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Final Report Irrigation Management and Crop

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r' ! FINAL REPORT on the Technical Assistance Study (T.A.1480 SRI) c c IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT AND CROP DIVERSIFICATION VOLUME II KIRINDI OYA PROJECT MARCH 1995 I[ INTERNATIONAL IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT INS"UTE COLOMBO, SRI LANKA Ic in association with (I Irrigation Department Irrigation Management Division Department of Agriculture Land Commissioner's Department ;cI GOVERNMENT OF SRI LANKA Table of Contents Page No. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 METHODOLOGY: PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (PAR) 2 1.3 ORGANIZATIONAL SET-UP FOR PHASE I1 RESEARCH 3 1.4 SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED 4 CHAPTER 2. SEASONAL PLANNING 25 2.1 OBJECTIVES 25 2.2 IMPROVING THE TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 25 2.3 RESOLVING THE INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES 29 2.4 ESTABLISHING THE SEASONAL ALLOCATION PLANNING SYSTEM 33 2.5 LESSONS LEARNED 44 2.6 RECOMMENDATIONS 46 CHAPTER 3. MAIN SYSTEM MANAGEMENT 47 3.1 INTRODUCTION 47 3.2 WATER BALANCE AND ELLEGALA IRRIGATION SYSTEM OPERATIONS 71 3.3 MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT 123 3.4 SALINITY MANAGEMENT IN THE ELLEGALA IRRIGATION SYSTEM 150 CHAPTER 4. TERTIARY SYSTEM MANAGEMENT 199 4.1 OBJECTIVES AND COMPONENTS OF THE TERTIARY SYSTEM MANAGEMENT COMPONENT 199 4.2 METHODOLOGY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH 200 4.3 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW AREA SAMPLE CHANNELS 204 4.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW AREA SAMPLE POPULATION 206 4.5 INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING 212 4.6 TERTIARY MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT 217 4.7 SEASONAL PLANNING AND INPUT COORDINATION 220 4.8 TERTIARY OPERATIONS DURING LAND PREPARATION 222 4.9 TERTIARY OPERATIONS DURING THE CROP GROWTH PERIOD 229 1 Page No. 1 CHAPTER 4. (Continued) I 4.10 OVERALL FINDINGS FROM TERTIARY LEVEL INTERVENTIONS IN THE NEW AREAS 233 4.11 TERTIARY MANAGEMENT IN THE ELLEGALA IRRIGATION SYSTEM 235 4.12 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE TERTIARY SYSTEM MANAGEMENT RESEARCH 24 1 CHAPTER 5. DIVERSIFICATION INTO OTHER FIELD CROPS 255 5.1 BACKGROUND 255 5.2 STUDY AREA 258 5.3 RESEARCH APPROACH, OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES 260 5.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 267 5.5 A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OFC CULTIVAfiON IN KIRINDI OYA 292 List of Tables Page No. CHAPTER 2. Table 2.1 Probable inflows at Lunugamvehera 26 Table 2.2 Monthly cumulative inflows at Lunugamvehera 27 Table 2.3 Exeedance figures for wet, normal and dry Maha and Yala seasons 27 Table 2.4 Percentage allocation of water to major subarea 32 Table 2.5 Kanna meeting decisions 39 Table 2.6 Allocation plan for Maha 1993/94 42 CHAPTER 3. Table 3.1.1 Data collection program activities 51 Table 3.1.2 Water distribution along the Right Bank Main Canal 54 Table 3.1.3 Hydraulic indicators computed using the Irrigation Management Information System during the Maha 1991/92 season and the Maha 1992/93 season for the Kirindi Oya Right Bank Main Canal 55 I] Table 3.1.4 Total water issues made to the different subsystems and area Irrigated 60 Table 3.1.5 Rainfall contribution during the Maha 1992/93 season 61 Table 3.1.6 Comparison of the Maha 1992/93 season with previous Maha seasons 62 Table 3.2.1 Water supplied from the Lunugamvehera to Ellegala during Maha 1987/88, Maha 1988/89 and Yala 1989 seasons 72 Table 3.2.2 Variation of evaporation 74 Table 3.2.3 Total rainfall per month (in mm) 74 Table 3.2.4 Number of rainy days per month 