ISSN 0067-7892 %LEOLRWKHFD%RWDQLFD Original Contributions to Botany, founded in 1886 Edited by P. Leins, Heidelberg, H.-P. Comes, Salzburg, and S. Porembski, Rostock

Volume 162

Dierk Michaelis The Sphagnum Species of the World

 Schweizerbart Science Publishers

eschweizerbart_XXX BIBLIOTHECA BOTANICA, VOLUME 162

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eschweizerbart_XXX BIBLIOTHECA BOTANICA

Original Contributions to Botany Edited by H. W. Lack, Berlin, P. Leins, Heidelberg and S. Porembski, Rostock

Volume 162

Dierk Michaelis

The Sphagnum Species of the World

with 219 plates and 15 text-fi gures

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Schweizerbart Science Publishers Stuttgart 2019

eschweizerbart_XXX The Sphagnum Species of the World

by

Dierk Michaelis 1st english edition

with 219 plates and 15 fi gures

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Schweizerbart Science Publishers Stuttgart 2019

eschweizerbart_XXX Dierk Michaelis: The Sphagnum species of the world

Author’s address: Dr. Dierk Michaelis Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology Soldmannstraße 15 17487 Greifswald, Germany

We would be pleased to receive your comments on the content of this book: [email protected]

Introduction translated from the German by Philipp P. Thapa

Special thanks go to DUENE e.V. (part of the Greifswald Mire Centre) for granting a printing cost subsidy.

Front cover: Sphagnum pulchrum; Sweden; photo: D. Michaelis 2014

German edition: 978-3-510-48031-9 (Michaelis, Die Sphagnum-Arten der Welt)

ISBN: 978-3-510-48033-3 ISSN: 0067-7892

Information on this title: www.schweizerbart.com/9783510480333

© 2019 E.Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele und Obermiller), Stuttgart, Germany

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eschweizerbart_XXX Contents 1

Contents

Preface ...... 3

Abstract ...... 5

1. Introduction ...... 7 1.1. External and internal morphology of peat mosses ...... 7 1.2. Reproductive biology of peat mosses ...... 10 1.3. Research history ...... 11 1.4. Evolutionary history ...... 16 1.5. Ecology of the peat mosses ...... 21 1.6. Notes on identification ...... 23

2. Characteristic and key to sections ...... 27 2.1. Key to sections ...... 27 2.2. Short characteristic of sections ...... 28

3. Identification keys and regional species lists ...... 33 3.1. Identification keys ...... 33 3.1.1. Europe ...... 33 3.1.2. Asia ...... 37 3.1.3. Africa ...... 43 3.1.4. North and Central America ...... 46 3.1.5. South America ...... 54 3.1.6. Australia, New Zealand and Pacific ...... 65 3.2. Regional species lists ...... 66 3.2.1. Europe ...... 66 3.2.2. North Asia ...... 66 3.2.3. East Asia incl. Japan ...... 67 3.2.4. South Asia ...... 67 3.2.5. South-eastern Asia incl. New Guinea ...... 67 3.2.6. West Asia ...... 68 3.2.7. North Africa (Continent excl. the Azores) ...... 68 3.2.8. Central Africa ...... 68 3.2.9. South Africa ...... 68 3.2.10. Madagascar ...... 68 3.2.11 The Azores ...... 68 3.2.12. North America ...... 68 3.2.13. Central America continent ...... 69 3.2.14. Central America Antilles ...... 69 3.2.15. Sample Northwestern South America ...... pages ...... 69 3.2.16. Eastern South America ...... 70 3.2.17. Temperate South America ...... 70 3.2.18. Australia ...... 71 3.2.19. New Zealand ...... 71 3.2.20. Pacific ...... 71

4. Species descriptions ...... 73 4.1. Sphagnum sect. Acocosphagnum ...... 73 4.2. Sphagnum sect. Inretorta ...... 73

eschweizerbart_XXX 2 Contents

4.3. Sphagnum sect. Sphagnum ...... 74 4.4. Sphagnum sect. Rigida ...... 89 4.5. Sphagnum sect. Insulosa ...... 91 4.6. Sphagnum sect. Acutifolia ...... 132 4.7. Sphagnum sect. Squarrosa ...... 156 4.8. Sphagnum sect. Polyclada ...... 157 4.9. Sphagnum sect. Acrosphagnum ...... 207 4.10. Sphagnum sect. Subsecunda ...... 211 4.11. Sphagnum sect. Isocladus ...... 244 4.12. Sphagnum sect. Hemitheca ...... 331 4.13. Sphagnum sect. Cuspidata ...... 332 4.14. Sphagnum sect. Mollusca ...... 352 4.15. Ambuchanania ...... 353

