The Communion' 177 7.4 Revision in Synod 183 7.5 Comments and Reactions 191 7.6 Series 3 in Summary 197 Notes 199
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Durham E-Theses The revision of the Eucharist in the Church of England : a study of liturgical change in the twentieth century. Lloyd, Edward Gareth How to cite: Lloyd, Edward Gareth (1997) The revision of the Eucharist in the Church of England : a study of liturgical change in the twentieth century., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1049/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Revision of the Eucharist in the Church of England A study of Liturgical Change in the Twentieth Century Edward Gareth Lloyd MA submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Durham Department of Theology December 1997 The Revision of the Eucharist in the Church of England: A Study of Liturgical Change in the Twentieth Century Edward Gareth Lloyd MA ABSTRACT The Church of England has experienced two substantial periods of liturgical revisior during this century, spanning between them almost 50 years. The reforms came ir response to pressures for change within Church and society, and also reflectec doctrinal, missiological and scholarly tensions within the Church itself. The significance of the first period of revision, 1906-1928, is frequently underestimated The literature emphasizes the 1928 Prayer Book's role as a disciplinary standard, bu1 neglects the liturgical debate and discussion which lay behind it. While the Book itselJ was a conservative revision of the 1662 Prayer Book, the background to its compilatior reveals two important and vigorous strands of debate. Firstly, the Church wa~ struggling to find an identity and character as a catholic, as well as a reformed, body and secondly, there were impassioned pleas for a more accessible liturgy to meet thE needs of unchurched people. The second period of revision, 1955-1980, culminating in the publication of thE Alternative Service Book, was more obviously successful in translating pressures fOJ change into a living liturgy. The most significant influence was the widespread adoption of 'parish communion' ideals, which the new eucharistic rites are designed tc serve. However, liturgical scholarship has also been hugely influential on new rites, and the extent of this has not been fully recognised. While changes in thE understanding of eucharistic sacrifice and prayer for the dead were well debated, othel reforms, particularly the adoption of Dix's four-action shape and implicit changes ir the doctrine of consecration, have received less attention than they deserve. This thesis attempts to remedy these deficiencies, and offers a fresh account of thE work of revision. Attention is concentrated on the eucharist. The thesis is rooted ir primary sources, particularly the papers of the Liturgical Commission and thE Church's synods. CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1 Where does the liturgy come from? / 1.2 An overview of liturgical revision 1906-1980 11 1.3 Literature 13 1.4 The aims and scope of this thesis 16 Notes 19 2 THE BACKGROUND TO THE 1928 PRAYER BOOK 21 2.1 The legacy of 1662 21 2.2 The Royal Commission 25 2.3 The experience of war 30 2.4 Other pressures for change 33 2.5 Opposition to the proposed reforms 40 Notes 45 3 THE 1928 PRAYER BOOK 48 3.1 The extent of the reforms 48 3.2 The eucharistic canon 50 3.3 The remainder of the eucharist 56 3.4 Reservation 57 3.5 Other services 59 3.6 The Deposited Book in summary 59 3.7 The Book in Parliament: the first Commons defeat 61 3.8 The modified Book and the second Commons defeat 65 3.9 Reasons for failure 67 Notes 72 4 THE PRAYER BOOK TRADITION SINCE 1928 74 4.1 Dealing with defeat 74 4.2 Publication and printing 77 4.3 Reactions to the 1928 Prayer Book 81 4.4 The revision of Canon Law 89 4.5 Series 1 91 4.6 The Prayer Book tradition since 1980 95 Notes 100 5 THE BACKGROUND TO RADICAL REVISION 103 5.1 Why Prayer Book revision at all? 103 5.2 The parish communion 105 5.3 Dix and the 'fourfold action' 111 5.4 The 'Apostolic Tradition' 116 5.5 Eucharistic sacrifice 117 5.6 The Lambeth Conference 1958 119 5.7 The Church of South India 125 5.8 Other contributions 130 Notes 134 2 6 SERIES 2 138 6.1 Guiding principles and early work 138 6.2 'Reshaping the Liturgy' J.!2 6.3 Drafting Series 2 