DOCSLIB.ORG

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Power Subsector Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Power Subsector Review Report No 5713- DemocraticSocialist Republic of SriLanka PowerSubsector Review Public Disclosure Authorized July25, 1986 ProjectsDepartment SouthAsia RegionalOffice FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the 'VorId Bank Public Disclosure Authorized This documenthas a restricteddistribution and may be used by recipients only in the performanceof their official duties.Its contents may not otherwiise bedisdosed without WorldBank authorization. SRI LANKA POWER SUBSECTOR REVIEW Currency Equivalents Mid-1983 US$1.00 = SL Rs 23.53 SL Rs 1.00 = US$0.043 Mid-1984 US$1.00 = SL Rs 25.44 SL Rs 1.00 = US$0.039 End-1984 US$1.00 = SL Rs 26.20 SL Rs 1.00 = US$0.038 End-1985 USR1.00 = SL Rs 27.20 SL Rs 1_nn = US$0.037 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES . kilometer (km) = 0.621 mile I ton = 1.102 short ton (sh ton) 0.984 long ton (Ig ton) 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1,000 watts (W) 3 1 megawatt (MW) = 1,000 kilowatts (10 kWa 3. gigawatt = 1,000,000 kiiowatts (10 kW) I kilowatt-hour (W h)= 1,000 watt-hours 3 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) = 1,000 kilowatt-hours (10i kWh) I. gigawatt-hour (GWh) = 1,000,000 kilow3att-hours (106 kWh) 1 kilovolt (kV) = 1,000 volts (10 V) I kilovolt-ampereb(kVA) = 1,000 volt-amperes (VA) 1 megavolt-ampere (MVA) = 1,000 kilovolt-amperes (103 kVA) ABBREVIAIIONS AND ACRONYMS ADB - Asian Oevelopment Bank AMP - Accelerited Mahaweli Program CEB - Ceylon Electricity Board CPC - Ceylon Petroleum Corporation DGEU - Department of Government Electrical Undertakings ECT - Energy Coordinating Team GOSL - Government of Sri Lanka GTZ - German Agency for Technical Cooperation HV - High Voltage LV - Low Voltage LECO - Lanka Electric (Private) Company LRAIC - Long-Run Average Incremental Cost LRMC - Long-Run Marginal Cost MASL - Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka MMD - Ministry of Mahaweli Development MPE - Ministry of Power and Energy MV - Medium Voltage WMP - Water Management Panel CEB's Fiscal Year is the calendar year FOR OFFICAL USE ONLY This report was prepared by N.C. Webb (Economist),R. Sharma (Financial Analyst), D.T. O'Leary (Engineer/SystemsPlanner) and W. Kupper (consultant) on the basis of missions undertaken in September-October and December 1984. S. Nukherji (Consultant) also contributed to the report. Th dcument a renstictedditbuto and may be uud by recipnts oy in the prfomanc oftheirofficia dues Itscontents my nototerse bediced withutWodd Bankautdhoriai. ABSTRACT The principal purposes of this report are to update and extend the Bank's knowledge of Sri Lanka's power subsector, and to identify the principal issues in that subsector and the options open to the Sri Lankan authorities to deal with those issues. The report first reviews briefly the institutional organization of the energy sector and the country's energy resources whose development may have an impact on the power subsector, and recomxends, among other things, a closer involvement of the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) in both the long term and operational planning of the Mahaveli-Ganga River Complex. The organizational structure of the power subsector is then examined, and attention is drawn to the need to increase the autonomy of CEB and to strengthen its management capability. Measures to improve both demand forecasting and planning the development of the power subsector are discussed, including the collection of detailed data on consumer characteristicsat all voltage levels, increased use of sensitivity analysis in generation system planning, and improving the data base on potential hydropower projects. A detailed review of the system for electricity pricing indicates a number of weaknesses in CEB's existing tariff structure and the tariffs of some licensees. A number of recommendationsare made, including that the basic tariff rates in CEB's tariff should be based on average hydrological conditions in order to improve the signalling function of tariffs, and that the size of the 'lifeline' block in the tariff for domestic consumers should be reduced. It is also proposed that a load management study should be undertaken to identify both price and non-price measures to prevent a deterioration of the system load factor as a result of the projected increase in the relative importance of consumption by consumers in the domestic and licensee tariff categories. Finally, the proposed investment program for the development of the subsector between 1985 and 1994 is evaluated in the light of Sri Lanka's existing and projected financial and resource constraints. Recommendationsare formulated to increase resource mobilizationby increasing tariff rates and to reduce arrears owed to CER. July 1986 SRI LANKA- POWERSUBSECTOR REVIEW Table of Contents P-age I. INTRODUCTION ................ ............ ...................... I II. ENERGY SEC OR ........ .................................. 10 A. Institutions ............................................ 