5. Glossarium ...... 399

6. References ...... 401

7. List of journals and monograph series ...... 417

8. Illustration credits ...... 421

9. Index ...... 425

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eschweizerbart_XXX Preface 3

Preface

The Sphagnum or peat mosses are not only a species- revisions made by bryologist like Andrews, Isoviita, rich genus. They influence like no other mosses the Eddy, Flatberg, and Crum form together with the new hydrology and hydrochemistry of their habitats, shape description mainly made by Crum, Flatberg, and An- wide landscapes and sequestrate large amounts of car- drus another basis of this study. Furthermore, my own bon in mires. Clymo & Heywood (1982) estimate, that observation of Sphagnum mosses of by now five con- Sphagnum comprises together more biomass than any tinents are involved. Since time and means of transport other recent plant genus. Sphagnum dominated mires are limited, it was not possible to study all Sphagna cover globally around two million square kilome- at their natural sites. Therefore, the results of literature tres (Laine et al. 2009), and all mires contain at least research, the analysis of herbarium material and own 20 % of the global soil carbon (Maltby & Proctor observations are formed to one unit. 1996). The exceptional features of Sphagnum (water Towards the first edition, several recently described storage capacity, high productivity under nutrient-poor or revised species are involved and included in the keys. conditions, hardly to decompose under water-saturated Furthermore, the introducing chapter was extended and conditions) give reasons for their large economic im- reworked with regard to the phylogeny, the history of portance. They play a central role in the commercial research and the ecology of Sphagnum. horticulture in form of white peat and as biomass, are I want to express special gratitude to the staff mem- sometimes used as fuel or as sealing material. Due to its bers of the herbaria of Berlin (FU), Hamburg, Geneva, antiseptic effect, Sphagnum was used for wound band- Göttingen, Greifswald, Jena, London, Paris and Trond- age until the middle of the 20th century. Several projects heim, furthermore to the bryologists M. S. Ignatov of Sphagnum cultivation for sustainable utilisation are (Moskau), A. I. Maksimov (Petrosavodsk) and O. L. in well-advanced experimental phases (Gaudig 2002, Kusnezov (Petrosavodsk) for the procurement of not Grantzau & Gaudig 2005, Pouliot et al. 2015). easily accessible Russian literature. Last, but not least, The present work is an identification book for the special thanks belongs to the colleagues of our work- species of the genus Sphagnum. It should enable the ing group mire ecology of the Institute of Botany and user to determine all Sphagnum species worldwide Landscape Ecology (University Greifswald), who sup- known so far. Concentration was put on the identifi- plied me with numerous exotic Sphagnum specimens. cation of the mostly vegetative material. This is the Finally, there is to say that in spite of multiannu- supplemented and reviewed version of the Sphagnum al work some questions are still open. Some species flora of Michaelis (2011), the first summarising global groups still need in-depth taxonomical analyses. How- revision since Warnstorf’s Sphagnologia Universalis ever, this book should support the Sphagnum identifi- from 1911. There are not only approximately 150 spe- cation in the scientific practice. Therefore, suggestions cies newly described since the time of Warnstorf, but and constructive critiques for further improvements are also a lot of taxa revised and rejected to synonyms. The always welcome. Sample pages