1-15 6.4 Reaction to the draft rite 150 6.5 Revision and authorization 152 6.6 The service in use 160 Notes 166 7 SERIES 3 169 7.1 The language of worship 169 7.2 'The Word and The Prayers' 17-1 7.3 'The Communion' 177 7.4 Revision in Synod 183 7.5 Comments and reactions 191 7.6 Series 3 in summary 197 Notes 199 8 THE ALTERNATIVE SERVICE BOOK 204 8.1 A new prayer book 204 8.2 Series 1 & 2 revised: Rite B 206 8.3 Series 3 Revised: Rite A 209 8.4 The ASB in use 220 8.5 Conservative reaction 221 Notes 226 9 CONCLUSION 229 9.1 The 1928 Prayer Book 229 9.2 Services produced in the 1960s and 1970s 231 9.3 Conclusion 238 Notes 239 APPENDICES 240 Appendix 1: The Liturgical Commission 240 Appendix 2: Statistical arguments 244 Appendix 3: Additional Consecration 248 Appendix 4: The NA 84 canon with clergy amendments 251 BIBLIOGRAPHY 254 3 Declaration I hereby declare that no part of this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree in the University of Durham or elsewhere. Copyright The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Notes and references Full titles and publication details of all the works cited or referred to in this thesis are given in the Bibliography. In the notes and references, works are referred to by author and (short) title only; lists of co-authors and long titles are abbreviated. The notes and references are printed at the end of each chapter. Greek and Latin words and the use of capital letters This thesis aims to adhere to the conventions of the MHRA style book. In particular: a) Nouns and adjectives denoting religious movements and their followers are nol capitalized unless they are derived from proper nouns (e.g. evangelical, evangelicals; but Elizabethan). b) Foreign words which have passed into regular English usage are not italicized (e.g. Kyries, Gloria, anamnesis). The names of prayers and parts of the liturgy are capitalized when they are used specifically (e.g. the Prayer of Humble Access) but not when they carry a generic sense (e.g. the eucharist, the eucharistic prayer). 4 Acknowledgements My thanks go first of all to the Diocese of Durham. This project began with the encouragement of Canon Ronald Coppin and with generous financial support from the Diocese. I am grateful also to the Bishop of Jarrow, who arranged study leave for me to complete the thesis, and to the Revd Neil Evans, who took care of St Peter's Church during this time. I wish to thank the Beney Trust for financial support over the last two years. This study required many hours' work at the Church of England Record Centre, South Bermondsey. My thanks go to the staff there, who have always been helpful, kind and encouraging, particularly Dr Brenda Hough and Dr Peter Hughes. I am grateful to my supervisors, the Revd Gordon Jeanes, the Revd Dr Duane Arnold, and Dr Alan Suggate; and to the Revd Michael Vasey for his helpful comments. I should like to express my thanks to Mr Ian Nicholson, Mrs Drina Gowland, and Mr Alan Perry, Churchwardens of St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, for their encouragement of this research in the midst of a busy parochial ministry; to our parishioners, who supported me with their prayers; and to Mrs Dana Beney, who read through the drafts and made many helpful suggestions. All remaining errors are, of course, my own. Finally, I am grateful beyond words to my family. My parents Alwyn and Gaynor Lloyd, and my in-laws John and Agnes Compton, have helped in very practical ways. Most of all I thank my wife Elizabeth, whose love and support have enabled me to complete this thesis, not without cost to herself. It is to her and to our son Jonathan Gwyn that I dedicate this work. Monkwearmouth Advent 1997 5 Abbreviations ASB Alternative Service Book BCO Book of Common Order BCP Book of Common Prayer CA Church Assembly CERC Church of England Record Centre CQR Church Quarterly Review ECU The English Church Union GS General Synod ICEL International Commission on English in the Liturgy ICET International Consultation on English Texts LC Liturgical Commission NA National Assembly of the Church of England PBS Prayer Book Society RCED Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline 6 1 INTRODUCTION Orristian liturgy by its very nature is something which ought to change as the Orristian community progresses and journeys through God's history.