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A Comparative Study on the Work and Life of Rural Farming Women in A A Comparative Study on the Work and Life of Rural Farming Women in a Mountain Area and a Plain Area in China — with Reference to the EU Discussion on Agricultural Development and Climate Change Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) am Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Lijuan Hai aus Baoji, China Berlin, 01 June 2016 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Helgard Kramer Zweitgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Miranda Schreurs Disputation: 18 July 2016 Acknowledgements I would like to express my appreciation and thanks to all of the people who supported me during my doctoral research. My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Helgard Kramer, my first supervisor, for her patience, continuous support, encouragement and immense knowledge. Without her warm support, I would not have obtained the opportunity to study in Germany. During the process of writing this thesis, she always gave me valuable suggestions on research and patient instructions about academic writing, which have been priceless in my study. It is my great fortune to have such a nice supervisor for my doctoral journey. I would also like to thank my second supervisor Professor Miranda Schreurs for believing in the project and providing timely help. I am also grateful to the China Scholarship Council for the financial support and giving me a chance to purse my education abroad and broaden my horizons. I also want to thank my husband, Wang Dong, for his love and all that he has done for me. Without his assistance, I could not have completed the investigation in rural areas. Thank him for always giving me the courage to chase my dreams. My sincere thanks also go to my colleagues for stimulating discussions. I have learned much from them. I also thank all of my friends in Berlin. With them being around, the word “loneliness” has been removed from my dictionary. Lastly, I would like to thank my beloved family, my parents and my brother, for their encouragement and loving consideration. I thank my parents for sacrifices that they have made for me. i Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Topic background ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research questions, content and contribution ............................................................. 8 1.3 Theoretical perspective .............................................................................................. 11 1.3.1 Theories on sexual stratification ...................................................................... 11 1.3.2 Gender theories on housework ........................................................................ 13 1.3.3 Value-attitude-behavior model ........................................................................ 14 1.4 Research design ......................................................................................................... 15 1.4.1 Objects of research and definition of rural women ......................................... 15 1.4.2 Sites of study ................................................................................................... 15 1.4.3 Data collection and research method ............................................................... 21 1.5 Representativeness of research sample and limitations of the research .................... 24 1.6 Structure of the thesis ................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 2 Agriculture, villages and rural women in China ...................................... 27 2.1 Agricultural development in China ........................................................................... 27 2.1.1 Current situation of China’s agriculture .......................................................... 27 2.1.2 Reasons for China’s agricultural late development ......................................... 29 2.1.3 Rural and agricultural policies in China .......................................................... 33 2.1.4 Agricultural development in different regions in China .................................. 40 2.2 Villages and rural development in mountain areas and plain areas ........................... 44 2.2.1 Physical environment in mountainous areas and plain areas .......................... 44 2.2.2 Development gap between rural mountain areas and rural plain areas ........... 47 2.2.3 General rural problems in mountain areas and plain areas .............................. 49 2.3 Rural women in the context of China’s transition ..................................................... 52 Chapter 3 Working and living conditions of rural women in one mountainous area in Shaanxi Province of China ....................................................... 59 ii 3.1 General information on interviewees ........................................................................ 59 3.1.1 Age composition .............................................................................................. 59 3.1.2 Literacy level ................................................................................................... 60 3.1.3 Marital status and family size .......................................................................... 62 3.2 Working conditions of farming women ..................................................................... 62 3.2.1 Agricultural production ................................................................................... 64 3.2.2 Labor division .................................................................................................. 65 3.2.3 Agricultural Policies ........................................................................................ 66 3.3 Living conditions of rural women ............................................................................. 68 3.3.1 Household income ........................................................................................... 68 3.3.2 Household expenditure and rural women’s attitudes to consumption ............. 69 3.3.3 Dwelling conditions and ownership rates of household appliances among rural women ................................................................................ 70 3.3.4 Traffic conditions of the village ...................................................................... 73 3.4 Family life of rural women ........................................................................................ 74 3.4.1 Marital status ................................................................................................... 74 3.4.2 Family property management and decision-making in family affairs ............. 75 3.4.3 Housework ....................................................................................................... 78 3.4.4 Family structure, relation between generations and old-age support .............. 79 3.5 Leisure and social contact of rural women ................................................................ 82 3.6 Health and safety issues ............................................................................................. 84 3.6.1 Physical condition and frequency of going for physical examinations ........... 84 3.6.2 Medical insurance ............................................................................................ 86 3.7 Women’s self-image .................................................................................................. 88 3.7.1 Gender consciousness ...................................................................................... 88 3.7.2 Self-esteem and public self-consciousness ...................................................... 90 Chapter 4 Working and living conditions of rural women in one plain area in Shandong Province of China ........................................................................................ 92 iii 4.1 General information of interviewees ......................................................................... 94 4.1.1 Age ................................................................................................................... 94 4.1.2 Marriageable age ............................................................................................. 95 4.1.3 Education level ................................................................................................ 95 4.1.4 Fertility situation ............................................................................................. 95 4.2 The Working conditions of rural women in one plain area ....................................... 96 4.2.1 Superior geographical environment ................................................................ 96 4.2.2 Agricultural activities ...................................................................................... 97 4.2.3 Part-time jobs................................................................................................. 101 4.3 Living conditions of rural women ........................................................................... 102 4.3.1 Annual household income and sources of income ........................................ 102 4.3.2 Household expenditure .................................................................................. 105 4.3.3 Housing conditions and ownership rate of household appliances ................. 108 4.4 Family life of rural women in plain area ................................................................
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