim of any sexual assault in the last year (16 - 59 4052 3371 845 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and years) 1.20% 2.0% 0.50% Sexual Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data. Victim of serious sexual assault in the last year (16 - 59 1013 843 169 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and years) 0.30% 0.5% 0.10% Sexual Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data.

The table shows a large difference between the Ready Reckoner estimate and the CSEW estimate, applying the margin of error to the Ready Reckoner estimate gives a lower-level estimate of 4,595, which is still 1224 higher than the estimate from the CSEW, suggesting that the findings from the sample survey on the CSEW may under-represent the proportion of females being a victim of a sexual assault in the last 12 months.

Using the 512 sexual offences reported to the Police in 2013/14 and applying this to the estimated prevalence for victims (males and females) of any sexual assault in the last year from the CSEW data, suggests that around 12.6% of any sexual offence were reported to the Police. However, this percentage could be lower if the prevalence estimates are understated.

Violence Indicator Profiles for England Resource (VIPER) data indicates that the crude rate of sexual offences in Sheffield is 0.65 per 1,000 population (+/- 95% = 0.58 to 0.72), and the Sheffield rate is ranked 87 out of 326 local authorities (the lower the rank, the lower the rate). The Sheffield rate is lower than the Yorkshire and Humber regional average which VIPER reports is a crude rate of 0.9 per 1,000 population.

Sexual violence is also included in measures monitored in the Public Health Outcomes Framework, although it should be noted that sexual violence will only account for a proportion of each indicator. The Public Health Outcomes Framework has three performance indicators that cover violent crime, and include sexual violence. The indicators show how Sheffield compares to the England average and where Sheffield is ranked in the Yorkshire and Humber region.

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 47

5.2 Public Health Outcomes Framework (PHOF) indicators

Indicator 1.12i is ‘Violent crime (including sexual violence) – hospital admissions for violence’45. Between 2010/11 to 2012/13 Sheffield performance is 65.5 per 100,000 compared to the England average of 57.6, and ranks 5 out of 15 from the Yorkshire and Humber region (where 1 is the lowest ratio).

Indicator 1.12ii is ‘Violent crime (including sexual violence) – violence offences’ is 7.6 per 1,000 population in 2013/14 compared to the England average of 11.146 and ranks 2 out of 15 from the Yorkshire and Humber region (where 1 is the lowest ratio).

Indicator 1.12iii ‘Violent crime (including sexual violence) – Rate of sexual offences per 1,000 population’ is a crude rate of 0.83 per 1,000 population in 2013/14 compared to the England average of 1.01 and ranks Sheffield 3 out of 15 from the Yorkshire and Humber region (where 1 is the lowest ratio).

It is possible that these rates under-represent the extent of crime in Sheffield. There is an ongoing need for the DACT and partner agencies to continue to encourage reporting of sexual offences.

5.3 Sexual Assault and Referral Centres (SARC)

The SARC is currently located in Rotherham and provides support and care for victims of sexual violence. The service includes a health care service, forensic examination, assistance with the criminal justice system and support from an Independent Sexual Violence Advisor (ISVA), who provides an advocacy service following the initial support from the SARC.

The South Yorkshire Rape and Serious Sexual Offences (RASSO) Steering Group, which is chaired by South Yorkshire Police, produce a performance report which states that in 2013/14 352 crimes were recorded by the Police for serious sexual offences in Sheffield, 46.6% (164) of these were for rape.

Following a three year increase in the number of incidents that SARC recorded for Sheffield victims; 167 in 2011, 174 clients in 2012, and 186 clients in 2013, there were 135 incidents reported in Sheffield for 2013/14. 82% of the incidents were reported to the Police in 2013/14, down from 90% in 2012/13. Police recorded crime for rape saw a 48% increase on the previous year; however, the reporting of historic offences is likely to be principally responsible for these increases.47

45 The number of emergency hospital admissions for violence (external causes: ICD-10 codes X85 to Y09). Directly age standardised rate per 100,000 population. 46 Violence against the person offences, based on police recorded crime data, crude rate per 1,000 population 47 SYCJB Rape & Serious Sexual Offences Steering Group Performance Report Q4 2013/14 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 48

5.4 SARC Demographics and risk factors of sexual assault and rape victims

In 2013/14 the majority of victims from Sheffield attending the SARC were female, however 14 were male victims. Twelve female victims in Sheffield were aged 17 years or younger48. South Yorkshire wide data49 tells us that 61% of victims have been recorded as having current mental health issues. Unemployment, domestic abuse and drugs / alcohol abuse are also identified as common factors.

73% of SARC referrals came from the Police, 13% health. The remaining 14% came from a mix of other services including domestic abuse services and mental health services.

5.5 ISVA support for victims of rape and serious sexual offences

The development and increased efficiency of the ISVA role is one of the actions in the national Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) strategy (action 38, action 66 in the 2014 action plan update). The Government’s aim is to ‘Support the ISVA network in increasing effectiveness and building capacity to support victims of sexual assault, including: establishing and maintaining a central register of ISVAs; raising the profile of the role amongst statutory agencies; leading quarterly regional focus groups.’ This action is ongoing to April 2015.

There is currently one ISVA working in Sheffield however the post also has a caseload of Rotherham clients and this post worked with 160 new clients in 2013/1450. ISVA support is given to the client whilst the case is in the process of going to court, with the offer of one to one support or telephone support based on client need. The funding of this post is from a Home Office sexual advisors grant ending in 2014/15. There are no national or local guidelines on the size of an ISVA caseload and this has been an on-going debate between SARCs. The general consensus amongst professionals is that an ISVA caseload should be around 50-60. As of July 2014 the Sheffield ISVA had 46 new clients since April 2014 with a further 66 still open from the previous year. Based on this information it can be seen that the Sheffield ISVA provision is extremely stretched.

In 2013/14 12 of the people accessing SARC were under the age of 18, this represents just under 9% of the 135 incidents. The ‘securing excellence in commissioning sexual assault services for people who experience sexual violence’ report cites a reference to an NSPCC survey undertaken in 1998 that 16% of girls in the UK experience sexual abuse51.

Sheffield does not fund a Children’s ISVA unlike the other three South Yorkshire areas. Instead Sheffield provides a Child Assessment Unit located at the Sheffield Children’s Hospital, with access to a psycho-therapist for under-16s who have experienced sexual abuse. Whilst this is not

48 SYCJB Rape & Serious Sexual Offences Steering Group Performance Report Q4 2013/14 49 The data here is for South Yorkshire wide victims, data for Sheffield is unavailable at the time of writing. 50 th Information received from SARC manager 24 July 2014. 51 NHS England (2013) ‘Securing excellence in commissioning sexual assault services for people who experience sexual violence’ James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 49

the advocacy service that a children’s ISVA would provide the service provides a level of support that would otherwise not be available.

5.6 Sheffield Rape and Sexual Abuse Centre (SRASAC)

There is also one specific service, the Sheffield Rape and Sexual Abuse Centre (SRASAC) grant aided to provide a counselling service to females (aged 13 and over) who have experienced rape or sexual abuse at any time in their lives. The service is currently grant aided by the Voluntary Sector Liaison Team (VSLT) to offer up to 20 hours/sessions maximum for 65 individuals per annum. 1,440 hours commissioned per year (including volunteer hours). From April 2015 the service will be commissioned by the DACT.

SRASAC received 10152 referrals in 2013 but the service is forecast to see 200+ clients in 2014/15. SRASAC offer individuals a mutual assessment meeting within 4 weeks of contacting the service, to manage the ‘waiting time’. SRASAC data from Q1 2014/15 shows on average 6 female clients commence counselling per calendar month; and on average 104 hours of counselling are offered and 23 hours lost to DNA per calendar month 53.

Q1 data for 2014/15 suggests that there was a DNA rate of 22% on scheduled counselling hours.54

The number of referrals forecasted for 2014/15 suggests that the current commissioned level is not enough to meet demand. However the service does receive funds from central government and charitable trusts.

5.7 Sheffield Women’s Counselling and Therapy Service (SWCTS)

This service offers free counselling and psychotherapy to women suffering symptoms of complete relational trauma as a result of sexual abuse. SWCTS see female clients age 16+ and are commissioned by NHS Sheffield Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) for 600 client hours (30 weekly session packages of ’50 minute hour’/ 20 clients approximately). SWCTS state on their website that average number of sessions is 20.

5.8 Young Women’s Housing Project (YWHP)55

YWHP provide support to young women accommodated by their supported housing provision commissioned by the Housing Independence Service and also provide support to women in their own accommodation via an outreach service. Since 2013/14 they are no longer commissioned to provide a floating support service. They also receive a Sheffield City Council Voluntary Sector

52 It is not clear from SRASACS data whether referrals are referrals that are ‘activated’ and commence counselling/therapy. 53 Initial Scoping – Rape and Sexual Abuse Counselling, November 2014, A Higgins. 54 SRASAC Quarterly monitoring return April 2014 – June 2014. 55 Information received from Jo Meagher, YWHP Service Manager, December 2014 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 50

Grant to support their therapeutic work with their clients and received additional funding from a Police and Crime Commissioner grant in 2014/15.

Support concentrates on individual needs, and clients are encouraged to work through key areas of importance to achieve their personal goals; alongside therapeutic interventions and group activities designed to address issues related to sexual abuse and exploitation. All clients are offered the full range of services provided. Clients in the supported accommodation also receive substantial housing related support as part of their care package.

In 2013/14 the service supported 58 females, one more than in 2012/13, and the majority of which (76%) were between the ages of 16 and 21. 43% of the service users were in supported accommodation with the remaining 57% accessing Floating/Outreach support. In 2012/13 54% of those receiving support from YWHP were in supported accommodation.

The majority of victims receiving support from YWHP are victims of sexual abuse and some are also victims of domestic abuse. Approximately 50% of service users report that they have been a victim of sexual exploitation and / or are vulnerable to future exploitation, although it is possible that this percentage could be higher as some individuals may choose not to disclose this to the service.

5.9 IDVAs – sexual exploitation data

In the 12 months between September 2013 and August 2014 IDVAs received 32 referrals for victims who disclosed sexual exploitation. 60% of the referrals were from the Police. Other referral sources included Victim Support, A&E, and Sheffield Working Women’s Opportunities Project (SWWOP). Over 50% of the referrals were for females under the age of 30 but across all referrals the age ranged between 16 and 47.

5.10 Needs Identified

There is a need for all services to robustly record data on sexual exploitation separate to the overarching identification of sexual abuse. Whether the abuse is recent or historic, better recording of the data across all services would help to provide a better estimation of the potential impact in the city and need for specialist support.

Robust routine monitoring of outcomes for users of the commissioned high risk and standard / medium risk service needs to be carried out on data recorded on the case management system.

There is also a need to reduce Did Not Attend (DNA) rates at SRASAC in order to make the best use of commissioned and scheduled counselling hours.

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 51

Chapter 6 Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Conference (MARAC)

What the Sheffield strategy says…

We will continue to work together to help reduce risk and improve safety. We will do this by:

Effective multi agency working – we will ensure that the MARAC system and other multi agency processes are effective:- targeting the right people, with sufficient administrative capacity, that agencies are participating appropriately and information is shared as relevant and necessary.

.

6.1 MARACs are held in all core cities, and can take different forms, i.e. in some cities there is more than one MARAC and the frequency held varies, however key findings from the VAWG review of MARACs (2011) found ten key principles to a successful MARAC: - information sharing, appropriate agency representations, IDVA engagement and victim representation, a strong leader (Chair), good co-ordination, strong partnership work and the availability of training and induction. The main aim of MARACs nationwide is to get all key support services in a room at the same time to discuss each high risk case individually, to identify what is happening in the case, where each service is supporting the individual and to identify gaps in support, to generate key actions to be undertaken so risk is mitigated.

The MARAC model in Sheffield currently is as follows: a MARAC is held 3 out of 4 weeks, with around 25 cases discussed in each MARAC and chaired by the Police Public Protection Unit / DACT. The frequency of the MARAC can be increased to weekly if necessary, to respond to an increase in the number of referred cases.