10 B. Energy Resources ........................................ 11 Hydropower ......................................... ,,,,,,,,,,11 Fuelwood ......... ............................... 14 C. Energy Supply and Consumption .. ............................14 Energy Consumption ....................................... 17 Petroleum Product Pricing ................................ 18 III. ORGAz6IATIQNAL STRUCTURE ....... .. ......................... 20 A. Power Subsector Organization ............................... 20 B. Ceylon Electricity Board ................................... 20 Organization......................................... 20 Autonomy ............................ 23 Staffing............... .. ....................... 24 Conditions of Serqice ....... .............................. 24 Training ........................ 25 C. Organization of Electricity Distribution and Lanka Electric Company ........................................... 26 D. Rural Electrification ... .ooo ....... o....--....... 28 E. Transfer of Power Projects from Nahaweli Development Authority to CEB ... o ......... ............... ... 29 -"i- Page rv. HISORICAL TRENDS IN THE COESUHEF-IONAND SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY.. 32 A. Past Trends in Electricity Consumption .............. ....... 32 Availability of Electricity Consumption Data ............. 32 Growth of Overall Consumption ..... .......................32 Electricity Supplied by CEB _ .. 33 Electricity Consumption by Sector ........................ 33 Load Characteristics ...... ...............................35 B. Past Trends in the Supply of Electricity .............. ..... 36 Generation ...............................................36 Losses ... 37 Transmission ........... 39 Distribution ........... 39 V. FORECAST CONSUMPTION AND SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY .. 41 A. Growth of the Economy.41 B. Future Electricity Demand .. 41 CEB Load Forecast .. 41 Improvements to Demand Forecasting .. 43 C. Future Electricity Supply .. 44 Generation .. 44 Fuel Requirements .. 46 Transmission and Distribution . .46 Losses .. 47 D. Power System Planning.48 Institutional Responsibility ... 48 Generation... 48 Operation Planning .......................- ...... 50 Operational Planning Issues Related to Nahaweli Projects.. 50 -lll- Page VI. ELECTRICITY PRICING ............................................. 54 A. Institutional Responsibilitv for Tariffs .................... 54 B. Historical Review ....... ................................... 54 C. Economic Costs of Supply ..................... ............. 55 D. Existing Tariffs Rates ...... ............. ............. 59 CEB Tariffs .......... ...................... 59 1984 Tariff Study and Existing Tariff Rates .............. 60 Fuel Adjustment Charge ................................... 61 Lifeline Rates ............ ............................... 62 Licensee Tariffs .............. ........................... 63 E. Structure of Existing CEB Tariffs .......................... 64 F. Future Tariff Policy ........ ...... 66 VII. INVESTMENT AND FINANCING .......................................68 A. Past Investment . ...... ................................ 68 B. Financing Past Investment .... ..............................71 C. Project Implementation . .................... .74 D. Investment Program and Financing Plan .75 AWE 1 Attachments 1. Organization of the Energy Sector Prior to November 1982 ..... 78 2. Organization of the New Energy Coordinating Team (ECT) ....... 79 3. Organization of Ceylon Electricity Board ..................... 80 4. Energy Balance 1978 (in tons oil equivalent) ................. 81 5. Energy Balance 1983 (in tons oil equivalent) ................. 82 6. Sales VoLume of Petroleum Products 1970-1984 .................. 83 7. Salary Allowances Paid to CEB Personnel ...................... 84 8. Polgolla Project - Transfer of Assets of the Ukuwela Power Station to CEB by the Mahaweli Development Board .......... 87 AlNNEK2 Tradeoffs Between Irrigation and Power Generation in the Nabaveli Ganga Complex Page A. Background ..................................................... 90 B. System Studies ............................................ ...... 93 Water Resources MKnAgement ...............-..... 93 CEB's Procedures for Calculating the Annual Mix of ThermaL and Hydrogeneration ................................ 98 The Transbasin Diversion Study ............................ - 98 C. WeeklyOperational Planning ....................... ...... 100 D. Staffing ............ , ..... ¢-o........ .......... .......... 101 Attachments 1. The Nahaweli Complex in 1990 ................................... 102 2. Schematic Layout of Mahaveli System ...........................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fit.* IRRIGATION and MULTI-PURPOSE DEVELOPMENT