75 Table 3.2.5 Ratio of rainfall to evaporation 15 c Table 3.2.6 Cultivation calendar and climatic conditions during study period 77 Table 3.2.7 Storage capabilities in Ellegala Irrigation System 80 Table 3.2.8 Feeder canal discharges distributed among Ellegala tanks 81 Table 3.2.9 Water balances for individual tanks in the Ellegala Imgation System 81 Table 3.2.10 Drainage contribution for unit rainfall 82 i Table 3.2.11 Tank duties for the crop growth period (21 October 1991 to c 28 January 1992) 83 ... c 111 Page No. Table 3.2.12(a) Water balance for EIS Tanks (Dry) - Debarawewa 88 Table 3.2.12@) Water Balance for EIS Tanks (We:) - Debarawewa 88 Table 3.2.13(a) Water Balance for EIS Tanks pry) - Tissawewa 89 Table 3.2.13@) Water Balance for EIS Tanks (Wet) - Tissawewa 89 Table 3.2.14(a) Water Balance for EIS Tanks (Dry) - Yodawewb 90 3;1 Table 3.2.14@) Water Balance for EIS Tanks (Wet) - Yodawewa 90 Table 3.2.15(a) Water Balance for EIS Tanks (Dry) - Pannegamuwa 91 Table 3.2.15@) Water Balance for EIS Tanks (Wet) - Pannegamuwa 91 Table 3.2.16(a) Water Balance for EIS Tanks (Dry)- Weerawila, 92 Table 3.2.16@) Water Balance for EIS Tanks (Wet) - Weerawil4 92 Table 3.2.17 Water Balance for EIS Tanks (Wet and Dry) - qarnunupura 93 Table 3.2.18 Water Release plan for the EIS tanks for 1992193 Maha season with a very little extent cultivated in the New Area 94 Table 3.2.19 Water release plan for the EIS tanks for 1992/93 Maha Season with full extent cultivated in the New Area 95 Table 3.2.20 Summary of water releases to EIS 96 Table 3.2.21 Total rainfall for seasons 96 Table 3.2.22 Weerawila Agricultural Research Station month19 total rainfall 97 Table 3.2.23 Lunugamvehera tank water levels and issues January to end of February 1992 98 Table 3.2.24 Lunugamvehera water levels and issues March to end of July 1992 99 Tab;e 3.2.25 Conveyance losses in feeder canals in EIS - 1992 Yala 100 Table 3.2.26 Summary 10 1 Table 3.2.27 Cultivation dates for 1992/93 Maha - Ellegala Irtigation System 104 Table 3.2.28 Issues from Lunugamvehera Reservoir to EllegaL Irrigation System - 1992/93 Maha season 105 Table 3.2.29 Balancing of Ellegala Irrigation System 106 Table 3.2.30 Ellegala Irrigation System tank duties 106 Table 3.2.31 Drainage contribution for unit of rainfall 107 Table 3.2.32 1993 Yala cultivation programme 110 Table 3.2.33 Possible plan: Yala 1993 111 Table 3.2.34 Kanna meeting decisions 111 Table 3.2.35 Targets and achievement 112 Table 3.2.36 Rainfall and evaporation weekly distribution (1993) 113 .J Table 3.2.37 Water levels in the Lunugamvehera Reservoir anti the five tanks (1993) 114 Table 3.2.38 Lunugamvehera Reservoir operations 115 Table 3.2.39 Allocation and actual water issue 116 Table 3.2.40 Seasonal summary for individual tanks 121 Table 3.2.41 Seasonal summary for individual tanks 122 iv Page No. Table 3.3.1 Allocation distribution according to 1985 figures 127 Table 3.3.2 Revised allocation distribution according to 1985 figures 129 Table 3.3.3 Expenditure and allocations 129 Table 3.3.4 Distribution of allocation (Irrigation Management Division) for Operation and Maintenance 1992 131 Table 3.3.5 Allocation and expenditure data of Tissa Division 132 Table 3.3.6 The ratios of actual expenditure and allocation of maintenance budget of subsystems 133 Table 3.3.7 Quantity sheet for administration of Tissa Division 135 Table 3.3.8 Estimate of the expenses necessary to be incurred for physical maintenance for Weerawila main canal 139 c Table 3.3.9 Allocation of duties of TOAs - TOA 1 142 Table 3.4.l(a) Climatic data Tissamaharama 151 Table 3.4.1@) Rainfall and evaporation in Kirindi Oya during 1992 152 Table 3.4.2 Effect of application of Basal Phosphate fertilizer 156 Table 3.4.3 Electrical conductivity of drainage waters at the respective outfalls (Basnawas, 1993) 157 rl CHAPTER 4. Table 4.1 Soil