In June/July 2013 a review of MARAC in Sheffield was conducted. This was done via a self- completion questionnaire, completed by the DACT in conjunction with appropriate local agencies, and submitted to Co-ordinated Action Against Domestic Abuse (CAADA). There was also an observation of one MARAC in Sheffield by CAADAs regional MARAC Development Officer. Following this review CAADA produced a report that contained suggested actions for Sheffield to consider in order to address gaps and issues in operational practice and governance and to better evidence outcomes from the MARAC process.

The suggested actions were implemented as an action plan at the start of 2014. The majority of actions have now been completed or are on course to complete within agreed time-scales. There are just three actions that are currently rated ‘red’.

6.2 MARAC Cases in Sheffield

The table below shows the locally recorded data for MARAC cases since its inception in 2007, showing an annual increase in the number of cases to MARAC over a seven year period.

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 52

Discussed of Repeat Number cases %cases repeat of in children Number the household of casesNumber from black minority and ethnic community of LGBT casesNumber of casesNumber where victim has a disability of male victimsNumber Year of Cases Number 2007/8 84 11 13% 133 5 0 1 0 2008/9 214 91 43% 380 21 0 2 3 2009/10 272 87 32% 431 28 0 1 5 2010/11 369 96 26% 550 61 1 4 6 2011/12 463 127 27% 620 82 8 1 17 2012/13 546 127 23% 685 98 3 3 15 2013/14 867 204 24% 952 126 4 15 23

Referrals to MARAC increased to 867 in 2013/14, of which 24% were repeat referrals. This represents a 59% increase on the previous year, the largest percentage increase since 2008/9. The data also shows a year on year increase in the number of referrals to MARAC for people from the BME community. Overall referrals for males have increased from 0 in 2007/8 to 23 in 2013/14.

At the mid-point of the 2014/15 year there have been 477 referrals to MARAC which can be extrapolated to estimate that there will be 954 referrals by the year end. This would exceed the CAADA expected level of 920 cases. The Chart below shows the annual referrals to MARAC along with the forecast for the 2014/15 year.

The data shows the year on year increase in referrals to MARAC with a particularly large increase seen during 2013/14. Data for the first 6 months of 2014/15 continues to show an increase; 477 cases were referred to MARAC during the first 6 months of the year in comparison to 395 during the first 6 months of 2013/14 and then 472 in the second half of 2013/14. This also suggests that whilst there continues to be an increase, the rate of increase has slowed.

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 53

6.3 CAADA Data

CAADA data states that the 867 referrals in 2013/14 are equal to a rate of 37.5 per 10,000 adult female population, higher than the national rate of 28.5. The rate is however similar to the most similar Police force group where the rate is 37 per 10,000 adult female population.

CAADA also provides an estimation of the number of cases it would expect to go to MARAC in Sheffield. Their estimation is that 920 cases should go to MARAC annually (and a methodology based on an expected level of 40 cases per 10,000 of the adult female population using police reporting rates, population and the likelihood of high risk victims of domestic abuse reporting to the police)56. 2013/14 data shows that Sheffield is moving closer to the expected level.

CAADA data for 2013/14 also tells us that 50% of referrals came from partner agencies and 50% came from the Police. 24% of referrals were repeat referrals (as is also shown in the local data above).

The data also tells us that 16.7% of referrals were BME; this is against a MARAC area BME population of 19%.

Under 1% of referrals were LGBT; against a recommended 5%. However, nationally and in the most similar Police force group, LGBT referrals were also under 1% of all referrals.

In Sheffield, less than 1% of referrals to MARAC were for victims who had a disability. This is against a recommendation of 5%. Although nationally and in the most similar Police force group referrals were also below the 5% recommendation, they were higher than in Sheffield at 3.6% and 3.8% respectively.

Referrals for male victims were also lower in Sheffield than nationally and for the most similar Police force group. CAADA recommends 4-10% of referrals to be for male victims; nationally 4.4% of referrals were for male victims, and 4.8% of referrals for the most similar force group. In Sheffield, 2.9% of referrals were for a male victim.

CAADAs current recommendation is that 9 Full Time Equivalent (FTE) IDVAs are required to support the current number of referrals to MARAC (as at the end of 2013/14) and 9.5 FTE would be required to provide enough capacity to support the CAADA recommendation of 920 referrals per year.

6.4 Needs Identified

There is a need for the MARAC process and frequency to be regularly reviewed in order to adapt to the increasing number of cases when needed.

56 http://www.caada.org.uk/marac/Reviewing_your_MARAC_data.html James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 54

Given the national and most similar Police force group reported MARAC percentages and the recommendations by the Co-ordinated Action Against Domestic Abuse (CAADA) charity further work to investigate referral levels for high risk males and high risk victims with a disability, so that they are proportionately represented, is also needed. LGBT referrals to MARAC, although similar to national and police force group percentages, are not representative of the CAADA recommendation.

Work to address the gaps and issues identified in the MARAC review needs to be continued in order to address all of the actions on the action plan.

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 55

Chapter 7 Vulnerabilities

What the Sheffield strategy says…

 We will continue to work to help reduce risk and improve safety. We will do this by…

Policy development including in relation to people affected by domestic abuse who are excluded from benefits and services or have no recourse to public funds.

 We will work together to try and prevent abuse in the future. We will do this by…

Female Genital Mutilation - We will work together with partners to ensure that we learn more about the prevalence of this issue for Sheffield residents and ensure that appropriate preventative measures are in place.

 Continuing to work in partnership to help alleviate the social conditions that can trigger domestic abuse including poverty and substance abuse.

 Lead through good example by encouraging local agencies to sign up to the ‘Domestic Violence Pledge’ committing those who have signed up to having a comprehensive corporate policy to support staff experiencing domestic violence and abuse.

7.1 Mental Health

Evidence suggests that over 50% of women within the mental health system have been a victim 57 . of violence and abuse . A meta-analysis of 18 studies into the relationship between domestic violence and mental health problems found a strong association (Golding 1999 as cited in Walby 2004). Golding found that 48% of female victims had depression, 18% had suicidal thoughts and 64% had post-traumatic stress disorder.58

A paper published in 2012 on research conducted by Kings College London Institute of Psychiatry in collaboration with the University of Bristol59 found that; Compared to women without mental health problems, women with depressive disorders were around 2 and a ½ times more likely to have experienced domestic violence over their adult lifetime (prevalence estimate 45.8%); women with anxiety disorders were over 3 and a ½ times more likely (prevalence estimate 27.6%); and women with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were around 7 times more likely (prevalence estimate 61.0%).

Women with other disorders including Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), eating disorders, common mental health problems, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were also at an increased risk of domestic violence compared to women without mental health problems.

57 Department of Health 2003, Women’s Mental Health: into the main stream, p. 46 58 Walby, S (2004) The Cost of Domestic Violence http://www.ndvf.org.uk/statistics_and_research_on_domestic_violence 59 Experiences of domestic violence and mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis; Trevillion, K. et al. 2012 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051740 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 56

Men with all types of mental disorders were also at an increased risk of domestic violence. However, prevalence estimates for men are lower than those for women, indicating that it is less common for men to be victims of repeated severe domestic violence.

In 2014 26.5% of individuals receiving support for domestic abuse in Sheffield via the DACT commissioned services stated that they suffered from mental health problems. Mental health statistics for the UK60 state that 1 in 4 (25%) of people will experience some form of mental health problem in the course of a year. The percentage receiving support is therefore reflective of the general population that suffer from domestic abuse, however, given the findings that those suffering from mental health problems are more likely to experience domestic abuse, it could be argued that they should represent a larger proportion of those in support.

In the first four quarters of the current domestic abuse contracts commissioned by DACT 28 people were referred to domestic abuse services from a mental health care setting. At exit 11 individuals were referred on to mental health settings and a further 21 were signposted towards these services. The majority of these had received support from the high risk service.

There is no specific domestic abuse psychological counselling service commissioned in Sheffield for victims who also have mental health problems however Vida (EVA Therapy Services) provides some limited support for such individuals. In addition there are a number of generic services offering psychological therapies; e.g. Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) provided by Sheffield Health and Social Care Foundation Trust and a number of voluntary sector services. IAPT data does not specify a trigger of domestic abuse; therefore it is not possible to quantify the activity undertaken with this service and Domestic Abuse victims. What we do know is that in 2013/14 there were over 11,000 new people receiving support from the IAPT service in Sheffield61, and also that women are more likely to access mental health services than men62.

Based on the above data and research there is potentially a need to work towards increasing referrals from mental health care settings, ensuring all mental health professionals are providing their service users with the opportunity to access domestic abuse support services in Sheffield. This is reliant on service users disclosing domestic abuse to their mental health worker, and then allowing them to make a referral to the domestic abuse services. It would therefore also be beneficial to understand the reasons why, if any, that victims of domestic abuse who are accessing mental health services may not accept a referral to domestic abuse services.

60 http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-statistics/ 61 http://shsc.nhs.uk/about-us/corporate-information/board-of-directors/meeting-minutes-agendas/ 62 The Fundamental Facts, Mental Health Foundation, 2007 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 57

7.2 Safeguarding Adults

Making connections between adult safeguarding and domestic abuse has been recognised nationally as an area that requires further development in ‘Adult safeguarding and domestic abuse’ published in May 201363. Safeguarding relates to the need to protect certain people who may be in vulnerable circumstances due to their health, age or other factors. These are people who may be at risk of abuse or neglect, due to the actions (or lack of action) of another person. In these cases, it is critical that services work together to identify people at risk, and put in place interventions to help prevent abuse or neglect, and to protect people.64

The term adult at risk replaces the historic use of the term ‘vulnerable adult’ as seen in recent government guidance to local authorities and the Care Act. The definition of a vulnerable adult is ‘a person who is or may be in need of community care services by reason of mental of other disability, age or illness; and who is or may be unable to take care of him or herself or unable to protect him of herself against significant harm or exploitation’. The proposed ‘adult at risk’ definition in the draft of the Care and Support Bill to be published in 2015 is ‘someone who has needs for care and support (whether or not the authority is meeting any of those needs), is experiencing, or is at risk of abuse or neglect or as a result of those needs is unable to protect him or herself against the abuse or neglect or the risk of it’.

The Care Act guidance65 also highlights that ‘…Many people think that domestic abuse is about intimate partners, but it is clear that other family members are included and that much safeguarding work (that meets the definition of domestic abuse) that occurs at home is, in fact concerned with domestic abuse. This confirms that domestic abuse approaches and legislation can be considered safeguarding responses in appropriate cases.’

There are two issues for Sheffield regarding identification of domestic abuse and vulnerable adults: ensuring domestic services identify safeguarding issues and refer/ sign post to Safeguarding Adults appropriate where the need is identified in line with the new definition, and for Safeguarding Adult and Adult Social Care services to identify domestic abuse issues with their clients and refer into domestic abuse support services.

Adult Social Care for Sheffield City Council have been trained on the use of the ACPO DASH assessment tool, and they attend and contribute to the MARAC. In 2013/14 there were 725 safeguarding referrals made in Sheffield, of which 49% of abuse was committed at home. 26% of these abuse cases were due to domestic abuse (the perpetrator was a family member (150) or a partner (41))66. These proportions are similar to the national findings in the report ‘Abuse of

63 Adult safeguarding and domestic abuse: a guide to support practitioners and managers’ Local Government Association (2013) 64 Factsheet 6, The Draft Care and Support Bill: Protecting adults from abuse and neglect, Department of Health, July 2012. 65 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/care-act-2014-statutory-guidance-for-implementation 66 ASC safeguarding referrals 2013/14. Data provided by C. Blackburn. James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 58

vulnerable adults in England (2012/13)’ citing 23% of those abused were as a result of domestic abuse by a family member or partner.67

For those vulnerable adults experiencing domestic abuse, a capacity assessment needs to be undertaken in line with the Mental Capacity Act (2005) to ascertain whether the individuals has the capacity to make decisions regarding their own safety.

