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What Postpartum Depression Looks Like for Men: a Phenomenological Study Clara Lee Barnes Walden University

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What Postpartum Depression Looks Like for Men: a Phenomenological Study Clara Lee Barnes Walden University Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2019 What Postpartum Depression Looks Like For Men: A Phenomenological Study Clara Lee Barnes Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Psychology Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Clara Lee Barnes has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Rachel Piferi, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Karine Clay, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Debra Wilson, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2019 Abstract What Postpartum Depression Looks Like for Men: A Phenomenological Study by Clara Lee Barnes MS, MFT, California Baptist University, 2002 BS Psychology, University of Laverne, 1997 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Walden University May 2019 Abstract Postpartum depression (PPD) has been identified as a mental health condition that impacts women, men, and families. PPD has been shown to be prevalent in both women and men following the birth of a child; it has been associated with marital conflict, insecure attachment, and poor infant-child outcomes. While PPD has been studied extensively in women, paternal PPD often goes understudied, undetected, and untreated. The purpose of the present research was to explore the lived experiences of men who have experienced PPD through the lens of self-perception theory using a qualitative phenomenological study. Six men who have experienced PPD shared their lived experiences with PPD, including how they recognized they had a problem and what alerted them to get help. Data were analyzed using coding and the development of themes; the findings for this study showed that men’s lived experiences with PPD included feelings of sadness, anger, fear, confusion, and being in denial. The men tended to not seek help for their experiences of PPD, and they were not previously informed about the disorder of paternal PPD. The present study provides a better understanding of PPD for fathers, information for healthcare providers who deal with expectant fathers, and significant others such as mothers of the child, and other family members and coworkers regarding how to respond to paternal PPD. Better understanding of PPD will provide fathers with more of the support they need to successfully make the journey through PPD. What Postpartum Depression Looks Like for Men: A Phenomenological Study by Clara Lee Barnes MS, MFT, California Baptist University, 2002 BS Psychology, University of Laverne, 1997 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Walden University May 2019 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated first to God and then to my family who has sacrificed so much to allow me to spend the time that it took me to complete my dissertation. Your support and encouragement kept me going when I wondered if I should retreat. I extend much love and appreciation to George (my husband), Nakeda and Mustafa (my daughter and son-in-law), Jaharah (my son), Califa, Medina, and Nubia (my granddaughters) for being there for me. Also, I want to give a shout out to the many significant others who supported me along the long way to the completion of my dissertation. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge and thank my dissertation committee chair, Dr. Rachel Piferi and committee members Dr. Karine Clay and Dr. Debra Wilson. Your patience and words of wisdom helped to lead me to the finish line. I know my progress on my dissertation did not always look promising, yet you guided me through the tough times. When I took a leave of absence, you embraced my return with your same enthusiastic leadership. Again, I thank you. Additionally, I thank Dr. Barbara Kee for her role as my ‘catch-all’ sage. Sometimes we would just talk. Too, I would like to thank my son, Jaharah Barnes and Richard Goodfield, for being my IT persons. Their computer expertise helped me to get through situations that could have impeded my study. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................1 Background of the Study ...............................................................................................2 Problem Statement .........................................................................................................5 Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................6 Theoretical Framework of the Study .............................................................................8 Research Questions ........................................................................................................9 Nature of the Study ........................................................................................................9 Definitions....................................................................................................................10 Methodological Assumptions ......................................................................................12 Scope, Delimitations, Limitations, and Assumptions ..................................................13 Significance of the Study .............................................................................................13 Summary ......................................................................................................................15 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................17 Introduction ..................................................................................................................17 Literature Search Strategy............................................................................................17 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................17 Defining PPD ...............................................................................................................21 Postnatal Depression in Fathers ............................................................................ 24 Diagnoses of Paternal PPD ................................................................................... 28 Prevalence and Incidence of Paternal Postpartum Depression ............................. 32 Comorbidity of Paternal Postpartum Depression ................................................. 33 The Impact of PPD on the Family Organization .........................................................40 i Coping with PPD .................................................................................................. 44 PPD and Satisfaction in Relationships .................................................................. 47 Tools of Measuring PPD ....................................................................................... 48 Intervention and Prevention for Paternal PPD ...................................................... 49 Other Studies and Considerations ................................................................................53 Research Gaps in Paternal PPD ...................................................................................57 Measurement Instruments in the Literature Review ....................................................59 Inconsistency in Prevalence Rates ...............................................................................60 Directionality of Relationship ......................................................................................60 Summary ......................................................................................................................65 Chapter 3: Research Methodology.....................................................................................66 Introduction ..................................................................................................................66 Research Questions ......................................................................................................67 Role of Researcher .......................................................................................................68 Participants ............................................................................................................ 69 Procedures for Recruitment .................................................................................. 70 Instrumentation ..................................................................................................... 71 Participation and Data Collection ......................................................................... 71 Data Analysis Plan .......................................................................................................73
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