La Leyenda Evangelica

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La Leyenda Evangelica ALVARO ARMANDO VASSEUR LA LEYENDA EVANGELICA MADRID BOLAÑOS Y AGUILAR • TALLERES GRÁFICOS Altamírano, So 19 3 3 LA LEYENDA EVANGELICA OBRAS DEL MISMO AUTOR POESIA Cantos Augúrales. A Flor de Alma. Cantos del Nuevo Mundo. Cantos del Otro Yo. Cantos del Penitente. El vino de la Sombra. Hacia el Gran Silencio. PROSA Origen y desarrollo de las Instituciones Occidentales. El Memorial. Gloria y otras historias. La Leyenda Evangélica. VERSIONES Poemas de Walt Whitman. Prosas de Lafcadio Hearn. Prosas de Soren Kierkegaard. De Profundis de Oscar Wilde. Estudios críticos de F. de Sanctis. Tres voi. Estudios críticos de F. Olivero. Tres voi. Vida de Jesús; Vida de San Agustín. Un voi. PRÓXIMAMENTE I. PROSAS, volumen V. (Estudios Sociales y Literarios). II. PROSAS, volumen VI. (Religión y Religiosidad). III. POESIAS. (Edición integral en un volumen) El mosaico de crónicas que forman el Viejo y Nuevo Testamento, que las razas de Occidente todavía consideran el libro de las verdades reveladas, constituye la base histó­ rica y moral del Cristianismo. Una de las habilidades de los católicos ha sido la de pro­ hibir la lectura de dichos pactos. En este sentido, aun en nuestros días, el creyente católico es un esclavo intelectual. Debe resignarse a aprender lo que le enseñan desde la infancia. Este estado de servidumbre intelectual de los pueblos católicos romanos (Italia, España, Portugal, América la­ tina, etc.JK explica su evidente atraso en materia de pro­ ducción científica y filosófica, en relación con las nacio­ nes donde desde hace siglos él espíritu de libre examen ha pasado del dominio religioso a la esfera intelectual. “Ahora que vivimos en la atmósfera creada por tan­ tos progresos científicos, escribe Ostwald ( “Formación y agotamiento de los grandes hombres”, página 114), aho­ ra que la Ciencia reglamenta la mayoría de los actos de nuestra vida, no es extraordinariamente difícil representar­ nos la situación del hombre que hace trescientos años que­ ría dedicarse al estudio de las Ciencias naturales. La significación que ahora tiene la Ciencia, entonces 8 ALVARO ARMANDO VASSEUR era reivindicada por la Iglesia católica, cuyos apoderados ya reconocían en la Ciencia el germen de la más podero­ sa rival. En esas circunstancias nadie puede imaginar la importancia que tuvo, gracias a la emancipación religiosa protestante, la vulgarización de los conocimientos científi­ cos iniciada por Melanchton, el compañero de Martín Lulero. Antes la Ciencia sólo podía avanzar lentamente. En la actualidad es la primera potencia reconocida de la civi­ lización.” Ostwald, id., página 284. La terrible selección de mediocres redlizada durante si­ glos por la Inquisición, al exterminar a los hombres que te­ nían espíritu independiente, tendencia a manifestar opi­ niones propias, continúa hasta en nuestros dias. (Ostwald, página 314.), La guerra del espíritu contra la letra, del genio inven­ tivo contra la memoria afectiva, del libre examen contra la tutela eclesiástica, de la Ciencia contra las supersticio­ nes, recrudece en nuevas batallas. El ejército formicular combate sin descanso. En nues­ tras Américas sólo hay tres o cuatro países donde la cul­ tura laica, el espíritu liberal defienden apenas las sobera­ nías civiles zozobrantes: Argentina, Chile, Méjico, Uru­ guay. Los demás son Estados pontificios y algunos de ellos simples criaderos de siervos católicos. Este derrumbe de todo un siglo de aspiraciones liberales es la más tremenda de las realidades continentales de la actualidad latina. Es la labor de los que siembran a la sombra de las com­ plicidades pedagógicas; la labor de los que trafican con el opio judeocristiano, la labor de los esbirros de la gran­ de industria clerical romana. LA LEYENDA EVANGÉLICA 9 Por otro lado, las Asociaciones cristianas disidentes or­ ganizan poderosas asociaciones de libre enseñanza reli­ giosa. Los anuncios de sus ediciones bíblicas— que alcan­ zan a millones de ejemplares—-llenan hasta las carátulas de las reüistas avanzadas. No puede darse más clara mues­ tra de la importancia que dichos propagandistas atribu­ yen al estudio directo, personal, de los textos canónicos. Entre los mismos intelectuales latinos, el prestigio de la llibUo es todavía litúrgico... Continúan admirándola como el libro de los libros. Su lectura es poco menos que obliga­ toria; la consideran la base de la educación moral y de la cultura literaria. Ya que el conocimiento de su contenido es casi inevi­ table, aunque se halle de más en más en contradicción con los postulados de las Ciencias Naturales, conviene que el lector no avance a ciegas. Tratemos de suministrarle una brújula exegética a fin de que pueda orientarse en el labe­ rinto testamentario. Esta primera serie comprende los estudios de cuatro grandes historiadores, que admiten la historicidad de Je­ sús, y las síntesis críticas de cinco Maestros no menos emi­ nentes, que la niegan, fundados en datos y argumentos provenientes de las nuevas investigaciones lingüísticas e historio gráficas. Estos altísimos ingenios, de un valor moral digno de su profunda cultura, han dedicado sus vidas al estudio de los cultos y misterios religiosos orientales, anteriores y con­ temporáneos del culto a Chrestos. En lo que nos atañe, nos hemos esforzado por tratar el tema con la más elevada serenidad. Si alguien considera que no lo hemos logrado, tiene una magnífica oportunidad para adoctrinarnos. 