7.3 Pregnancy

Pregnancy can be a vulnerable time for women; McWilliams and McKiernan 1993 found that in 30% of cases, pregnancy is when domestic abuse starts in a relationship (DoH, 2004; as cited in RCM Domestic abuse). In terms of the proportion of pregnancies where domestic abuse is happening, there are a number of different statistics. A study in Hull (Johnson et al, 2003) found a domestic abuse prevalence rate of 17% among 500 pregnant women however other research suggests 7% (McFarlane et al, 1994) and 17% (Amaro et al, 1990). Based on the estimate 6,700 babies under 1 year old (2011 mid-year population estimate) if the lower percentage of 7% is applied, then a potential 469 (if 7% applied) pregnant women may have experienced some form of domestic abuse. However studies also show that violence during pregnancy can lead to an increased risk of miscarriage, premature birth, low birth-weight, foetal injury and even foetal death (Stark et al, 1979; Bohn 1990; Webster et al, 1996), therefore the estimation will not include women who had a termination, miscarriages or foetal death where domestic abuse may have factored.

NICE Guidance 110 ‘Pregnancy and complex factors’ indicates that support should be provided to pregnant women who are suffering from domestic abuse, via specialist training of midwives, with better identification by health care professionals and by making information available and tailored to meet the needs of women who are experiencing, or who are a risk of domestic abuse. Co-ordinated care is recommended during pregnancy for those at risk including flexibility of appointments to open opportunities to discuss domestic abuse.

In Sheffield the DASH Risk Assessor based in the Medium and Standard Risk Service liaises closely with staff working from the maternity wing of Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust so referrals can be made to domestic abuse services; High risk IDVA team (where high risk) and all others Medium team and Standard service. This risk assessor role is to support clinical staff in referrals, offer advice and support in the process and to keep domestic abuse at the forefront of those working in the clinical services to mitigate against the risk of domestic abuse referrals from the maternity wing dropping. However, in 2012/13 there was an IDVA based at the maternity wing and during that year there were 247 referrals from midwifery services into domestic abuse services. The first four quarters of the current contracts (Q2

67 http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB13499 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 59

2013/14 – Q1 2014/15) have seen 131 referrals in to domestic abuse services from midwifery. The IDVAs removed from the maternity service as they did not meet the expected level of high risk referrals and were spending a disproportionate amount of time on maternity cases – in effect taking on some of the role of safeguarding midwives. Comparing the 2012/13 data with that of the first four quarters of the current contract does however, suggest that they had a positive impact on the overall number of referrals from the maternity service.

There is therefore a need to ensure that the midwifery services have all the information, skills and tools they need to identify and refer appropriate patients to domestic abuse services, and to remind and refresh them of the process as necessary to keep it in the forefront of their mind. It is also imperative that domestic abuse processes and pathways are built into the overall vulnerabilities procedures in midwifery services.

7.4 Drugs and Alcohol

The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence in the US68 provides a useful summary to drug and alcohol use and its relationship with domestic violence. ‘While substance abuse does not cause domestic violence, there is a statistical correlation between the two issues (1). Studies of domestic violence frequently indicate high rates of alcohol and other drug use by perpetrators during abuse (2). Not only do batterers tend to abuse drugs and alcohol, but domestic violence also increases the probability that victims will use alcohol and drugs to cope with abuse (3). The issues of domestic violence and substance abuse can interact with and exacerbate each other and should be treated simultaneously (4)69.’

The CSEW 2012/13 findings reported in ‘Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences’ by the ONS70 state that:

 Victims are more likely to report that they believed the offender was under the influence of alcohol (24%) than illicit drugs (9%).

 Female victims were more likely than male victims to perceive that the offender was under the influence of alcohol (28% compared to 18%).

 Victims were more likely to report that the offender was under the influence of alcohol or illicit drugs than they themselves. However, 10% reported that they were under the

68 www.ncadv.org/images/Substance_Abuse.pdf 69 The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence (NCADV) cites the following references 1 Fazzone, Patricia Anne, et al. “Substance Abuse Treatment and Domestic Violence: Treatment Improvement Protocol.” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and SAMHSA’s National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. 2, 3 “Making the Link: Domestic Violence & Alcohol and Other Drugs.” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and SAMHSA’s National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. 4 Fazzone, Patricia Anne, et al. 70 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences, Chapter 4 – Intimate Personal Violence and Partner Abuse, Office for National Statistics, February 2014 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 60

influence of alcohol and 1% under the influence of illicit drugs the last time they suffered abuse.

It should be noted that in response to questions on the CSEW that provide the above percentages there were a high proportion of ‘don’t know’ or ‘don’t want to answer’ responses. This may mean that the above percentages are understated.

A Women’s Aid report cites the following data on drug and alcohol misuse:71 that 37% of domestic cases have alcohol as a factor and that domestic abuse victims are 15 times more likely to abuse alcohol and nine times more likely to abuse drugs than individuals who are not victims of domestic violence. Many women use alcohol or other drugs to help them cope with the abuse; and there is also evidence that some women are introduced to substances by their violent partners in order to increase their control over them (Swan, et al., 2000).

Also highlighted on the Women’s Aid website72 is the point that the use of alcohol and drugs are often seen as a cause of domestic violence, which is not correct. Problematic drug or alcohol use, by either the perpetrator or the victim, can make a situation worse, but the use of substances does not in itself lead to violence. Many people are abusive whether or not they have been drinking, and many people drink without becoming violent or abusive.

In 2013/14 there were 9716 domestic related crimes, up from 8739 in 2012/13. In 2013/14 7.4% of domestic related crimes had alcohol as an aggravating factor, down from 8.7% in 2012/13. Domestic related crimes with drugs as an aggravating factor rose from 0.5% in 2012/13 to 0.8% in 2013/14.

There has been ongoing work over the last couple of years to improve links between drug and alcohol services and domestic abuse services in Sheffield to increase referrals to and from each other. Domestic abuse services screen clients for alcohol use when they enter in to support with them, and refer clients with a need who consent to the referral.

There is an online alcohol screening tool developed by the alcohol provider in Sheffield but is not currently used by domestic abuse services. Using the tool may help to increase referrals to the alcohol service and improve the efficiency of referrals. The new Opiate Service has been commissioned to develop a drug screening tool and once available it would also be beneficial for this to be available to domestic abuse services in Sheffield.

The government recommends that the Stella Project’s Complicated Matters guidance toolkit and e-learning in relation to domestic abuse, substance abuse and mental health is used by local

71 As cited on http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic-violence-survivors- handbook.asp?section=000100010008000100360003§ionTitle=Alcohol+and+other+drugs 72 http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic_violence_topic.asp?section=0001000100220028 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 61

agencies to develop good practice. This has been circulated to substance abuse providers but an update as to implementation is needed. 73

7.5 Disability

A review of existing literature carried out as part of a report for the Women’s Aid Federation of England74 found that there was a lack of research and literature on disabled people’s experience of abuse in the UK. Many domestic violence practitioners have become increasingly aware of the difficulties in meeting the needs of disabled women, and there was a lack of awareness of domestic violence in some disability organisations. However, disabled women activists work hard in both service areas to raise the issue. Some areas have been addressed following the implementation of sections of the Disability Discrimination Act in 2005 (now replaced by the Equality Act 2010), but on-going work is needed. The literature review section of the report also found evidence that more than 50% of disabled women have experienced domestic abuse during their lives (Magowan, 2003), and that disabled women are assaulted or raped at a rate at least twice that for non-disabled women (Sobsey and Doe, 1991; Magowan, 2003, 2004).

CSEW data from 2012/1375 found that 11.3% of women with a long-standing illness or disability reported having been a victim of any domestic abuse in the last year in comparison to 6.3% of women with no long-standing illness or disability. For men, the percentages were 7% for those with a long-standing illness or disability, and 4% for those with no long-standing illness or disability. The pattern was consistent across the sub-categories of domestic abuse with the largest difference occurring for stalking where 7.5% of women with a long-standing illness or disability were estimated to be a victim compared to 3.4% of women without a long-standing illness or disability.

CAADA Insight data found that 7% of the 2,653 accessing support services had a disability, with the majority having a physical disability (4%), 1% learning disability and 2% another disability76. However the national Women’s Aid residents snap shot survey indicates that around 9% of those in refuges on the 27 June 2013 had a disability77.

Data for Sheffield domestic abuse services, reported on the case management system by DACT commissioned providers for people receiving support during 2014 tells us that around 60% of service users were asked if they had a disability and had the response recorded. This is below the 69% reported in the previous analysis of need.

73 http://www.avaproject.org.uk/our-resources/good-practice-guidance--toolkits/complicated-matters-stella-project-toolkit-and-e-learning- (2013).aspx 74 Disabled Women and Domestic Violence: Making the Links, An Interim Report, Hague, G. et al, October 2007 75 Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and Sexual Offences, Chapter 4 – Intimate Personal Violence and Partner Abuse, Office for National Statistics, February 2014 76 CAADA insights national dataset 2011-2012 77 Women’s Aid Annual Survey, 2013. Howard, M. Laxton, C. Musoke, P. James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 62

However, 31% of all people receiving support in Sheffield in 2014 stated that they had a disability, and when we remove individuals who did not have a record of being asked, the percentage increases to 53%. This percentage includes people who identified mental health issues. If we remove the number of people who indicated mental health as a disability, the percentage reduces to 5% of the total receiving support, 8.6% of the total asked. This is within the 7% and 9% reported by CAADA and Women’s Aid respectively. Unfortunately, it is not possible from the local minimum dataset to determine individuals who have mental health recorded as a disability along with another disability; therefore the 8.6% may be understated.

A positive factor development since the last needs assessment is that the commissioned refuge provision in Sheffield now includes several fully accessible units – catering for both women and children who may have mobility issues or are using wheelchairs.

There is a continued need to improve the recording and reporting of client disability data to meet the requirements of the Equalities Act 2011, so that all clients are asked about disability and so the 8.6% citing a disability can be ratified and any issues can be addressed accordingly by services.

7.6 Employment

Statistics show that more than 20% of employed women take time off work because of domestic violence, and 2% lose their jobs as a direct result of the abuse, in any one year. 75% of female victims are targeted at work.78

In 2014 the Equality and Human Rights Commission launched new guidance to assist employers to support staff members who are victims of domestic abuse and to provide guidance to assist employers in recognising signs and responding to employees who are victims, to help manage domestic abuse at the work place. A link to this information has been added to the DACT website.

There is a link between unemployment, recessions, and risk of domestic abuse. Research suggests that this is not necessarily in the way usually perceived. For example one piece of research found a negative link between unemployment among males and a woman’s risk of being abused and a positive link between unemployment among females and a woman’s risk of being abused. The suggestion being that if abusive males risk of unemployment increases they will become more economically dependent on their partner and so would like the relationship to continue, potentially modifying their behaviour. However, if the woman’s risk of unemployment

78 http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/new-guidance-launched-help-employers-support-staff-experiencing-domestic-abuse James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 63

increases, she will be more economically dependent on her partner and could find it harder to end an abusive relationship.79

It is important to remember that overall statistics show that for victims incidents of domestic violence are higher for people who are unemployed. The CSEW data for 2012/13 tells us that 10% of unemployed females were a victim of domestic abuse in the last 12 months in comparison to 6.4% of employed females. An increase is also seen for unemployed men; 8.6% of unemployed men reported having been a victim of domestic abuse in the last 12 months in comparison to 3.7% of employed men.

Sheffield data for individuals receiving support during 2014, tells us that 32.5% of the people who had an employment status recorded were in employment or training, and that 56.4% were unemployed. Unfortunately, out of all people receiving support, 55.6% did not have an employment status recorded.

There is a need to improve the recording of a service user’s employment status, as mentioned with other local reporting in this report. It is important to remember however, that the implementation of the local minimum dataset began at the end of 2013 with services beginning to record data according to it from January 2014. Data recording has increased as the year progressed but still needs to be improved and staff reminded as necessary of the need to record all data including ‘did not wish to disclose’ responses. The DACT needs to review data recording by service and advise individual services of gaps and potential issues as necessary.