eschweizerbart_XXX Abstract 5

Abstract

Sphagnum peat mosses are of immense economic and ‘Sphanologia Universalis’, published in 1911 as part ecological importance. They occur on almost all conti- of A. Engler’s ‘Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien’, it nents, mainly in northern South America, North Amer- is the first complete overview of the genus Sphagnum. ica and east and north-east Asia as well as in Europe. Warnstorf used a rather narrow species concept, de- The genus Sphagnum is very isolated within the scribing many morphotypes as separate species. Since Bryophyte plant division. Similarities in sporophyte 1911, numerous synonyms have been recognised, par- design suggest a distant relationship with lantern moss- ticularly through the works of Andrews, Eddy, and Iso- es (Andreaeopsida). Only recently the genus Ambucha- viita. Their revisions as well as c. 160 newly described nania was identified as more closely related, but this species and own research provide the basis for the cur- genus similarly shows strongly derived characters. The rent volume. Delimitation of difficult taxa furthermore genus Sphagnum is monophyletic; various approaches makes use of the results of recent genetic research. exist for its division in up to 4 subgenera and up to 18 Chapter 1 gives an overview of Sphagnum anatomy sections. This revision discriminates 14 sections. and morphology, providing the necessary termino logy Among mosses the genus Sphagnum displays a for description and identification. In addition, the re- singular combination of leaf-dimorphism (stem and productive biology and phylogeny are described to- branch leaves), branch dimorphism (spreading and gether with a short account of research history. Chapter hanging branches), and cell dimorphism (living chlo- 2 provides descriptions of and a key to the sections. A rocytes and empty hyalocytes). Hence, assigning moss- key to the species, arranged by continent, is given in es to the genus Sphagnum generally is not a problem. Chapter 3, complemented by species lists for 20 bioge- However, identification to the species level may be ographic regions. The keys to the Sphagnum species of difficult because of the wide morphological plasticity Africa, Europe, and North America were developed on in relation to hydrological conditions found in some the basis of existing work. The keys for Asia and South species. In combination with differences in species America are entirely new. Detailed descriptions of 292 concepts, this morphological plasticity has led to the Sphagnum species can be found in Chapter 4. In addi- recognition of narrowly or broadly defined species – up tion to morphological-anatomical characteristics, habi- to the almost total negation of the existence of species. tat, geographic distribution, and synonyms are given. The total number of Sphagnum species has been esti- This chapter includes 219 plates showing morphologi- mated between 150 and 450. cal and anatomical details. A comprehensive list of re- This book offers an identification guide to all ferences allows for access to recent and older literature Sphagnum species worldwide. Since Carl Warnstorf’s on Sphagnum.

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eschweizerbart_XXX External and internal morphology of peat mosses 7

1. Introduction

1.1. External and internal morphology of peat The branches usually occur in bundles, the so-called mosses fascicles. They are typically differentiated into pending and spreading branches. Pending branches have more The overall shape of peat mosses can be characterised imbricate and frequently more slender leaves and ap- by the length and density of branches, the form of the pear thinner. Spreading branches have sometimes im- head, and the growth direction. The growth is frequent- bricate, more often erect to spreading leaves and ap- ly erect but can also be ascending or creeping. Young pear thicker. This differentiation can be weak, as in branches, which are short and densely grouped, form a some taxa of S. sect. Subsecunda, or fully absent, as more or less pronounced head at the apex of the plant, in S. sericeum. Branches are mostly unramified. In a the so-called capitulum. In taxa with numerous branch- few taxa, one or two secondary branches originate near es, e.g. S. wulfianum, the capitulum is nearly spherical, the base of the primary branch. The internal structure otherwise hemispherical to flat. In specimens with re- of the branches is usually differentiated into, from the duced branch formation, e.g. aquatic forms, the capitu- outside in, a cortex, a sclerenchyma cylinder (or wood lum is absent. The characteristics of the capitulum thus cylinder), and a parenchyma. The branch cortex is depend on both the species and the environment. mostly single-layered. Reinforcing spiral fibres occur only in the section Sphagnum. The cells of the cortex can be monomorphic, as in the sections Sphagnum and Rigida, or differentiated into large cells with an apical pore, the so-called retort cells, and smaller cells with- out pores. An additional diagnostic trait is leaf arrange- ment. In most species, leaves are arranged helically. In some cases, the branch leaves are quinquefarious, i.e. ranked one after the next in five straight rows (S. quinquefarium, S. pentastichum = S. recurvum). The tips of the leaves can be imbricate, spreading, or squar- rosely curved. In general, the branch leaves are relatively uniform. Their shapes range from ovate to lanceolate to almost awl-shaped. Branch leaves are usually concave with an incurved upper leaf surface. They mostly have a more or less narrow margin of undifferentiated cells. If the outer lateral wall of the rotund margin cells has been dissolved due to resorption, this is called a resorption furrow. It occurs in the sections Sphagnum and Rigida as well as in some Acutifolia species. The single-lay- ered lamina is almost always clearly differentiated into hyaline cells and chlorophyll cells. Hyaline cells are large and empty (dead). Chlorophyll cells are small, green, and arranged in a net pattern. The hyaline cells Sampleof the branch pages leaves are usually reinforced with fibrils and not divided lengthwise by septa. The fibrils can be shaped like thin rings or spirals, but they can also be flat (like a perforated disc) or band-shaped (‘meniscus- like’). Pores in the outer walls of the hyaline cells facilitate water intake and discharge. In submerged peat mosses, pores are unnecessary and thus often reduced or absent. Fig. 1: Branch cortex in various sections (1 – S. sect. Sphag- Pores can be circular or elliptical, surrounded by a num, 2 – S. sect. Rigida, 3 – S. sect. Squarrosa, 4 – S. sect. reinforced wall (ringed pores), and located in various Subsecunda, 5 – S. sect. Cuspidata, 6 – S. sect. Acutifolia)