    fit.* The Historic Jaya Ganga — built by King Dbatustna in tbi <>tb century AD to carry the waters of the Kala Wewa to the ancient city tanks of Anuradbapura, 57 miles away, while feeding a number of village tanks in its course. This channel is also famous for the gentle gradient of 6 ins. per mile for the first I7 miles and an average of 1 //. per mile throughout its length. Both tbeKalawewa andtbefiya Garga were restored in 1885 — 18 8 8 by the British, but not to their fullest capacities. New under the Mabaweli Diversion project, the Kill Wewa his been augmented and the Jaya Gingi improved to carry 1000 cusecs of water. The history of our country dates back to the 6th century B.C. When the legendary Vijaya landed in L->nka, he is believed to have found an island occupied by certain tribes who had already developed a rudimentary sys­ tem of irrigation. Tradition has it that Kuveni was spinning cotton on the bund of a small lake which was presumably part of this ancient system. The development of an ancient civilization which was entirely depen­ dent on an irrigation system that grew in size and complexity through the years is described in our written history. Many examples are available which demonstrate this systematic development of water and land re­ sources throughout the so-called dry zone of our country over very long periods of time. The development of a water supply and irrigation system around the city of Anuradhapuia may be taken as an example.
    [Show full text]
  • (Ifasina) Willeyi Horn (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) of Sri Lanka
    JoTT COMMUNI C ATION 3(2): 1493-1505 The current occurrence, habitat and historical change in the distribution range of an endemic tiger beetle species Cicindela (Ifasina) willeyi Horn (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) of Sri Lanka Chandima Dangalle 1, Nirmalie Pallewatta 2 & Alfried Vogler 3 1,2 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka 3 Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Email: 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] Date of publication (online): 26 February 2011 Abstract: The current occurrence, habitat and historical change in distributional range Date of publication (print): 26 February 2011 are studied for an endemic tiger beetle species, Cicindela (Ifasina) willeyi Horn of Sri ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print) Lanka. At present, the species is only recorded from Maha Oya (Dehi Owita) and Handapangoda, and is absent from the locations where it previously occurred. The Editor: K.A. Subramanian current habitat of the species is explained using abiotic environmental factors of the Manuscript details: climate and soil recorded using standard methods. Morphology of the species is Ms # o2501 described by studying specimens using identification keys for the genus and comparing Received 02 July 2010 with specimens available at the National Museum of Colombo, Sri Lanka. The DNA Final received 29 December 2010 barcode of the species is elucidated using the mitochondrial CO1 gene sequence of Finally accepted 05 January 2011 eight specimens of Cicindela (Ifasina) willeyi. The study suggests that Maha Oya (Dehi Owita) and Handapangoda are suitable habitats.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Water Bodies As a Determinant Force in Generating Urban Form
    The Effect of Water Bodies as a Determinant Force in Generating Urban Form. A Study on Creating a Symbiosis between the two with a case study of the Beira Lake, City of Colombo. K. Pradeep S. S. Fernando. 139404R Degree of Masters in Urban Design 2016 Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa Sri Lanka The Effect of Water Bodies as a Determinant Force in Generating Urban Form. A Study on Creating a Symbiosis between the two with a case study of the Beira Lake, City of Colombo. K. Pradeep S. S. Fernando. 139404R Degree of Masters in Urban Design 2016 Department of Architecture University of Moratuwa Sri Lanka THE EFFECT OF WATER BODIES AS A DETERMINANT FORCE IN GENERATING URBAN FORM - WITH A STUDY ON CREATING A SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN THE TWO WITH A CASE STUDY OF THE BEIRA LAKE, CITY OF COLOMBO. Water bodies present in Urban Contexts has been a primary determinant force in the urban formation and settlement patterns. With the evolutionary patterns governing the cities, the presence of water bodies has been a primary generator bias, thus being a primary contributor to the character of the city and the urban morphology. Urban form can be perceived as the pattern in which the city is formed where the street patterns and nodes are created, and the 03 dimensional built forms, which holistically forms the urban landscape. The perception of urban form has also been a key factor in the human response to the built massing, and fabric whereby the activity pattern is derived, with the sociological implications. DECLARATION I declare that this my own work and this dissertation does not incorporate without acknowledgment any material previously submitted for a Degree or Diploma in any University or any Institute of Higher Learning and to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain any materials previously published or written by another person except where acknowledgement is made in the text.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Hydropower Optimization in Sri Lanka
    JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD(CEB) DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SRI LANKA STUDY OF HYDROPOWER OPTIMIZATION IN SRI LANKA FINAL REPORT SUMMARY FEBRUARY 2004 ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD. NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. TOKYO, JAPAN The Main Dam Site (looking downstream) The Kehelgamu Oya Weir Site (looking upstream) The Powerhouse Site (looking from the right bank) The Study of Hydropower Optimization in Sri Lanka CONTENTS CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................................................. CR - 1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. CR - 1 Recommendation ......................................................................................................... CR - 5 PART I GENERAL 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 - 1 2. GENERAL FEATURES OF SRI LANKA ............................................................... 2 - 1 2.1 Topography ....................................................................................................... 2 - 1 2.2 Climate ............................................................................................................. 2 - 1 2.3 Government ....................................................................................................... 2 - 2 3. SOCIO-ECONOMY ................................................................................................. 3 - 1
    [Show full text]
  • The Freshwater Fisheries of Ceylon
    The freshwater fisheries of Ceylon Item Type article Authors Fernando, C.H.; Indrasena, H.H.A. Download date 01/10/2021 02:57:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/32569 Bull. Fish. Res. Stn., Ceylon. Vol. 20,No.2, pp. 101-134 Decernbe1·, 1969 The Freshwater Fisheries of Ceylon c. H. FERN.AND0 1 .AND H. H. A. INDR.ASEN.A 2 INTRODUCTION THERE is no comprehensive account of the fresh·water fisheries of Ceylon. The present paper is an attempt at such a treatment. Our task has been somewhat simplified by the paucity of previous work but on the other hand data relevant to the subject is scattered and not easily available in the usual abstracting journals. This paper is based on a collection of data over the last fifteen years while associated with the Fisheries Depa.rtment and information gathered from other agencies concerned with water resources in Ceylon. The authors have added their own work during this period both published and unpublished. The introduction of :Pilapict mossambica Peters into natural waters in Ceylon in HJ51 and its subsequent rapid spread and dominance of the fish catches has had a profound impact on all aspects of freshwater fisheries. The tremendous increase in fish production has been accompanied by changes in fishing methods and improved utilization. On the basis of the experience ·with the introduction of this species other species have been considered for introduction. The expansion of the freshwater area by the construction of irrigation a.nd hydro electric reservoirs has increased the fish production potential considerably during the last fifteen years.
    [Show full text]
  • Watawala Carolina Tea Factory
    Watawala MAP OF WATAWALA AND AROUND Carolina Tea Factory - Watawala TP - 94 (0) 11 4702400 . Carolina Tea Company of Ceylon Ltd. Incorporated in 1892 is one of the pioneer tea companies in the country, set up primarily to plant tea. It consisted of a group of plantations situated in Lower Dickoya. They were Agarawatte, Carolina, Kandawella, Mount Jean, Wigton, Udeapola Group, Trafalgar, Goarfell and St.Margaret Estates.The Management of this group that was originally with Leechman and Company changed to Mackwoods Estates & Agencies Ltd. at a later date. According to the times of Ceylon Green Book of 1939, this group had over 1,000 hectares in tea, 245 hectares in rubber, a few hundred coconut trees, and 726 hectares uncultivated, comprising a total extent at the stage was considered a substantial area for administration. The Carolina tea factory was one of the original "central factories" constructed by the river that ran by the estate, to avail themselves of water power. It was indeed an improvement to some of other factories of the day, with no mud floors and cadjan roofs. The building was of wood assembled firmly on stone pillars. It had three floors going up to the height of 42 feet from ground to ridge. Provision had been made for further expansion, but there was sufficient space to accommodate all the leaf not only from that group, but from many other adjoining plantations who were satisfied with a return of 9 cents (about 2p) per pound. The novelty was that very often than not, the green leaf arrived by train.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Water Management and Governance in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka Until Abandonment, and the Influence of Colonial Politics During Reclamation
