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PROTECTED AREAS in the CONGO BASIN: FAILING BOTH PEOPLE and BIODIVERSITY? Aili Pyhälä, Ana Osuna Orozco and Simon Counsell

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PROTECTED AREAS in the CONGO BASIN: FAILING BOTH PEOPLE and BIODIVERSITY? Aili Pyhälä, Ana Osuna Orozco and Simon Counsell PROTECTED AREAS IN THE CONGO BASIN: FAILING BOTH PEOPLE AND BIODIVERSITY? Aili Pyhälä, Ana Osuna Orozco and Simon Counsell April 2016 PART OF THE UNDER THE CANOPY SERIES CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2 LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 Key findings 6 Key recommendations 9 1. INTRODUCTION 13 2. METHODS AND APPROACH 19 2.1 Selected Protected Areas and Case Studies 22 3. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS FOR CONSERVATION IN THE CONGO BASIN 25 3.1 National and regional conservation policies and community rights 26 3.2 Statutory obligations and commitments of governments, international donors and NGOs 37 4. PROTECTED AREA REALITIES IN THE CONGO BASIN 43 4.1 Protected area types and characteristics 44 4.2 Funding for conservation in the Congo Basin: where is all the money going? 45 4.3 Are protected areas in the Congo Basin conserving biodiversity? 47 4.4 Development models based on resource extraction 50 4.5 Combatting poaching in the Congo Basin: questions and contradictions 53 4.6 Protected Area engagement with local communities 56 4.7 Impacts of protected areas on local and indigenous communities 62 5. CASE STUDIES 73 5.1 Tumba Lediima Nature Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo 76 5.2 Boumba-Bek and Nki National Parks, Cameroon 84 5.3 Ivindo National Park, Gabon 90 5.4 Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of Congo 95 5.5 Summary: case study trends, commonalities and lessons learnt 102 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 105 6.1 Recommendations to national governments 106 6.2 Recommendations to main donors 108 6.3 Recommendations to international NGOs 109 6.4 Recommendations to relevant international bodies 110 6.5 Recommendations to academics and research institutions 111 REFERENCES 112 ANNEXES 121 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is the result of a truly collective effort. First of all, we express our sincere gratitude to all local community members, protected area managers and other stakeholders interviewed. We hope this will contribute to advance your cause. Also, this study would not have been possible without the participation of our local partners in Cameroon, Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Gabon, who have played a crucial role in shaping The Rainforest Foundation UK’s vision of this issue with their deep knowledge of realities on the ground. Special thanks go to the organisations and individuals that carried out the four field case studies: the Centre for Environment and Development (CED) in Cameroon, Observatoire Congolais des Droits de l’Homme (OCDH), Forum pour la Gouvernance et les Droits de l’Homme (FGDH) and Association de Lutte contre le SIDA et le Paludisme de la Cuvette Ouest (ALSPCO) in Congo, Réseau Ressources Naturelles (RRN), Centre d’accompagnement de la population pour le développement de Maï Ndombe (CADEM) and Groupe d’action pour sauver l’homme et son environnement (GASHE) in DRC and Brainforest and Minorités Autochtone des Pygmées du Gabon (MINAPYGA) in Gabon. We’d also like to thank Dr. Sophie Grange- Chamfray for her invaluable help in developing an extensive database of the 34 protected areas covered by this study, including putting together the most extensive compilation of literature that we know of on this subject. Thanks also to Corinne Lewis and Francesca Thornberry for their analyses and advice regarding human rights theory and practice, which have considerably informed the insights presented in this report, to John Buckrell’s analyses of development programmes in the region, to which several conclusions in this report owe a great deal, as well as to Tuomo Alhojärvi in helping to clean some of the raw case study data. Our appreciation also goes to the individuals and organisations that took time to provide valuable feedback on the first draft of this report. The authors also particularly acknowledge the special contributions made by Joe Eisen, Maixent Agnimbat, Martial Djinang, Moise Kono, Blaise Mudodosi and Peter Foster. Finally, we thank the UK Department for International Development and Tikva Grassroots Empowerment Fund, whose support made this report possible. 