10 ALVARO ARMANDO VASSEUR Toda obra que realmente enseña algo nuevo o nos su­ ministra un punto de vista superior, es siempre bien venida. Entretanto digamos con Van Eyck: Hago lo que puedo. A . A . V. Río Janeiro, marzo, 1925. Exé^esis de Federico Strauss ► I,n poderosa labor crítica de Strauss evidencia que, le­ jos de remontarse a testimonios dle testigos oculares, o a gentes que trataron a sus autores, o cercanos a la época de los sucesos, las Crónicas evangélicas nos dejan entre­ ver que el intervalo secular facilitó se mezclaran a las tradiciones numerosos elementos ficticios. Su composición y dependencia mutuas los presentan como escritos, copiados unos de otros, si bien inspirados en punios de vista diferentes. En vez de ser espejos fieles de los hechos, reflejan las concepciones, tendencias y opinio­ nes dominantes en la época en que cada uno de ellos fué redactado. Cuanto a los milagros que amenizan sus páginas, son mitos interpretados literalmente. El milagro es un elemen­ to extraño a la Historia. La idea de que todo milagro es un mito, permite eliminar tales elementos legendarios. El cristiano acepta los milagros de la historia judaica y los de los primeros siglos del cristianismo. Pero considera fa­ bulosos, esto es, míticos, los milagros de las mitologías de la India, Peísia, Egipto y Grecia. El judío admite los prodigios del Antiguo Testamento y rechaza los del Nuevo. La exégesis aplica a todas las religiones el mismo criterio general: Todos los milagros 14 ALVARO ARMANDO VASSEUR son mitos, inclusive los de la Leyenda Evangélica. Un don natural más o menos extraordinario de sugestionar, de exal­ tar, de curar momentáneamente ciertas afecciones, puede no tener más que una relación accidental con el valor mo­ ral de un hombre. Puede faltar al mejor y corresponder al menos digno de poseerlo: a un anormal. Se puede poseer poder magnético y ser un simple iluminado, como Alejan­ dro de Abonótica, Peregrino, o Apolonio de Tiana. En su primer estudio de la Vida de Jesús, I, 72, Strauss ya observaba que las Crónicas evangélicas son en gran parte ficciones poéticas. La esperanza mesiánica fué suscitando una serie de mitos que constituyen la Leyenda. Algunos creyentes lle­ garon a persuadirse que las predicciones y las figuras del Antiguo Testamento se referían a un Jesús, Nazanero. Como el primer libertador judío, Moisés, había realizado milagros, el último Salvador debió también haberlos he­ cho. El profeta Isaías había predicho que en la era me­ siánica los ojos de los ciegos se abrirían, los oídos de los sordos oirían, el paralítico saltaría y los mudos tornarían a hablar. Si el Jesús era el Mesías, debía necesariamente haber realizado tales portentos. A juicio de Strauss, el evangelista primario había en­ tresacado de la Teología hebraica la idea general del plan redentor y la imagen del Mesías expiatorio. Bruno Bauer objetaba que la idea del Mesías data de la época del apostolado de Juan Bautista, que sólo se delineó en los lustros en que se compiló el primer relato evangéico (I). Volkmar admitía que antes de Jesús el pueblo judío cs- (i) B. Bauer: Critica de la Historia de-los Sinópticos, i, i8i, 391. v ' . LA LEYENDA EVANGÉLICA 15 peraba ser libertado del yugo extranjero por un enviado de Jahwé, que llamaban el Mesías, es decir, el Rey con­ sagrado del reino celeste (2). Gfroerer distinguía en la fe de los contemporáneos de Jesús cuatro tipos de mesías: el primero, modelado en las citas de los antiguos profetas; el segundo, procedente del servidor de Dios, según el libro de Daniel; el tercero, como un reflejo de Moisés; el cuarto, representando la figura mítica del segundo Adán. La idea mesiánica era como un estanque alimentado por varios manantiales diferentes. De alú la posibilidad de diversas combinaciones. l ia los Evangelios de Mateo y de Lucas, el relato del nacimiento comienza con una cita de Miqueas (V, I) ; se inspira en el tipo de David. Estos Evangelios llaman a Jesús hijo del hombre; le hacen volver al mundo en las nubes, como en la visión del libro apócrifo de Daniel. El autor de Los Hechos apostólicos, al recordar que la pro­ mesa de enviar un profeta igual a Moisés se ha realizado en Jesús, toma el tipo de Moisés sin excluir el de David ni el de Daniel. En Mateo y Lucas, para demostrar Je­ sús a los discípulos de Juan Bautista que él es el que de­ bía venir, les menciona los ciegos a quienes ha devuelto la vista.
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