classification of DC 5 command area 205 Table 4.2 Soil classification of DC 7 command area 206 Table 4.3 Non-residence, indebtedness and leasing lands (expressed in percentages) 207 c Table 4.4 Cultivation seasons in the Right Bank 208 Table 4.5 Net returns to owner operators 209 Table 4.6 Reported sources of income in DC 5 of Tract 1 210 Table 4.7 Reported sources of income for DC 7 sample farmers (N=68) (expressed in percentages) 21 1 L Table 4.8 Reported harvest amounts (N=68) (expressed in percentages) 211 Table 4.9 Farmer indebtedness 212 Table 4.10 Farmers’ responses to change in quality of life 212 c Table 4.11 Farmer-officer relations (expressed in percentages) 216 Table 4.12 Percent field canal cleaning completed 219 Table 4.13 Measuring land soaking requirements 223 Table 4.14 Total water use for land preparation period 224 u Table 4.15 Number of days without flow per week during Maha 1991/92 225 V Page No. I Table 4.16 Land preparation progress in DC i,Tract 5 of the Right I Bank during Maha 1992/93 (expressed in percentages) 226 Table 4.17 Weekly rainfall and evaporation - Maha 1992/93 227 I Table 4.18 Schedule for crop growth period - Maha 1991192 - (discharges in cusecs) 229 Table 4.19 Water duty for crop growth period during Maha 1991/92 230 Table 4.20 Water supply to DC 7 (as a percentage of time) 232 Table 4.21 Land holdings in the Eastern Higher Level Can4 236 Table 4.22 Sources of income of Eastern Higher Level Can@ Farmers 236 Table 4.23 Perception of good yield and actual yield - (expressed as percentages) 237 Table 4.24 Eastern Higher Level Canal farmers' responses tt~change 1' in quality of life 237 A I CHAPTER 5.
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  • Ancient Water Management and Governance in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka Until Abandonment, and the Influence of Colonial Politics During Reclamation

    Ancient Water Management and Governance in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka Until Abandonment, and the Influence of Colonial Politics During Reclamation

    water Article Ancient Water Management and Governance in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka Until Abandonment, and the Influence of Colonial Politics during Reclamation Nuwan Abeywardana * , Wiebke Bebermeier * and Brigitta Schütt Department of Earth Sciences, Physical Geography, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (N.A.), [email protected] (W.B.) Received: 30 October 2018; Accepted: 21 November 2018; Published: 27 November 2018 Abstract: The dry-zone water-harvesting and management system in Sri Lanka is one of the oldest historically recorded systems in the world. A substantial number of ancient sources mention the management and governance structure of this system suggesting it was initiated in the 4th century BCE (Before Common Era) and abandoned in the middle of the 13th century CE (Common Era). In the 19th century CE, it was reused under the British colonial government. This research aims to identify the ancient water management and governance structure in the dry zone of Sri Lanka through a systematic analysis of ancient sources. Furthermore, colonial politics and interventions during reclamation have been critically analyzed. Information was captured from 222 text passages containing 560 different records. 201 of these text passages were captured from lithic inscriptions and 21 text passages originate from the chronicles. The spatial and temporal distribution of the records and the qualitative information they contain reflect the evolution of the water management and governance systems in Sri Lanka. Vast multitudes of small tanks were developed and managed by the local communities. Due to the sustainable management structure set up within society, the small tank systems have remained intact for more than two millennia.