2 The Rainforest Foundation UK: Protected areas in the Congo Basin: Failing both people and biodiversity? April 2016 LIST OF ACRONYMS ACFAP Agence Congolaise de la Faune et des Aires Protégées (Congolese Agency for Wildlife and Protected Areas), Republic of Congo ANPN Agence Nationale de Parcs Nationaux (National Protected Areas Agency), Gabon CAWHFI Central Africa World Heritage Forest Initiative CARPE Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment CBFF Congo Basin Forest Fund CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management CED Centre for Environment and Development, Cameroon CI Conservation International COMIFAC Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale (Central African Forest Commission) DACEFI Développement d’Alternatives Communautaires à l’Exploitation Forestière Illégale (Community Alternatives to Illegal Logging, project in Gabon) ECOFAC Ecosystèmes Forestiers d’Afrique Centrale (Forest Ecosystems in Central Africa, European Commission programme) FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility FFEM Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial (French Global Environment Facility) FPP Forest Peoples Programme FNU Fonds des Nations Unies (United Nations Funds) FTNS Fondation pour le Tri-National de la Sangha (The Sangha Tri-National Foundation) GEF Global Environment Facility ICCA Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas ICCN Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (Congolese Institute for Nature Conservation), Democratic Republic of Congo JGI Jane Goodall Institute MEFDD Ministère de l’Economie Forestière et du Développement Durable, (Ministry of Forest Economy and Sustainable Development) Republic of Congo MEFCP Ministère des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Pêche (Ministry of Water, Forests, Hunting and Fishing), Central African Republic MINFOF Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune (Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife), Cameroon NGO Non-Governmental Organisation OECM Other Effective Conservation Measures OFAC Observatoire des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale (Central Africa Forest Observatory) RAFFADD Réseau Africain des Femmes pour le Développement Durable (African Women Network for Sustainable Development) RAPAC Réseau des Aires Protégées d’Afrique Centrale (Central Africa Protected Areas Network) USFWS U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WWF World Wide Fund for Nature, also known as World Wildlife Fund 3 4 The Rainforest Foundation UK: Protected areas in the Congo Basin: Failing both people and biodiversity? April 2016 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The past few decades have seen a dramatic with local peoples and how this leads not only expansion in the establishment of protected areas to social tensions, but also poor biodiversity around the world. While their primary aim is the outcomes. It looks to propose solutions to these conservation of biodiversity, many protected problems. areas are also home to local and indigenous communities who have over many generations The study is guided by four overarching based their livelihood, culture and identity on questions: these landscapes and ecosystems. The current 1. What impacts have strictly protected areas international consensus is that protected areas had over local and indigenous communities, should harmonise conservation and social needs. particularly over their rights and livelihoods? Practically putting this in place, however, has proved challenging, and especially so in the 2. To what extent have conservation initiatives Congo Basin. complied with national and international human rights laws, safeguards and policies? In this study, we examine this issue in the Congo Basin, an area comprising 3.7 million square 3. Have these areas succeeded in meeting their kilometres and home to some of the largest stated conservation objectives? stands of remaining tropical forests. We base our study on a sample of 34 protected areas 4. What part has community participation (or lack across five countries (Cameroon, Central African thereof) played in this? Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, and Republic of Congo) to assess what impacts – both positive and negative – these areas are KEY FINDINGS having on local and indigenous communities, as well as in terms of protecting biodiversity. • Biodiversity is declining and poaching persists: Forests and communities in this region face While hundreds of millions of US dollars have enormous threats, notably from destructive been allocated to conservation projects in development models which often squander the region in the past decade, there is little natural resources while having severe negative empirical evidence of tangible conservation impacts on local populations. These threats achievements. In contrast, our study shows that are escalating, and hence assuring effective poaching persists widely and large mammal conservation measures both within and without populations, in particular, are declining at protected areas is an urgent task. Whilst alarming rates (especially elephant, bongo, gorilla there is a continuous narrative and flow of and chimpanzee), in spite of strong restrictions information on issues such as the impacts of on access and use of protected areas, and high logging concessions, palm oil developments, investments and efforts in security patrols and infrastructure etc., there has been very little and eco-guards. Research suggests that some consideration of the effectiveness of what goes protected areas are faring better than extractive on inside the protected areas that are often posed land
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