eschweizerbart_XXX 24 Introduction

to Michaelis (2011), the demarcation of regions was tov & Afonina (1992), Iwatsuki (1991, 2004), John- updated following Sjögren (2001), including a new son (1959, 1980), Kürschner et al. (2015), Maksimov demarcation between the Azores with their high di- (2007), Melin (1924), Muldijarov (1990), Pisarenko versity of peat mosses from the low-diversity North (2015), Redfearn et al. (1996), Stepanova (1986), and African mainland. In addition, the distribution details Suzuki (1955, 1972). The African floras used are Ah- incorporate information from the respective species de- Peng & Bardat (2005), Ah-Peng et al. (2010), Bates & scriptions, supraregional compendiums such as Cardot Gabriel (1997), Born & Frahm (1993), Crosby et al. (1897), Herzog (1926), and Warnstorf (1894a, 1911, (1983), Dias et al. (2009), Eddy (1985, 1993), Frahm 1913) as well as regional floras. The European floras (2005), Frahm et al. (2009), Garside (1949), Magill used are Blockeel (2011), Bouman (2002), Frey et al. (1981), Muller et al. (2010, 2011), Taylor & Thomp- (1995), Hill (2004), Ignatov & Ignatova (2003), Iso- son (1955), and Theriot (1922). The North American viita (1970), Jóhannsson (1989), Laasimer et a. (1954), floras used are Allen (1994), Anderson (1990), Bartram Laine et al. (2009, 2018), Proctor (1955), Savicz (1936), (1949), Crosby (1969), Crum (1980a, 1984a, 1986), Séneca & Söderström (2009), Serov (1964), Vellak et Duarte Bello (1997), McQueen & Andrus (2007), and al. (2013) , and Želesnova (1994). The Asian floras Steere (1978). The South American floras used are used are Abay & Keçeli (2014), Abramov & Abramova Brotherus (1895), Churchill (1994, 1998), Churchill et (1983), Afonina (2004, 2009), Bardunov (1965, 1974), al. (2000), Costa et al. (2011), Delgadillo et al. (1995), Bardunov & Čerdanceva (1982), Bartram (1939), Florschütz-de Waard et al. (2011), Griffin (1981), Mit- Czernyadjeva et al. (2009), Dixon (1935), Eddy (1977, ten (1869), Müller (2009), Pursell (1973), Ule (1899), 1988), Fedosov (2012), Hansen (1961, 1965), Igna- Yano (1981, 1995, 1996), Yano et al. (1985), and Ziem-

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Fig. 14: Distribution of Sphagnum species. The demarcation of regions follows Margadant & Florschütz (1967), adapted with modifi cations from Sjögren (2001). For regional inventories see Chapter 3.2.

eschweizerbart_XXX Notes on identifi cation 25

Fig. 15: Morphological variability of the multiform species Sphagnum denticulatum. All material from Sweden and Finland: A from mire ditch, B from a fl oating mat, C from a streamlet, and D from a lake bottom.

meck & Harpel (2012). The floras used on Australia holarctic species, current knowledge on the needs of and Oceania are Bartlett (1984), Beever et al. (1992), many tropical species is very poor. Especially older Fife (1995, 1996), Karlin & Andrus (1995), Scott & descriptions up to 1911 often include information on Stone (1976), Séneca & Söderström (2011), Seppelt the provenance but not the habitat. Additionally, there (2000), Streimann & Curnow (1989), and Whinam et are uncertainties in the use of some terms. The often al. (2003). used but rather loose concept of bog (including sites Distribution data should be treated as preliminary. that range from strictly rainwater-fed raised bogs to Current knowledge on the ranges of many tropical spe- any mire in which Sphagnum occurs) is rendered here cies remains insufficient, and even obvious mistakes as oligotrophic to mesotrophic acid mire. The nomen- in European distribution maps are not infrequent. (For clature of ecological mire types follows Succow & example, the mapsSample on S. angustifolium and S. fallax Joosten (2001).pages It should also be noted that the ecologi- = S. recurvum var. mucronatum in Daniels & Eddy cal needs of a species may vary within its distribution 1985 show large gaps in Central Europe.) For species range (Gignac 1993) and are often unknown for a given with small (partial) ranges, geographical details were location. While the habitat may serve as a clue to the added. Information that bears limited relevance to spe- identity of a species, such information cannot replace cies identification, such as spore size and colour or the anatomical analysis. number of chromosomes, is not included. Ecological information has deliberately been kept short and should not be overestimated. While there are comprehensive publications on the autecology of