7.7 Forced Marriage

A forced marriage is where one or both people do not (or in cases of people with learning disabilities, cannot) consent to the marriage and pressure or abuse is used. It is an appalling and indefensible practice and is recognised in the UK as a form of violence against women and men, domestic/child abuse and a serious abuse of human rights.

The pressure put on people to marry against their will can be physical (including threats, actual physical violence and sexual violence) or emotional and psychological (for example, when someone is made to feel like they’re bringing shame on their family). Financial abuse (taking your wages or not giving you any money) can also be a factor.80

The Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 201481 made it a criminal offence to force someone to marry. This includes:

79 Unemployment and Domestic Violence, Anderberg, D et al. 2013 80 https://www.gov.uk/forced-marriage 81 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/12/contents/enacted James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 64

 Taking someone overseas to force them to marry (whether or not the forced marriage takes place)

 Marrying someone who lacks the mental capacity to consent to the marriage (whether they’re pressured to or not)

 Breaching a Forced Marriage Protection Order is also a criminal offence

 The civil remedy of obtaining a Forced Marriage Protection Order through the family courts will continue to exist alongside the new criminal offence, so victims can choose how they wish to be assisted82

Safeguarding children with disabilities and vulnerable adults from forced marriage should form part of existing child and adult protection structures, policies and procedures including those that relate specifically to children and adults with a learning disability. (Forced Marriage and Learning Disabilities: Multi-Agency Practice Guidelines, page 6)83

In Sheffield local protocols have been agreed and implemented, in line with national guidance https://www.gov.uk/forced-marriage#guidance-for-professionals. These processes direct services to the relevant safeguarding service: where such victims are under the age of 18 to safeguarding children’s services and those aged 18 plus to adult support services which may include safeguarding adult services as necessary.

In 2013 the Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) gave advice or support related to a possible forced marriage in 1302 cases with 6.8% (89 cases) in the Yorkshire & Humber region.

25% of cases were for victims aged 16-17 and 33% involved victims aged 18-21. 82% of cases were for a female victim. Nationally 97 cases involved victims with disabilities and there were 12 cases where the victim identified themselves as LGBT.84

The above data includes people at potential risk of future forced marriage, those going through a forced marriage and those already forced to marry.

In June 2014 BBC news reported that the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) has seen the number of children calling ChildLine worried that they could be forced into marriage had nearly trebled from 55 calls a year in 2011 to 141 in 2013.85

Sheffield commissioned services are required to work with individuals fleeing a forced marriage. Forced marriage victims can access support via the generic services of the helpline, the IDVAs,

82 https://www.gov.uk/forced-marriage 83 https://www.gov.uk/forced-marriage#guidance-for-professionals 84 Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) Statistics January to December 2013. Home Office, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 85 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27830806 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 65

outreach and refuge, and evidence from Modus suggests that individuals are doing so (although activity data is low).

In 2014 the number of people accessing support in Sheffield that were at risk of forced marriage, reported on Paloma Modus and consenting to share data, is less than 1% of all people accessing support, 10 people in total. The majority of which were female and fitted into the 18 – 24 age group.

Sheffield data from South Yorkshire Police informs us that in the 5 years between 2010 and 2014 they have worked with a total of 88 victims or individuals at risk of forced marriage. The peak of activity to date was during 2011 and 2012 when the force worked with 20 victims in each year; in 2014 they worked with 16 victims.86 MARAC hears Forced Marriage cases in a special session at the end of the regular meeting with only those agencies present who are involved with the case.

There is a need to ensure that support services promote the fact that they support people affected by / at risk of Forced Marriage and that staff are appropriately skilled and experienced to respond to disclosures of this kind.

7.8 Female Genital Mutilation

A person is guilty of committing Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) if they excise, infibulate or otherwise mutilate the whole or any part of a girl or young woman’s labia majora, labia minora or clitoris87. To date there has not been a prosecution against any individuals for performing or assisting in FGM despite being a criminal offence since 198488. The FGM Act (2003)89 has made it illegal for UK citizens of permanent residence to take a child from the UK abroad for cutting, even to a country where the practice is legal. These offences carry up to a maximum of a 14 year maximum prison sentence.

The Health & Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) now releases experimental statistics90 for FGM. As of November 2014 there were 1,803 females in England identified as having a history of FGM that were still actively being seen/ treated by acute hospital trusts, 229 in the north of England. This includes females being treated for non-related conditions. During November 2014 there were an additional 466 newly identified patients as having undergone FGM, 110 of the newly identified patients were in the north of England. Signed off data was provided by 124 of 157 eligible acute trusts in England to provide this information.

86 This data is for all victims. The majority are adults but some victims will be under 18s. 87 Section 1 (1) The Female Genital Mutilation Act (2003) 88 CPS to crack down on female genital mutilation, The Guardian, Friday 23rd November 2012 89 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/31/contents 90 http://www.hscic.gov.uk/searchcatalogue?productid=16748&q=%22female+genital+mutilation%22&sort=Relevance&size=10&page=1#top James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 66

Local data for Sheffield tells us that in November 2014 there were 14 newly identified FGM cases and a further 32 females who had presented with FGM continuing to receive services from Sheffield Teaching Hospitals.

The 2013 Annual Report for Forward UK91 states that in the UK it is estimated that over 100,000 women are living with the consequences of FGM and that 60,000 girls are at risk92.

Between 2010 and 2014 South Yorkshire Police have supported a very small number of females at risk of FGM.

Commissioned adult domestic abuse services can provide support to individuals over the age of 16 when FGM is an issue in the family and adult sexual violence services can provide support to those who are an adult survivor of FGM.

There is a gap in that the minimum dataset does not provide data for the number of females who are a victim of or at risk of FGM. This needs to be discussed amongst the commissioners and if required, a request made to the supplier to have this field added.

7.9 ‘Honour’ Based Violence

The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) and ACPO have a common definition of HBV: “Honour based violence” is a crime or incident, which has or may have been committed to protect or defend the honour of the family and/or community’93.

There is no specific criminal offence for ‘honour’ based violence; however the actions of such practice, i.e. ’murder, kidnap, rape and violence’ are criminal offences. ‘Honour’ based violence can include FGM and Forced Marriage.

In 2014 a report published by the Iranian and Kurdish Women’s Rights Organisation (IKWRO) on police recording of reported ‘honour’ based violence found that one in five UK police forces failed to flag all HBV incidents and crimes in 2012, despite the ACPO HBV Strategy 2008 stating that it is essential. They also found that for those forces that were recording it, there were inconsistencies between forces as to what was reported as HBV; for example some would include Forced Marriage under HBV and others would not. The report therefore concluded that it was not possible to establish the scale of HBV reported in 2012.

However, in 2011 the IKWRO reported that there were more than 2823 incidents of HBV reported to police in the UK. This data is from 39 police forces across the UK out of 52 forces in total so

91 http://www.forwarduk.org.uk/annual-report-2013/ 92 City University London & Equality Now ‘Female Genital Mutilation in England and Wales: Updated statistical estimates of the numbers of affected women living in England and Wales and girls at risk. Interim report on provisional estimates’ 2014 93 http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/honour_based_violence_and_forced_marriage/#a02 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 67

the total incidents, including the forces that did not provide data, was estimated to be around 3323.94

Data reported by commissioned domestic abuse services in Sheffield shows that 2% (32 people) of the people receiving support in 2014 were a victim of, or at risk of, HBV. Data for Sheffield from South Yorkshire Police shows that between 2010 and 2014 a total of 5595 people at risk of HBV were in contact with them. 28 of these were in 2014, in comparison to an average of 7 in each of the previous four years. MARAC hears HBV cases in a special session at the end of the regular meeting with only those agencies present who are involved with the case.

There is a need to ensure that support services promote the fact that they support people affected by / at risk of HBV and that staff are appropriately skilled and experienced to respond to disclosures of this kind.

94 http://ikwro.org.uk/2011/12/nearly-3000-cases-of-honour-violence-every-year-in-the-uk/ 95 This data is for all victims, the majority are adults but some victims will be under 18s. James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 68

Chapter 8 Children and Young People

What the Sheffield strategy says…

We will ensure that services in Sheffield are accessible to all. We will do this by:

 Considering the effectiveness of pathways to support for Children and Young People affected by domestic and sexual abuse.

Sheffield partners will continue to ensure the provision of good quality services. We will do this by…

 Review and evaluate strategies and operational processes in relation to peer on peer abuse and sexual violence as part of an externally support programme of work supported by the MsUnderstood Project.

8.1 Children and Young people are affected in a number of ways by domestic violence; be it living in a household where domestic abuse happens, sometimes witnessing or hearing the violence, by being moved physically from the family home to a refuge. Also the new definition of domestic abuse recognises 16 and 17 year olds being in an abusive relationship, and peer on peer abuse, either as a victim or a young person causing harm (this list is not exclusive). Previously victims aged 16 and 17 years were hidden as it was not classified as domestic abuse.

8.2 National Information

 A minimum of 750,000 children a year witness domestic violence and three-quarters of children on the child protection register in England, live in a household where domestic violence occurs96.

 Whitfield et al (2003) as cited in a NSPCC commissioned report by Asmussen 2010)97 found that persons who had experienced childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse and growing up with a mother who was a victim of domestic abuse the risk of victimisation and perpetration was increased 3.5-fold for women and 3.8-fold for men.

 62% of children exposed to domestic abuse are also themselves directly harmed. 28%, physically harmed, 58% emotionally abused, and 18% also neglected.98

 A quarter of children exposed to domestic abuse, equally boys and girls, exhibit abusive behaviours, with highest rates amongst 15 – 17 year olds.99

 Children who are exposed to the domestic abuse of a parent often have greater behavioural and emotional problems compared to other children.100

96 Department of Health 2002 as cited on http://www.womensaid.org.uk/ 97 Dr K. Asmussen (2010) Research Briefing: Key facts about child maltreatment 98 Children’s Insights for domestic abuse services, national dataset 2014, CAADA 99 Children’s Insights for domestic abuse services, national dataset 2014, CAADA James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 69

 CSEW data tells us that 22.7% of lone parent females reported having been a victim of domestic abuse in the last 12 months. This has the potential to have a knock on effect to the children based on the above findings.

 In 2013 the Forced Marriage Unit (FMU) gave advice or support related to a possible forced marriage in 1302 cases. 25% of cases were for victims aged 16-17, 33% involved victims aged 18-21.

 CSEW data for 2012/13 suggests that the 16 – 19 age group has the highest rate of being a victim of domestic abuse for males (7.5%) and it is the age group with the second highest rate of prevalence for females (11.3%).

Based on the CSEW findings and using 2011 census population data, an estimated Sheffield prevalence of being a victim of domestic abuse in the last year for 16 – 19 year olds could be as follows:

Males Females Total 16 – 19 years

No. 16 – 19 year olds (2011 17,725 18,407 36,132 census)

CSEW 12/13 estimated 7.5% 11.3% domestic abuse prevalence

Estimated prevalence 1,330 2,080 3,410

The above table estimates that 3,410 people aged between 16 and 19 years may have been a victim of domestic abuse in Sheffield in the last 12 months, 2,080 females and 1,330 males. For both males and females, this represents over 17% of the overall estimated prevalence of domestic abuse aged 16 – 59.

Data recorded by commissioned providers on the case management software suggests that 6% of people receiving support during 2014 were between the ages of 16 and 19. Based on this age group representing 17% of the overall estimated prevalence for victims of domestic abuse, it could be suggested that this age group is under-represented at support services.

100 Humphreys, C. (2006) ‘Relevant evidence for practice’. In C. Humphreys and N. Stanley, eds. (2006), ‘Domestic violence and child protection: Directions for good practice’. London: Jessica Kingsley. Quoted from: In Plain Sight: The evidence from children exposed to domestic abuse, CAADA children’s Insights dataset 2014

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The estimated prevalence of sexual abuse among 16 – 19 year olds is 1.2% for males and 7.0% for females, based on the findings of the CSEW in 2012/13. Using these estimates we can estimate prevalence in Sheffield of:

Males Females Total 16 – 19 years

No. 16 – 19 year olds (2011 17,725 18,407 36,132 census)

CSEW 12/13 estimated sexual 1.2% 7% abuse prevalence

Estimated prevalence 213 1,289 1,502

The estimates suggest that 1,289 females and 213 males aged 16 -19 could have been a victim of sexual assault in the last year.