    water Article Ancient Water Management and Governance in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka Until Abandonment, and the Influence of Colonial Politics during Reclamation Nuwan Abeywardana * , Wiebke Bebermeier * and Brigitta Schütt Department of Earth Sciences, Physical Geography, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (N.A.), [email protected] (W.B.) Received: 30 October 2018; Accepted: 21 November 2018; Published: 27 November 2018 Abstract: The dry-zone water-harvesting and management system in Sri Lanka is one of the oldest historically recorded systems in the world. A substantial number of ancient sources mention the management and governance structure of this system suggesting it was initiated in the 4th century BCE (Before Common Era) and abandoned in the middle of the 13th century CE (Common Era). In the 19th century CE, it was reused under the British colonial government. This research aims to identify the ancient water management and governance structure in the dry zone of Sri Lanka through a systematic analysis of ancient sources. Furthermore, colonial politics and interventions during reclamation have been critically analyzed. Information was captured from 222 text passages containing 560 different records. 201 of these text passages were captured from lithic inscriptions and 21 text passages originate from the chronicles. The spatial and temporal distribution of the records and the qualitative information they contain reflect the evolution of the water management and governance systems in Sri Lanka. Vast multitudes of small tanks were developed and managed by the local communities. Due to the sustainable management structure set up within society, the small tank systems have remained intact for more than two millennia.
    [Show full text]
  • CEB Long Term Generating Expansion Plan 2015-2034
    CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD LONG TERM GENERATION EXPANSION PLAN 2015-2034 Transmission and Generation Planning Branch Transmission Division Ceylon Electricity Board Sri Lanka July 2015 CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD LONG TERM GENERATION EXPANSION PLAN 2015-2034 Transmission and Generation Planning Branch Transmission Division Ceylon Electricity Board Sri Lanka July 2015 Long Term Generation Expansion Planning Studies 2015- 2034 Compiled and prepared by The Generation Planning Unit Transmission and Generation Planning Branch Ceylon Electricity Board, Sri Lanka Long-term generation expansion planning studies are carried out every two years by the Transmission & Generation Planning Branch of the Ceylon Electricity Board, Sri Lanka and this report is a bi- annual publication based on the results of the latest expansion planning studies. The data used in this study and the results of the study, which are published in this report, are intended purely for this purpose. Price Rs. 3000.00 © Ceylon Electricity Board, Sri Lanka, 2015 Note: Extracts from this book should not be reproduced without the approval of General Manager – CEB Foreword The ‘Report on Long Term Generation Expansion Planning Studies 2015-2034’, presents the results of the latest expansion planning studies conducted by the Transmission and Generation Planning Branch of the Ceylon Electricity Board for the planning period 2015- 2034, and replaces the last of these reports prepared in April 2014. This report, gives a comprehensive view of the existing generating system, future electricity demand and future power generation options in addition to the expansion study results. The latest available data were used in the study. The Planning Team wishes to express their gratitude to all those who have assisted in preparing the report.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Resource Profile of the Kelani River Basin January 2016
    Medium to Long-term Multi-Stakeholder Strategy and Action Plan for Management and Conservation of the Kelani River Basin 2016-2020 Natural Resource Profile of the Kelani River Basin January 2016 This natural resource profile is developed to support the formulation of the “Medium to Long-term Multi-Stakeholder Strategy and Action Plan for Management and Conservation of the Kelani River Basin” developed by the Central Environment Authority (CEA) and International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Sri Lanka Country Office, with the participation of a large number of stakeholder groups and technical inputs from the Ministry of City Planning and Water Supply and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Natural Resource Profile of the Kelani River Basin Acknowledgement: Ms. Chandani Edussuriya, Research and Development Division, CEA, Ms. Sandamali Pathirage and Ms. Darshani Wijesinghe, IUCN Sri Lanka provided the maps and data for the natural resource profile. Ms. Kushani de Silva supported in coordination of the compilation of information. Ms. Dinithi Samarathunga and Ms. Padmi Meegoda supported in edits. Mr. Suranga De Silva, UNICEF Sri Lanka and Mr. Ajith Rodrigo, CEA supported in the project management. Compilation: Mr. Sampath de A Goonatilake Mr. Naalin Perera Mr. Gyan De Silva Prof. Devaka Weerakoon Dr. Ananda Mallawatantri Editor: Dr. Ananda Mallawatantri, IUCN ISBN: 978-955-0205-41-7 Citation: Goonatilake, S. de A., N. Perera, G.D. Silva, D. Weerakoon and A. Mallawatantri. 2016. Natural Resource Profile of the Kelani
    [Show full text]
  • Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) of Ancient Reservoir Ecosystems of Sri Lanka
    JoTT COMMUNI C ATION 4(4): 2490–2498 Tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) of ancient reservoir ecosystems of Sri Lanka Chandima Dangalle 1, Nirmalie Pallewatta 2 & Alfried Vogler 3 1,2 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka 3 Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Email: 1 [email protected] (corresponding author) 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] Date of publication (online): 26 April 2012 Abstract: The reservoir ecosystems of Sri Lanka are ancient man-made riparian Date of publication (print): 26 April 2012 habitats. Adequate food supply and suitable climatic and soil parameters make these ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print) habitats ideal for tiger beetles. Twenty-six reservoirs were investigated for the presence of tiger beetles, and four species were recorded: Calomera angulata (Fabricius, 1798), Editor: Anonimity requested Myriochila (Monelica) fastidiosa (Dejean, 1825), Cylindera (Oligoma) lacunosa (Putzeys, Manuscript details: 1875) and Lophyra (Lophyra) catena (Fabricius, 1775). Calomera angulata is the most Ms # o2896 common species, occurring in the majority of reservoir habitats. Key environmental Received 29 July 2011 factors of climate and soil were examined and linked to habitat preferences of tiger Final received 26 December 2011 beetle species. Finally accepted 19 February 2012 Keywords: Coleoptera, Cicindelidae, habitat preferences, reservoirs, tiger beetles. Citation: Dangalle, C., N. Pallewatta & A. Vogler (2012). Tiger beetles (Coleoptera:Cicindelidae) of ancient reservoir ecosystems of Sri Lanka. Sinhala Abstract: jeõ, Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,efnk bmerKs mrsir moaO;shls’. usksid jsiska Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(4): 2490–2498.
    [Show full text]
  • National Report of Sri Lanka
    NATIONAL REPORT OF SRI LANKA on the Formulation of a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and Strategic Action Plan for the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Programme Leslie Joseph – National Consultant LIST OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Aim of the national report ...............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Country background.........................................................................................................................................1 1.3 Geographic divisions used in the analysis ....................................................................................................5 1.4 Marine protected areas .....................................................................................................................................7 2.0 STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF THE COASTAL AND MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND ITS LIVING RESOURCES 2.1 Quality of Coastal water..................................................................................................................................8 2.2 River pollution ................................................................................................................................................10 2.3 Availability and quality of fresh water .......................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • C. H. Fernando1 and H. H. A. Indrasena2 INTRODUCTION
    Bull, Fish. Res. Stn., Ceylon. Vol. 20,No.2, pp. 101-134 December, 1969 The Freshwater Fisheries of Ceylon C. H. Fernando1 and H. H. A. Indrasena2 INTRODUCTION THERE is no comprehensive account of the freshwater fisheries of Ceylon. The present paper is an attempt at such a treatment. Our task has been somewhat simplified by the paucity of previous work but on the other hand data relevant to the subject is scattered and not easily available in the usual abstracting journals. This paper is based on a collection of data over the last fifteen years while associated with the Fisheries Department and information gathered from other agencies concerned with water resources in Ceylon. The authors have added their own work during this period both published and unpublished. The introduction of Tilapia mossambica Peters into natural waters in Ceylon in 1951 and its subsequent rapid spread and dominance of the fish catches has had a profound impact on all aspects of freshwater fisheries. The tremendous increase in fish production has been accompanied by changes in fishing methods and improved utilization. On the basis of the experience with the introduction of this species other species have been considered for introduction. The expansion of the freshwater area by the construction of irrigation and hydro electric reservoirs has increased the fish production potential considerably during the last fifteen years. The evident paucity of lake species first pointed out by Fernando (1965a) has indicated the reasons for low fish production before the advent of Tilapia mossambica. In the present paper this idea is developed further to cover specific types of habitats.
    [Show full text]