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Tsemsyaenhl-Get: Sixteen Battles in the Military History of the Nine Allied Tsimshian Tribes

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Tsemsyaenhl-Get: Sixteen Battles in the Military History of the Nine Allied Tsimshian Tribes Tsemsyaenhl-get: Sixteen Battles in the Military History of the Nine Allied Tsimshian Tribes by Jeremy Buddenhagen BA, University of Victoria, 2011 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of History Jeremy Buddenhagen, 2018 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisory Committee Tsemsyaenhl-get: Sixteen Battles in the Military History of the Nine Allied Tsimshian Tribes By Jeremy Buddenhagen BA, University of Victoria, 2011 Supervisory Committee Dr. John Lutz, Supervisor Department of History Dr. Peter Cook, Departmental Member Department of History ii Abstract There is a deeply held bias in Northwest Coast scholarly literature that suggests pre-contact Indigenous warfare was primarily made up of simplistic nighttime sneak attacks to raid for slaves or treasure. This thesis examines sixteen battles in the pre- contact history of the Nine Allied Tsimshian Tribes to show that there were sieges, battlefield maneuvers were complex and coordinated with multiple forces, combat was well organised, had strong leadership, and the Nine Tribes utilised these sophisticated strategies and tactics in warfare to achieve broader geopolitical goals. iii Table of Contents Supervisory Committee .................................................................................................. ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... iv Dedication ........................................................................................................................ vi Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 - The Anthropology of Warfare ................................................................ 7 A Bias ............................................................................................................................ 7 History of thought on Warfare .............................................................................. 10 Turning to the Northwest Coast ........................................................................... 20 Chapter 2 - A Note on Sources and Method ........................................................... 69 The Adawx ................................................................................................................. 70 The Texts ................................................................................................................... 71 William Beynon as Ethnographer ..................................................................... 75 My Method ................................................................................................................. 77 Other Thoughts ........................................................................................................ 81 Ethnographic Brief ................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 3 - The Battles ................................................................................................ 89 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 89 Preface to War ........................................................................................................... 91 Oldest Inhabitants................................................................................................ 91 Migrations .............................................................................................................. 94 War with the Tlingit ................................................................................................. 96 Invasion .................................................................................................................. 96 The War for the Archipelago ............................................................................. 98 Battle for the Prince Rupert Harbour ............................................................ 104 The End of the Tlingit War: Rise of the Wudzen’aleq and Haimas ............. 114 Origins of the Name Haimas ........................................................................... 114 iv Young Haimas .................................................................................................... 115 Gitsiis Territorial Expansion ............................................................................ 115 The Final Battles ................................................................................................ 116 Tlingit Retaliation ............................................................................................... 118 The ‘Saltwater’ Times ........................................................................................ 119 Battle of Wrangell .............................................................................................. 122 “Fighting Like Tsimshian:” The Battle of Finlayson Island ...................... 124 The Slaughter/Barricade Feast ........................................................................ 131 Battle of Kawnde (Hidden Inlet) .................................................................... 134 The Battle of Kincolith: Haimas’ last stand .................................................. 139 Legex ......................................................................................................................... 142 Legex’s Origins ................................................................................................... 145 The War for the Canyon ................................................................................... 149 Kangyet (Timbers for killing people) ............................................................. 150 Gits’ilaasu War .................................................................................................... 150 The Bella Bella War ........................................................................................... 152 The Haida Wars .................................................................................................. 158 The Last Wars of Legex .................................................................................... 164 Conclusion to the Battle Narratives ............................................................... 165 Chapter 4 - Conclusion .............................................................................................. 166 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 168 v Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my Grandmother, Sheila Southworth (AKA Bam), because no matter how difficult things got she never let me give up. vi Introduction This thesis is about the military strategies and tactics of the Coast Tsimshian Nine Allied Tribes. At the time of contact the Nine Tribes were one of the most powerful polities on the northern coast of what is now British Columbia. The purpose of this study is simple: correct the idea that Indigenous people on the coast only carried out simplistic night time sneak attacks on their enemies to raid for booty and slaves. This is not to suggest that raids or ambushes are not legitimate forms of sophisticated warfare, there are numerous examples of their effectiveness even into the modern era.1 However, the way raids have been characterised in the literature on the Northwest coast suggests authors saw it more as “primitive” warfare than tactically sophisticated. For example, a raid, or depredation, is not intended to capture terrain. The attacking force always retreats to a previously defended position before the enemy can counter-attack. It is also typically a tactic of irregular warfare and guerrillas. The primary objectives are to demoralise the enemy, plunder, destroy specific targets, capture specific enemy combatants or to gather intelligence. In other words, raids may support broader strategic aims of a fighting force, but they do not constitute the decisive blow necessary for victory. This interpretation closely aligns with one of the Northwest coast’s iconic ethnographies, Thomas McIlwaith’s observation on the Bella Coola. In it he wrote: In the old days wars between the coastal tribes were common, but though slaves were taken freely, land was never seized; such is unthinkable to the Bella Coola. 2 1 George Washington’s attacks on the British being a prime example used by military historians to show the effectiveness of such tactics. See Michael Harris, Brandywine: A Military History of the Battle that lost Philadelphia but Saved America, September 11, 1777 (El Dorado: Savas Beattie, 2014). 2 Thomas McIlwaith, The Bella Coola Indians (reissued from 1948), (Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 1992), pg. 133. 1 We will see that this characterisation cannot be applied to the Nine Tribes and some authors have taken McIlwaith’s observation to apply to the whole coast. This thesis uses the Nine Tribes as a case study to suggest that these conceptions of pre-contact warfare are not universal on the Northwest Coast. Warfare has been well documented within the archaeological, anthropological,
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