Caution should be taken using the above estimates as it uses estimated national prevalence percentage and applies them to the Sheffield census population.

8.3 Local Information

 Around 6% of people accessing support in 2014 were between the ages of 16 and 19.

 37% of domestic abuse victims in Sheffield had children living with them, a total of 1,118 children.

 39% of victims living with children were assessed as being at high risk of domestic abuse at intake, with a total of 421 children.

The above data is as recorded on the case management system used in Sheffield, although this only represents those in contact with DACT commissioned providers and does not include people who did not consent to share data.

Data from the Housing Independence Service tells us that:

 34% of women entering a refuge in 2013/14 had children; with 2 children each, on average.

 On average each woman with children had two children.

 A total of 112 children were taken in to a refuge in 2013/14.

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 71

 42% of households accessing supported accommodation had children; with two children each, on average.

 A total of 98 children were supported through supported accommodation.

The above data does not include females in the supported housing provision provided by Young Women’s Housing Project.

MARAC data for Sheffield tells us that:

 That 998 children were affected within the 867 cases that went to MARAC in 2013/14

 For the six months between October 2013 and March 2014 17 (3.6%) of the cases discussed were for a victim aged 16 – 17.

The Multi-Agency Support Team (MAST) received 1326 domestic violence notifications from South Yorkshire Police in 2013/14, broken down as follows:

Month DV Notifications No. Children affected

April 221 Not available

May 155 Not available

June 168 Not available

July 153 Not available

August 76 Not available

September 89 Not available

October 139 159

November 74 138

December 53 108

January 77 166

February 48 103

March 73 174

Grand Total 1326

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 72

Affected children are only available from October 2013 onwards due to a change in the reporting system which captured the children affected as well as the number of notifications. The notifications fluctuate but appear to have shown a reduction in the final 6 months of the financial year. In the last 6 months, 464 notifications were received, with 848 children affected across these notifications, this would average around 2 children affected per notification. On this basis we could approximate that over 2600 children were affected based on the annual total of 1326 domestic violence notifications to MAST in the year.

The notifications received by MAST are a subset of all notifications sent to the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) in Children’s Social Care who are co-located with the PPU and the IDVAs and Helpline. When the Police attend a domestic violence incident and there are children present in the household a report is sent to the JIT who then consult with partners at Snig Hill to determine the response in terms of safeguarding. It is the JIT responsibility to decide the course of action for each report that they receive. If it is clear that from the notification that there are children and young people in the household with additional needs and there is no risk of significant harm the referral is made to the relevant MAST. Children or young people already receiving social work intervention have the notification sent to the relevant team manager. If the child or young person is not already known to Children and Families Services they will be referred to the area assessment team for an assessment if the child may be a child in need and / or the child or young person is at risk of significant harm but does not meet the threshold for Joint Investigation. If the notification indicates that a child or young person is at risk of significant harm and the threshold is met for joint investigation then the case is allocated to the JIT and a strategy discussion takes place.

In 2014 there were a total of 5,621 reports sent to JIT. This is fewer than in 2013 when 6508 reports were received. In both years around 28% of reports were for cases already open to Social Care.

8.4 Children living in a household where domestic abuse occurs

There is no specific national calculation to estimate locally the number of children affected/ living with a female victim of domestic abuse in Sheffield. However efforts have been made using the Ready Reckoner data and those accessing support services during 2014 to provide the estimation below:

James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 73

Prevalence Estimation Based on Total female victims (16-59 years) 10,584 VAWG Ready Reckoner Proportion of clients in support with a child / children 37% Case management system data Number of victims with a child 3916 Based on 37% of those in support living with a child / children Case management system data and supported by MAST Average number of children per victim 2 notification data Estimated number of children living with a mother Based on estimated victims with a child / children and average that is experiencing domestic abuse 7832 number of children per victim

The table estimates that there are potentially over 7800 children living with a female victims of domestic abuse in Sheffield. This is based on 37% of victims recorded by DACT commissioned providers on the case management system that received support during 2014 and are recorded as living with a child / children, and the average of 2 children per household. This figure should be used with caution and is provided as an indication.

It should also be noted that the previous analysis of need document found that 58% of victims were living with a child, and so the percentage reported above is a reduction on the previously estimated number. This may be due to better recording on the case management system in 2014, and the use of a full year’s data in the calculation rather than one quarter. However, if the previously reported 58% was used in the calculation, the number of children affected would be over 12,200.

8.5 Safeguarding Children

National statistics tell us that in 2013/14 10.9% of children who became the subject of a child protection plan in England during the year were subject to physical abuse this compares to 13.4% in Sheffield. Nationally 4.7% were a victim of sexual abuse and 4.1% in Sheffield. A further 33% were the victim of emotional abuse nationally and this compares to 54.1% in Sheffield.101

The development and introduction of the Sheffield wide Family Common Assessment Framework (FCAF) aims to assess resilience and support needs within the whole family, ensuring that the impact of domestic abuse is fully explored (adult victims, the children and young people in the family, and young people who are a victim or perpetrator of domestic abuse).

In addition, the Home Office ‘Information for local areas on changes to the definition of domestic violence and abuse’ (March 2013) highlights the challenges ahead following the change in the domestic abuse definition to include 16 and 17 years. The report states ‘there are strategic and practical pathway implications for Local Safeguarding Children’s Boards to provide an effective approach to Safeguarding and promotion of the welfare of children, including ensuring that Children’s services and domestic abuse services develop shared protocols for joined up working and identify appropriate referral pathways’.

101 Characteristics of Children in Need 2013/14, ONS. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/characteristics-of-children-in-need-2013-to- 2014 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 74

Work has begun in SCC to clarify pathways to support for children and young people affected by domestic abuse and this should be concluded during the first half of 2015.

8.6 MARAC Data – Children Living with an Adult Victim and Victims Aged 16 and 17 Years

Children’s and Young People’s services are represented on the MARAC102, in order to provide information on the children of victims and share work on-going with young adult victims. The MARAC in Sheffield changed their Terms of Reference to include cases for 16 and 17 years old victims, thereby adopting the same processes for 16 to 17 years old victims as adult victims.

Data for 2013/14 tells us that for the 867 cases discussed at MARAC there were 998 children living in the households. 3.6% of MARAC cases between October 2013 and March 2014 were for a victim who was aged 16 – 17 years, in comparison to 3.4% in South Yorkshire and 1.8% nationally. This suggests that MARAC in Sheffield has a good coverage of 16 – 17 year old victims in comparison to other areas, meaning that the multi-agency work is more successful at identifying high risk victims in this age group.

However, using the CSEW estimates, the table below estimates the number of people who are a victim of domestic abuse in Sheffield from the 16 – 17 age grouping, using ONS census 2011 population figures. It then uses this to estimate what proportion of the domestic abuse prevalence for 16 – 59 year olds is made up of 16 – 17 year olds. What it shows is that it is estimated that 16 -17 year old victims make up 6.1% of the estimated prevalence of domestic abuse for 16 – 59 year olds. This highlights that it could be suggested that 6.1% of cases discussed at MARAC should be from the 16 – 17 years age group.

Prevalence Total Female Male source Sheffield population size (16 - 59 years) 337,629 168,530 169,099 2011 Census, ONS. Sheffield population size (16 - 17 years) 12,627 6,197 6,430 2011 Census, ONS.

Domestic Abuse Victim of any type of domestic abuse in the last year (16 - 5.7% 7.1% 4.4% Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and 59 years) 19,406 11,966 7,440 Sexual Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data. Victim of any type of domestic abuse in the last year (16 - 9.4% 11.3% 7.5% Crime Statistics, Focus on Violent Crime and 17 years) 1,183 700 482 Sexual Offences, 2012/13, ONS, using CSEW data. estimated 16 - 17 year olds prevalence as a percentage estimate based on the above estimated victims as of the estimated prevalence for 16 - 59 year olds. 6.1% 5.9% 6.5% reported in the CSEW findings 2012/13

Therefore, although Sheffield has a higher percentage of 16–17 year old victims discussed at MARAC in comparison to the South Yorkshire and national average, there is potentially scope to increase this further.

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8.7 Building Successful Families (BSF)103

The building successful families’ programme aims to improve a range of outcomes for people in Sheffield through distinct ways of working. Working with a range of services and partners across the city, the programme aims to give extra help and support to the families who need it most. There are many families in Sheffield affected by multiple problems, including unemployment, poor school attendance, affected by domestic abuse, mental health and poverty. The programme will work with the families to decide how to help them to improve outcomes.

The BSF programme is not a new service. Many of the families that are included in the programme are already worked with through other teams including; MAST teams, Community Youth Teams, and Sheffield High Support Service. The aim is to develop these services and others that already have a relationship with the family. In order to identify more families who should benefit from these ways of working, locally agreed factors include; domestic abuse, those known to children’s social care, adult offending, and those subject to sexual exploitation.

8.8 Young People Causing Harm

In Sheffield there is a pilot support programme for young people who cause harm being set up, specifically where abuse is against a parent. The group is called ‘Safer, Stronger Families’ and will be provided by Youth Justice in partnership with MAST and the Community Youth Teams (CYT). The programme is due to start in April 2015 and potential referrals are currently being collated.

Another group titled ‘Positive Relationships’ also operates in the city and this is for young people at risk of offending as a result of their experience of domestic abuse. It is provided by CYT and supports those at risk of any offending e.g. Anti-Social Behaviour, but includes those who perpetrate or are at risk of perpetrating domestic abuse.

8.9 Needs Identified

There is a need to continue efforts with partner agencies to ensure that 16 – 17 year olds are referred to MARAC and other domestic abuse services as appropriate.

There is a need to ensure that families affected by domestic abuse are getting the right support to achieve sustained and significant change in their circumstances as part of the BSF programme.

103 https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/your-city-council/policy--performance/what-we-want-to-achieve/corporate-plan/tackling-poverty-and- increasing-social-justice/building-successful-families.html James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 76

Chapter 9 Police Data - Domestic Abuse Incidents

What the Sheffield strategy says…

We will continue to work together to try to help reduce risk and improve safety. We will do this by…

Effective implementation of changes in civil and criminal legislation e.g. DV Protection Orders and Disclosure Orders, criminalisation of Forced Marriage, and communication to relevant communities, people at risk and professionals.

9.1 Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) Report and Data

The HMIC report on how the police respond to all DA calls and incidents was published in March 2014. ‘Everyone’s business: Improving the police response to domestic abuse’104 used a combination of qualitative and quantitative research, including stakeholder focus groups, service user surveys and consultations to provide a detailed examination of each forces response to DA incidents, at all levels of risk.

There were 11 recommendations (improving risk assessment training, sharing best practice, improving consistency and data quality, have clear minimum standards on how to address each incident, review the risk assessment process, review DHR process, PCCs to factor in the report findings when commissioning DA support services and increasing cross organisation partnership work). Recommendation 2 is for each force to complete an action plan on their individual recommendations by September 2014. SYP’s Action Plan can be found here http://www.southyorks.police.uk/help-and-advice/z-crime-types/domestic-abuse.

Of the 43 police forces who provided data for the HMIC findings report, there were over one million domestic abuse related calls (1,010,477) to the police for incidents in 2012/13, which was 4.8% of all calls to the police in this year. South Yorkshire had very similar levels, with 4.6% of calls related to domestic abuse compared to the 5.7% experienced by the Most Similar Forces group (MSF105) for South Yorkshire, (updated in 2013). Of all domestic abuse calls received by the forces in the MSF around 30% were repeats (e.g. included the same people).

104 http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/publication/improving-the-police-response-to-domestic-abuse/ 105 Most Similar Groups (MSGs) are groups of police force areas that have been found to be the most similar to each other based on an analysis of demographic, social and economic characteristics which relate to crime. The most similar forces to South Yorkshire are West Yorkshire, Lancashire, Northumbria, South Wales, Nottinghamshire, Bedfordshire and Kent. http://www.hmic.gov.uk/crime-and-policing- comparator/about-the-data/#peerforces James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 77

South Yorkshire Total 43 forces Total MSF Total crime 92,102 3,449,819 703,278 crime with a DA marker 5,278 269,698 55,084 % of total crime with a DA marker 6% 8% 8% Assault with intent to cause serious harm 539 17,235 4,296 assault with intent to cause serious harm DA marker 97 5,116 892 % Assault with intent to cause serious harm with a DA marker 18% 30% 21% Assault with injury 6,925 288,454 61,275 Assault with injury DA marker 2,323 96,025 21,837 % Assault with injury DA marker 34% 33% 36% Harassment 804 55,248 8,109 harassment DA marker 588 27,263 5,073 % of harassment with a DA marker 73% 49% 63% sexual offences 1,026 57,784 6,406 sexual offences DA marker 112 11,431 978 % of sexual offences that are DA 11% 20% 15%

 Of the total crimes recorded, 6% in South Yorkshire had a domestic abuse marker compared to 8% nationally and the MSF.

 18% of all assault with intent to cause serious harm crimes had a domestic abuse marker, compared to 30% nationally and 21% in the MSF.

 34% of all assault with injury crimes had a domestic abuse marker, compared to 33% nationally and 36% in the MSF.

 73% of all harassment crimes had a domestic abuse marker, compared to 49% nationally and 63% in the MSF.

 11% of all sexual offence crimes had a domestic abuse marker, compared to 20% nationally and 15% in the MSF.

28 police forces provided a breakdown of the risk level associated with domestic abuse crime; unfortunately South Yorkshire did not provide this data. From the data available 9% were high risk, 31% were medium risk and 59% were standard risk. There was no significant difference to the average of the MSF.

Of the 5,278 domestic abuse crimes in South Yorkshire, 34% resulted in a charge being brought, 5% had a caution and 1% had an out of court disposal.

The HMIC (Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary) survey acknowledges that the majority of domestic abuse incidents are not reported to the police. Of those that responded to the HMIC survey around 46% had never reported domestic abuse to the police, however research has found that the majority of people do discuss the incident but to someone they know personally, e.g. a friend or other relative (Crime Survey for England and Wales); 79% of women and 61% of men. Thus suggesting that promotion of support services for domestic abuse could be better

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used and they need promoting to those who know a victim as well as to the victim themselves.

The HMIC report ‘South Yorkshire Police’s approach to tackling domestic abuse’106 summary suggested that the force has domestic abuse as a clear priority, it responds well to higher risk cases, but not all these cases get the same response or quality of service. Partnership work was reportedly good.

Improvements were required in the following areas – for those determined to have a lesser risk the service was not always found to be so good. Risk assessment completion, where this takes place and who completes the assessment was not consistent and in terms of responding to calls the force did not necessarily identify the closest officer to the scene of the incident. This leads to slower response times in some cases. The report explains that these issues had already been recognised by the force.

The report made the following recommendations:-

1.The staff in the force communications centre must use all the technology available to them to deploy the closest available officer to an incident of domestic abuse regardless of district boundaries. 2. The force should provide detailed and relevant training for all staff including enquiry office, communications centre, frontline, specialists and supervisors, appropriate to their role which includes all aspects of domestic abuse. 3. The force must implement a comprehensive training programme prior to the introduction of the DASH risk assessment form in 2014. In addition to the completion of the form the training must fully inform all of the relevant staff about the assessment of risk so that it can be correctly applied in all cases. 4. As the force moves the responsibility of management of PPUs from the district to the centre and creates a central referral unit (CRU) it should do so in a planned manner which does not increase the risks faced by domestic abuse victims. 5. The force should review the extent to which medium and standard risk victims receive an appropriate service across the force area. 6. The force should satisfy itself that each district multi-agency risk assessment conference (MARAC) is running effectively and thereby making victims of domestic abuse safer. 7. The force should ensure that all staff are provided with the lessons learned from domestic homicide reviews. 8. While the performance management framework is in transition the force should ensure that outcomes are measured and that data gathered focuses activity so the victims of domestic abuse benefit from this.

As a result of the inspection and published report South Yorkshire Police introduced an action plan to address areas of development. Outstanding actions are highlighted in the 2014/15 action plan and have been assigned to specialist officers. These actions are:

106 http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/publication/improving-the-police-response-to-domestic-abuse/ James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 79

Leadership and Governance The Chief Constable and PCC for South Yorkshire work with relevant partner agencies and the support sector to coninuously scrutinise and monitor the service offered to victims Process in place to regularly survey victims of domestic abuse. Feedback to be acted upon and incorporated into Force policy, procedure, learning and development South Yorkshire Police has a current problem profile for domestic abuse and understand the extent of the risk(s) Intelligence about domestic abuse victims and offenders completed regularly, feeding into the Force's intelligence model First Response Appropriate safety planning and referrals are made for children linked to domestic abuse incidents. There is effective information sharing between partners and initiatives such as Operation Encompass are used Investigation Cases are prioritised and allocated for investigation on the basis of risk Investigators understand how to effectively support reluctant or intimidated victims and actively progress cases being mindful of the risk to the victim Victim impact statements are used effectively and reflected within case presentation A supportive relationship exists between the Crown Prosecution Service and police for domestic abuse, with regular meetings to learn from cases Opportunities to improve investigations are identified and addressed and there is a mechanism for this learning to be passed to staff Managing Victims and Offenders Relevant staff understand their role in supporting victims and managing perpetrators (neighbourhood teams) Neighbourhood teams are aware of victims (and their safety plans) and perpetrators on their beats from the problem profile and are tasked effectively by specialist teams Appropriate officers attend the Multi Agency Risk Assessment Conference (MARAC), where decisions can be made by the person attending Outcomes from the MARAC and multi-agency working are scrutinised and evaluated by the charity Co-ordinated Action Against Domestic Abuse (CAADA) Outcomes for victims are reviewed or monitored There are effective information sharing protocols in place for non-MARAC cases There is evidence of effective use of intelligence at both strategic and individual case levels in the management of victims and offenders The Force has a problem profile for domestic abuse which influences the way in which staff deal with domestic abuse. Local staff are aware of victims and perpetrators on their areas and are tasked effectively Perpetrators are referred to and part of integrated offender management Serial perpetrators identified and managed Offenders who pose a serious risk of harm are identified and steps are taken to address the risk they pose There are links with firearms licensing to understand which perpetrators have access to firearms Action is taken to remove firearms from licensed holders and revoke licenses where appropriate Learning A process is in place to regularly survey victims and this feedback is acted upon and incorporated into policy, procedure, learning and development Supervisors have been trained in domestic abuse and coercive control and this training is current

9.2 Police Activity Domestic Abuse Related Incidents

In Sheffield there were a total of 11,639 police recorded domestic abuse incidents in 2013/14. This was an increase of 1,164 on the previous year. Of the incidents 1,927 were crimes, an

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increase of 196 on the previous year and there were 9,712 non-crimes, an increase of 968 on the previous year.

The chart below107 shows the incidents reported over the last five years, with the number of crimes (where a perpetrator was charged) and the number of ‘non-crimes’ (e.g. not enough evidence). It shows that the number of crimes had been reducing but increased in 2013/14 and the number of non-crimes has consistently increased, meaning 83% of all reported domestic abuse incidents are now non-crimes compared with 72% in 2009/10.

Discussions with police, probation and domestic abuse support services suggest that the non- crime figure has increased due to a combination of factors which include the change to police reporting of domestic abuse incidents that happened in 2009 and has continued to improve identification and recording, direct referral links between the police and domestic abuse support services, increased public awareness, increased cases going to MARAC, more effective partnership working and more domestic abuse support services available. Further changes in relation to the criminality of incidents will mean that the proportion of crimes is likely to increase in 2014/15.

In 2013/14 68% of domestic abuse crimes resulted in an arrest, with 1309 arrests made. This is lower than the 74% recorded for 2012/13.

As stated above, the findings of the HMIC report were that 46% did not report domestic abuse to the Police, and therefore 54% did. If this is applied to the 11,639 incidents reported to the Police in 2013/14 then 100% incidents could be around 21,500. Thus indicating that domestic abuse reported incidents are likely to continue to increase in the years ahead (as more work continues

107 Data Source – Stats for DV Co-ordinators, South Yorkshire Police 2009/10 to 2013/14 James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 81

to highlight domestic abuse to the general public) thus allowing more opportunities for early intervention work and referrals into domestic abuse support services.

9.3 Total Victims of Domestic Abuse Incidents Reported to the Police

There has been an increase in the number of unique individuals involved in domestic abuse incidents that are reported to the police. There were 7,209 unique victims108 at March 2014 (Police data looking at the last 12 month rolling period) compared with 6,314 victims at March 2013. The number of repeat victims increased to 2,046 in March 2014 from 1,795 in March 2013 (individual with at least one other domestic abuse incident reported within the 12 month period prior to their latest reported incident). The proportion of repeat victims has remained 28.4% of the total victims, when compared to March 2013.

Of the 2,046 repeat victims in 2013/14, 492 individuals had been a victim of more than three reported incidents over the 12 month period, 280 victims had reported five or more incidents and 43 ten or more incidents (bearing in mind, this does not include those which went unreported).

Further analysis of police recorded domestic crimes and incidents109 show that:

 77% of Domestic complainants are female, 84% when looking at domestic crimes

 33.5% of complainants are between the ages of 20-29. Females in this age group account for more than 75% of all complainants

 82% of complainants were recorded as white – north European, 8.4% Asian, 7% Black, 1% were white – south European, 0.9% middle eastern, and 0.5% were Chinese, Japanese, or other south east Asian.

9.2% had an injury recorded with the majority recorded as slight (870 or 7.5%). 22 were recorded as serious and 3 were fatal. See table below.

9.4 Domestic Abuse Reported Incidents by Ward

There are 28 electoral wards in Sheffield. The five Wards with the highest number of reported domestic crimes and incidents in 2013/14 (in order) are Burngreave, Firth Park, Darnall, Southey,

108 South Yorkshire Police Sheffield Domestic Abuse Statistics 2011-2014, victims and repeat incidents, provided by Karen Jackson. 109 SYP Force Intelligence Analyst Unit, Analysis for DACT Needs Assessment 2013/14, Lisa Mullett James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 82

and Central. Between these five wards there was a total of 3976 reported crimes or incidents of domestic abuse, 34% of the total for the city. The map below plots all of the domestic abuse crimes and incidents reported in 2013/14.

9.5 Homicides

The bar chart shows the number of domestic homicides in Sheffield over the last five financial years. There have been a total of 11 domestic homicides during this time with an average number of 2 per year. In 2013/14 there were three domestic homicides reported. The chart shows that no domestic homicides were recorded in 2009/10 but 5 in 2010/11; the highest in any of the five years reported.

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9.6 Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicators & Performance

The Public Health Outcomes Framework (PHOF) includes three indicators that are related to domestic / sexual offences and use police data.

Indicator 1.11: Domestic abuse – the rate of domestic abuse incidents recorded by the police per 1,000 population. The current reported period for this indicator is 2012/13 and Sheffield has a recorded rate of 27.1 per 1,000 population. This compares to an England average of 18.8. The highest recorded rate in the country 30.2 per 1,000 and the lowest is 5.6. Sheffield has the highest rate recorded in Yorkshire & the Humber, and compares to a regional average or 21.8.

The other two indicators above are for violent crime but they include sexual violence as a part of each indicator.

Indicator 1.12ii: Violent crime (including sexual offences) – violence offences per 1,000 population – crude rate of violence against the person offences per 1,000 population. The current reported period for this indicator is 2013/14. The reported position for Sheffield is 7.6 violence offences per 1,000 population. This is lower than both the England average of 11.1 per 1,000 and the Yorkshire & Humber average of 10 violence offences per 1,000 population.

Indicator 1.12iii: Violent crime (including sexual offences) – rate of sexual offences per 1,000 population - crude rate of sexual offences per 1,000 population. The current reported period for this indicator is 2013/14. The reported position for Sheffield is 0.83 violence offences per 1,000 population. This is lower than both the England average of 1.01 per 1,000 and the Yorkshire & Humber average of 1.10 violence offences per 1,000 population.

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Chapter 10 Perpetrators

What the Sheffield strategy says…

We will work together to try and prevent abuse in the future. We will do this by…

 Developing effective responses to perpetrators – developing a programme for young people using violence against parents and in their relationships (CYT and Youth Justice Service); consider options for developing a voluntary programme for adults. Ensure good partnership working with the new provider of the Building Better Relationships programme.

 Considering options for targeting serial perpetrators through joint work between Criminal Justice Agencies.

10.1 Identification of perpetrators can be complex, as a result of counter allegations or situations that appear to not conform with known statistical profiles e.g. around 90% of domestic abuse charges

in Sheffield during 2013/14 were male, this can be further complicated in same sex relationships and where the history of abuse includes report incidents on both sides. The national organisation Respect110 has done a lot of work in this area and their guidance provides the following explanation:-

It is very rare to find someone who is both using and experiencing violence and abuse of equal severity, risk and consequences to and from an intimate partner or ex-partner. The situation is often complex. Victims may well be using legal reasonable force but nevertheless present a higher risk of injuring their abusive partner than vice versa. Perpetrators may be escalating their own use of violence, which could be leading to an increased risk that the victim will retaliate.

If the man is presenting or being described as being in a mutually violent relationship, this indicates the need for more detailed assessment, using if possible a range of sources of information from the client, their partner or other agency working with their partner, other agencies and professional judgement if the worker is skilled and experienced at responding to domestic violence.

Perpetrator who is actually a victim – Sometimes, if the victim has used violence in resistance, self-defence, and retaliation or to defend children or others they may be wrongly identified – or wrongly present – as a perpetrator. This mis-identification can be further exacerbated if the person concerned does not want to identify themselves as a victim.

110 http://www.respect.uk.net James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 85

Victim who is actually a perpetrator – Sometimes, if the person using intimate partner violence has experienced force used by their victim as self-defence, defence of children, resistance or retaliation they may be wrongly identified – or wrongly present – as a victim. In these cases they may have used this incident or incidents to distract attention away from their own abusive behaviour, or other agencies may have identified them as “both as bad as each other”.

Commissioned services are required to use guidance produced by Respect to assist them in determining who is doing what to whom when they are approached for services and it is not clear if the person approaching is the victim or there are counter allegations.

The HMIC report Everyone’s business: Improving the police response to domestic abuse111 recommendation eight suggests that forces need support in how to identify and target serial and repeat perpetrators. The action is to share via the College of Policing best practice, evidence on the outcomes of perpetrator programmes and to build a more robust evidence base for (the benefits to) working with perpetrators.

10.2 COMPASS Integrated Offender Management (IOM) Programme

South Yorkshire Police in conjunction with Partners have embarked on an initiative to refresh and reform Offender Management arrangements, utilising the brand name of COMPASS (County Offender Management Partnership Action & Support Strategy). COMPASS will seek to identify and target work around a select group of Domestic Abuse Perpetrators, implementing a wide range of solutions to address their offending behaviour and thus minimise risk to victims.

It is envisaged that the COMPASS IOM Team will focus on domestic abuse perpetrators who are subject of differing forms of statutory supervision, whether they be on licence, community order, subject of a Domestic Violence Prevention Notice (DVPN), or civil order that restricts or prohibits contact with victims and other family members. Regular contact will be maintained with this target group to address issues surrounding compliance or lack thereof. Close collaborative working arrangements with SYP Public Protection Unit, IDVA Service and other victim groups/agencies will be a central feature of the work performed.

A DVPN lasts for 48 hours and allows the police to prevent the alleged perpetrator from being in contact with or accessing the property where the victim lives. The police can then go to court to apply for a Domestic Violence Prevention Order (DVPO) that lasts for 28 days and prevents the alleged perpetrator from contact with the victim or accessing the property. This can be particularly useful where the perpetrator and victim have lived together.

111 Everyone’s business: Improving the police response to domestic abuse, (2014) HMCI, www.hmci.gov.uk James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 86

Information from SYP tells us that 4 DVPOs had been obtained in Sheffield by the end of November 2014 since implementation in June 2014.

Following conviction, perpetrators may be required to attend the Building Better Relationships programme provided by the Community Rehabilitation Company (CRC), in order for them to get help and support with their abusive behaviour. South Yorkshire Police have also completed a task to profile domestic abuse perpetrators in South Yorkshire, acknowledging that as so much domestic abuse is hidden, a profile can help community safety partners to become more proactive and intelligence-led around prevention, protection and enforcement.

10.3 Perpetrator Profile

The profile of domestic abuse perpetrators created by South Yorkshire Police based on the 2,243 offenders charged with domestic offences across the region in 2013/14 has shown that:

 Approximately 90% of offenders are male

 The age group with the highest number of offenders was 25 – 29, 21.7% of all offenders fall into this age group, 487 people. 58.4% of all offenders (1311 people) are between the ages of 20 and 39.

 91% of offenders were White, 4% Asian, 1% Middle Eastern, 4% Black, 0.2% South East Asian.

 64% of offenders were unemployed at the time of the offence, 31% employed, 4% students, 1% retired.

 47% of domestic abuse offenders were an ex-partner / spouse. 31% current partner, 17% were a blood relation, remaining 5% were either an in-law / ex in-law, or in a fostering relationship with the victim.

 73% of domestic crimes recorded were violent offences.

The report by South Yorkshire Police on domestic abuse perpetrators recommends that they:

‘Introduce a formalised process that manages perpetrators by introducing a domestic abuse prolific offender matrix. Its focus includes the identification of those perpetrators likely to cause the most harm. SYP and Partners will collate intelligence on these individuals, conduct proactive enforcement/ engagement action and actively manage the risk by robust interventions.

It is important to tackle domestic abuse perpetrators more systematically to manage future risk. A weekly intelligence meeting should occur within each unit managing these offenders that considers all intelligence in the public protection arena including intelligence on high- risk

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domestic abuse victims and scored perpetrators. Daily tasking processes will operate effectively to then manage outstanding arrests.

Once identified via the matrix the highest scoring perpetrators need to be regularly reviewed to ensure management plans and preventative intervention opportunities are implemented.’

83% of females receiving support in Sheffield in 2014 and reported on the minimum dataset stated that the perpetrator was a partner or ex-partner.

10.4 Domestic Abuse Disclosure Scheme

The Domestic Abuse Disclosure Scheme, also known as ‘Clare’s Law’, gives members of the public the right to ask police where they are concerned that their partner may pose a risk to them or where they are concerned that the partner of a member of their family or a friend may pose a risk to that individual. If an application is made, the Police and partner agencies will carry out checks and if the partner has a record of abusive offences, or there is other information to indicate that there may be a risk from the partner, the Police will consider sharing the information. Since implementation in June 2014 there have been 21 applications in South Yorkshire and only 5 disclosures.

10.5 Perpetrator Support

The Strength to Change report (2010)112 reviews the outcomes of a voluntary perpetrator support project located in Hull that provided support to the perpetrator, their partners, ex-partners and children. The report found that after 16 months duration there was an observed reduction in the number of re-offences committed by perpetrators who had been on the course, a reduction in the number of police call outs and when incidents did occur, a lower severity of violence. The report provides a comprehensive cost benefit analysis, however in summary the findings estimated that for every £1 spent there would be a return on investment of £2.24 for reduced criminality, of £2.57 in net saving for health services, of £10 to all public agencies and up to £14 for human and emotional costs. There may also be additional medium to long term benefits but the report was written within 16 months of the start of the project and therefore these potential benefits were not within scope.

Other studies support the findings of the Strength to Change report, Gondolf’s (1999, 2002 and 2004) 113 found a longer term reduction in re-assault but whilst on a perpetrator programme most men committed a further assault. (Westmarland et al, 2010) focused more on the social impact: the victim felt safer, had freedom from a violent relationship, had more empowerment, were more

112 Lancaster, J (2010) Strength to change: Return on investment, NHS Hull 113 D. Alex Heckert and Edward W. Gondolf (2004) Predicting Abuse and Re-assault Among Batterer Program Participants https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/199730.pdf James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 88

positive in their parenting and had enhanced self-awareness114. From a programme viewpoint Gondolf found the best outcomes (as above) were following programmes that were of high quality, had a good course completion rate, had interaction with the female victim alongside the male perpetrator and consequences (i.e. legal) for course compliance.

National perpetrator support is via the ‘Building better Relationships’ programme provided by the Community Rehabilitation Company (CRC) and the Ministry of Justice (MoJ). Some cities do commission additional support locally as this programme is court mandated, but this is not done in Sheffield. Therefore the only active perpetrator support programme available is the national ‘Building better Relationships’ programme. The IOM programme that aims to introduce a strand to target prolific domestic abuse perpetrators has strong links with CRC and MoJ, which may provide better links with perpetrator support.

The VAWG strategy action plan update for 2014 includes the following actions:

 Action 36 (previously action 104) – Support evaluation of local perpetrator referral pilots to communicate findings to local commissioners. The action is ongoing to the end of April 2015.

 Action 37 (new action) – Consider the evidence base for what works in the context of perpetrator programmes, identify and disseminate good practice. The action is due for completion by April 2015.

Some findings have recently been published that indicate that perpetrator programmes of appropriate quality do have positive outcomes http://respect.uk.net/highlights-mirabal-research- findings-respect-accredited-domestic-violence-perpetrator-programmes-work/

10.6 Needs Identified

There is a gap in Sheffield provision given that no voluntary perpetrator programme is available and a need to understand the feasibility of providing such a service. However, given the ongoing work in the actions above, it would be useful to understand the findings of the pilots and what is identified as best practice in order to better inform this work.

There is a need to develop the relationship with the IOM police team in order for all organisations to get the best out of the inclusion of prolific domestic abuse perpetrators in the IOM programme.

114 Westmarland, N., Kelly, L. & Chalder-Mills, J. (2010) What counts as Success? London: Respect James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 89

Chapter 11 Domestic Homicide Reviews (DHR)

What the Sheffield strategy says…

Our work will be underpinned by good governance and accountability. We will…

Ensure systems are in place to conduct good quality DHRs and Serious Incident Reviews when necessary and overseeing implementation of DHR action plans and dissemination of learning.

11.1 On average, two women a week are killed by a violent partner or ex-partner. This constitutes nearly 40% of all female homicide victims.115

11.2 Statutory Requirements and Guidance

Since April 2011, there is a statutory requirement to carry out Domestic Homicide Reviews (DHR), under Section 9 of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act (2009)116 The DHR will aim ‘to review the circumstances in which the death of a person aged 16 or over has or appears to have resulted from violence, abuse or neglect by (a) a person to whom they were related or with whom they were or had been in an intimate personal relationship, or (b) a member of the same household as themselves, held with a view to identifying the lessons learnt from the death’117.

The Home Office produce statutory guidance for conducting DHRs, the latest revision was implemented in August 2013.118 The guidance has been developed to support the Government’s approach to tackling violence against women and girls as set out in the strategy Call to End Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG). The VAWG Action Plan 2014119 has an action to ‘carry out a more in depth review of DHRs and disseminate findings to local area’s’, the results of which are due for publication.

Between April 2011 and March 2013 the Home Office received 54 completed DHR reports. In November 2013 they published the paper Domestic Homicide Reviews Common Themes Identified as Lessons to be Learned.120 Using the 54 completed reports received by the Home the paper sets out the most common themes identified as lessons to be learned. It also reports on what is being done nationally to respond to these issues and makes suggestions for work that can be undertaken locally. The aim of this and the revisions to the statutory guidance is to provide local areas with the best possible support to conduct successful DHRs.

115 Women’s Aid http://www.womensaid.org.uk/domestic_violence_topic.asp?section=0001000100220036sionTitle=statistics 116 Multi-agency statutory guidance for the conduct of domestic homicides reviews, Home Office, page 3 117 Ibid page 6 118 https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/domestic-homicide-review 119 A call to end violence against women and girls: Action plan 2014, Home Office, March 2014 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/a- call-to-end-violence-against-women-and-girls-action-plan-2014 120 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/domestic-homicide-review-lessons-learned James Newcomb, Information & Performance Analyst, Sheffield DACT Version 1.4 90

The key themes identified as lessons to be learned are:

Identified Theme National actions include: Suggestions for local action include:

Awareness raising and Extending the definition of Review communications, communication: Gaps were domestic abuse to include review internal training, identified in the awareness coercive control and 16 – 17 support national campaigns, and understanding of what year olds, reviewed publicise that support is constitutes domestic violence communication campaigns, available even if the abuse and abuse. i.e. that domestic and developing a has not been physical. abuse on means physical Communications Insight pack violence. for practitioners on how effective communication can increase public awareness.

Awareness and training of Responding to Domestic Identification and Referral to healthcare professionals: Abuse: a handbook for health Improve Safety (IRIS) project Evidence from some of the professionals has been domestic abuse and violence reports identified the need for updated and republished in training support and referral improved training and December 2013, e-learning programme can be awareness on domestic courses developed for GPs, commissioned by Clinical violence and abuse for GPs and training tools for health Commissioning Groups and healthcare professionals. visitors are being developed. (CCGs), midwives should undertake routine enquiry by asking all pregnant women if they are at risk of or a victim of domestic abuse.

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Identified Theme National actions include: Suggestions for local action include:

Risk assessment: The need HMIC inspection to cover risk Review risk assessment and for a consistent approach to assessment process, management approach, risk assessment and re- discussions with College of ensure staff trained assessment was identified in Policing to ensure training on appropriately, use materials a number of reports. risk assessment is covered, available on the CAADA MARAC development website. Officers to reinforce existing guidance around risk assessment and CAADA to recirculate these messages in their IDVA training.

Information sharing and Undertaken a project looking Review Information Sharing multi-agency working: at different models of multi- Protocols, request assistance Some information sharing agency information sharing, from MARAC Development between agencies was found MARAC Regional Officers to Officer, ensure appropriate to be inadequate. Where reinforce existing guidance agencies are attending lawful to do so, or with client on the importance of clear MARAC. consent, information should and consistent referral be shared to help form a full criteria, new Code of Practice picture of a victim’s situation on information sharing in the and potential risk. In some NHS has been published. cases referrals to other agencies or MARAC had not been made when it would have been appropriate to do so.

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Identified Theme National actions include: Suggestions for local action include:

Complex needs: In some Developing the e-learning Drug and alcohol service cases the victim and/or package for GPs, CAADA should review and make perpetrator had complex guidance on best practice at robust use of their risk needs, including alcohol, MARAC confirms that both assessment frameworks, substance misuse, and mental health trusts and promote CAADA guidance on mental health illness. substance misuse services attendance of mental health Domestic abuse was not form part of the core and substance misuse always identified in these agencies attending MARAC, services. cases as agencies were NICE guidelines on focussing on addressing the preventing domestic abuse other issues. have been published.

Perpetrators and bail: CPS looking to strengthen Ensure prison and police staff Inadequate information guidance given to are aware of the marker on sharing was identified where prosecutors on bail OFFLOC to identify prisoners a perpetrator is released on considerations in domestic who are assessed as bail from prison. abuse and violence cases, presenting a risk of domestic Multi-Agency Public abuse and violence, ensure Protection Arrangements where relevant that bail (MAPPA) team project to conditions are shared at observe meetings on MARAC meetings. category 2 violent offenders to look for best practice on risk assessment and risk assessment management.

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Identified Theme National actions include: Suggestions for local action include:

Awareness of the The Home Office is leading a Section 1(8)(h) of the Police safeguarding needs of national group to tackle Reform and Social children: A small number of sexual violence against Responsibility Act 2011 reports showed cases where children and vulnerable provides that the Police and opportunities were missed to people, Government has Crime Commissioner (PCC) refer cases to Children’s published revised guidance, must, in particular, hold the Services. Working Together to chief constable to account for Safeguard Children (2013) the exercise of duties in bringing together all the relation to the safeguarding statutory responsibilities to of children and the promotion protect children, College of of child welfare. Policing to issue professional guidance for the police in respect of child abuse.

11.3 Sheffield Position

A local process has been written in accordance with the DHR guidelines and has been implemented since 2011/12. The process also includes suicides where it is ascertained the suicide has resulted from or is directly related to Domestic Abuse.

The chart shows that the number of homicides per year in Sheffield varies but has seen an increase over the last three years. There were three domestic homicides in Sheffield in 2013/14. However, this is fewer than in 2010/11 when there were five. A DHR is carried out for each

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domestic homicide.

Once a DHR is completed an action plan is produced and monitored quarterly by the DHR panel.

DHRs are thorough and take time to complete, with each case taking six months from start to finish, however DHRs have been overlapping, with one already in progress and another starting. This is likely to continue, given the average of two deaths from domestic abuse over the past five years. The DHR process and development of action plans is well embedded in Sheffield, but must remain up to date with developments and consequent changes to guidance and advice in order to remain as effective as possible. There is also a continued need for all stakeholders, including DACT to respond within the agreed timeframes completing the appropriate actions / requirements of them and for all stakeholders to add work on DHRs in their work plans. This will assist the successful management of the DHR process.

Four out of the most recent seven DHRs (including one from 2014/15) have involved people who were recent arrivals in the city and / or were from BME backgrounds. Two victims and two perpetrators were recent arrivals. Three victims did not speak English as a first language.

This has led to Domestic Homicide Review Chairs seeking to understand more about how recent arrivals to the city, and those who do not speak English, are given information in relation to issues such as domestic abuse and how to seek help. It has also led to consideration being given as to how ‘routine enquiry’ is undertaken in settings such as maternity and health visiting in order to ensure that the person being asked understands the question and feels comfortable and safe enough to respond. Initial findings have also been that people in these groups experiencing domestic abuse may choose to disclose to an agency that is not a specialist in domestic abuse e.g. a voluntary sector agency supporting new arrivals, and therefore these organisations need support with developing policies and procedures to enable them to respond appropriately.

The issue of neighbours failing to report domestic abuse that they are aware of, despite it being of a serious nature, has also been considered as a result of DHRs with Neighbourhood Watch working with DACT to develop a leaflet to encourage third party reporting which can be done anonymously via Crimestoppers.

11.4 Needs Identified

There is a need to continue to work within agreed timescales for all stakeholders so that the process remains consistent, timely, and as effective as possible.

Sheffield MARAC and DHR process needs to remain in line with the published guidelines, refreshing the process and implementing changes as necessary in light of revised guidance and

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lessons learned documentation.

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Chapter 12 Recommendations

 The newly identified needs and gaps in this report should be addressed or work started to address them over the next twelve months. Doing so will improve the services provided to service users and / or help to better inform future updates to this report.

 Where necessary work needs to be done, or continued, to address the remaining gaps and needs identified in the initial needs analysis report ‘A Supporting Document for Domestic Abuse Commissioning in Sheffield 2013’.

 This document should be reviewed and developed annually in order to continue to build a better picture of the extent of domestic abuse in Sheffield, the need for services, and changes required highlighted through emerging trends.

 Updates to this report should be completed in a timely process to link in to the commissioning cycle adopted by the DACT.

 The sections in this report aim to provide a summary of key issues but should be addressed in conjunction with on-going work, newly emerging themes, and to be in line with the most recent guidance and legislation at that point in time.

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Appendix A

This Needs Assessment is linked to the strategies and legislation below or any subsequent updates of the documents listed.

National Strategies

A Call to End Violence Against Women and Girls Action Plan 2014 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/a-call-to-end-violence-against-women-and-girls-action-plan-2014

The South Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner Alan Billings strategic priorities are:

• Reduce Crime and Anti-Social Behaviour

• Protect Vulnerable People

 Improve Visible Policing

Local Strategies

The domestic and sexual abuse needs assessment is intrinsically linked to a number of citywide strategies and needs assessments which include:-

 Sheffield Domestic and Sexual Violence and Abuse Strategy 2014-17

 Sheffield Joint Strategic Health Needs Assessment 2014

 Sheffield Joint Strategic Intelligence Assessment 2014

 Sheffield Domestic Homicide Review guidance 2014

 Sheffield Hidden Harm Strategy 2013-16

 Sheffield Joint Health and Wellbeing Strategy – 2013 -18

 Sheffield Supported Housing Strategy 2012-16

 Sheffield Sexual Health Strategy 2012-15

 Sheffield Gangs Strategy 2012 -15

 Sheffield Children’s and Young People’s Plan 2011-14

 Sheffield Child and Household Poverty Strategy 2011-14

 Sheffield Homelessness Strategy 2010-13

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 Sheffield Forced Marriage and Honour Based Violence Protocol

 Sheffield MARAC Operating Protocol and Information Sharing Protocol

 Sheffield Safeguarding Children Board Domestic Abuse Procedure

 Sheffield Youth Justice Plan

Legislation

 Female Genital Mutilation Act (2003) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/31/contents

 Housing Act (2004) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/34/contents

 Mental Capacity Act (2005) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents

 Disability Discrimination Act (2005) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/13/contents

 Equality Act (2010) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents

 Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act (2014) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2014/12/contents/enacted

 The Serious Crime Act 2007 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/27/contents

 The Serious Crime Bill 2014 http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2014-15/seriouscrime.html

Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act (2004) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/28/contents

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Appendix B

Acronyms used throughout the document:

ACPO – Association of Chief Police Officers

BCS – British Crime Survey

BME – Black and Minority Ethnic

BSF – Building Successful Families

CAADA – Co-ordinated Action Against Domestic Abuse

CCG – Clinical Commissioning Group

COMPASS - County Offender Management Partnership Action & Support Strategy

CPS – Crown Prosecutions Service

CRC – Community Rehabilitation Company

CSEW – Crime Survey for England and Wales

CYT – Community Youth Team

DACT – Domestic Abuse Co-ordination Team

DASH – Domestic Abuse, Stalking and ‘Honour’ based violence

DHR – Domestic Homicide Review

DNA – Did Not Attend

DVPN – Domestic Violence Prevention Notice

DVPO – Domestic Violence Prevention Order

FCAF – Family Common Assessment Framework

FGM – Female Genital Mutilation

FMU – Forced Marriage Unit

HBV – ‘Honour’ Based Violence

HIS – Housing Independence Service

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HMIC – Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary

HSCIC – Health and Social Care Information Centre

IAPT – Improving Access to Psychological Therapies

IDVA – Independent Domestic Violence Advocate

ISVA – Independent Sexual Violence Advocate

IOM – Integrated Offender Management

IRIS – Identification and Referral to Improve Safety

JCG – Joint Commissioning Group

JIT – Joint Investigation Team

LGBT – Lesbian, Gay, Bi-sexual and Transgender

MARAC – Multi-Agency Risk Assessment Conference

MAST – Multi-Agency Support Team

MSF – Most Similar Force

NICE – National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

NRPF – No Recourse to Public Funds

NSPCC – National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

OCD – Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

ONS – Office for National Statistics

PCG – Provider Consultation Group

PHOF – Public Health Outcomes Framework

PTSD – Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

RASSO – Rape And Serious Sexual Offences

SARAS – Sheffield Area Refuge And Support

SARC – Sexual Abuse Referral Centre

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SCC – Sheffield City Council

SRASAC – Sheffield Rape And Sexual Abuse Centre

SURG – Service User Reference Group

SWCTS - Sheffield Women’s Counselling and Therapy Service

SWWOP - Sheffield Working Women’s Opportunities Project

SYP – South Yorkshire Police

UK – United Kingdom

VAWG – Violence Against Women and Girls

VIPER – Violence Indicator Profiles for England Resource

VSLT – Voluntary Sector Liaison Team

YANA – You Are Not Alone

YJS – Youth Justice Service

YWHP – Young Women’s Housing Project

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