eschweizerbart_XXX 80 Species descriptions

fibrils throughout and undivided, on ventral side with vided, with fibrils down to the leaf base, assemblage ringed, elliptic pores in cell angles and several smaller of pores similar to branch leaves; branch fascicle: with pores and pseudopores along the commissures, on dor- 2–3, thereof 1–2 spreading, cortex with few and very sal side with large, ringed pores in groups of three in delicate spiral fibrils, mostly with one apical pore; adjacent cell angles and some single pores in lateral branch leaf: ovate with cucullate apex; 1.4–1.5 mm cell angles; branch fascicle: with 2 similar, short (about long, leaf margin with resorption furrow; branch leaf 5 mm long) and upwards oriented branches, cortex with pores: on ventral side in the upper half of leaf with lar- delicate spiral fibrils and one pore per cell; branch leaf: ger, weakly ringed pseudopores partially in rows along elongated ovate with cucullate apex, 2.5–3.0 mm long, the commissures and with scattered very small, round, leaf margin with resorption furrow; branch leaf pores: strongly ringed pores in cell angles or in the middle pores similar to stem leaf pores; chlorophyll cells: in- of hyaline cells, on dorsal side with numerous ellip- verted narrow triangular, ventral exposed, dorsal barely tic, ringed pores in loose rows along the commissures enclosed by the hyaline cells or narrowly exposed; hya- and also with 1–4 very small, strongly ringed pores line cells: ventral slightly convex, dorsal convex, walls in the middle of the hyaline cells in the upper half of adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. leaf; chlorophyll cells: inverted triangular to trapezoid, Habitat: submerged in hollows of blanket bogs ventral broadly exposed, dorsal enclosed, more rarely Distribution: Am.4 (Venezuela: Estado Bolívar, Cerro narrowly exposed; hyaline cells: ventral slightly con- Guaiquinima) vex, dorsal convex, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. 19. S. multifibrosum Xui J. Li & M. Zang ex Xui J. Li Remarks: The descriptions delivered by Warnstorf in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 6: 77. 1984 (Pl. 17) (1891, 1911) and Crum (1990, 1993) give no informa- Habitus: robust to large plants; colour: pale green with tion about the differentiation and colour of the wood yellow tinge; stem: cortex two- to three-layered, with cylinder. spiral fibrils, on the external side with pores, wood Habitat: on moist stones near cataracts and water falls, cylinder yellow-brown; stem leaf: long lingulate, 3.8– in moist shrub vegetation 4.3 mm long; hyaline cells: undivided or sparsely di- Distribution: Am.4 (Colombia, Venezuela), Am.5 vided, with well developed fibrils and numerous ringed (Guayana, Brazil: Amazonas) pores on the dorsal side; branch fascicle: with 4–5, thereof 2 spreading; branch leaf: roundish to ovate with 21. S. palustre L., Sp. Pl. 1106. 1753 (Pl. 18) cucullate apex, about 2.0 mm long, leaf margin with re- Syn.: S. cymbifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw. 1782, S. deflexum Gilib. sorption furrow; branch leaf pores: on ventral side with 1792, S. obtusifolium Ehrh. ex Hoffm. 1795, S. latifolium a few ringed pores along the commissures, on dorsal (Weiss) Hedw. 1802, S. vulgare Michx. 1803, S. oblongum side with ringed, elliptic pores along the commissures; P.-Beauv. 1805, S. crassisetum Brid. 1806, S. cymbifolioides chlorophyll cells: narrow inverted isosceles triangular, Breut. 1824, S. cubile Neck. ex Brid. 1827, S. subbicolor Hampe 1880, S. glaucum Klinggr. 1880, ? S. puiggari Müll. ventral exposed, dorsal enclosed; hyaline cells: ventral Hal. 1887, ? S. brachybolax Müll. Hal. ex Warnst. 1891, ? slightly convex to almost plane, dorsal convex, walls S. suberythrocalyx Müll. Hal. ex Warnst. 1891, ? S. vitji- adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. anum Schimp. in Warnst. 1891, S. japonicum Warnst. 1895, Habitat: acid oligotrophic to mesotrophic mires, on ? S. kegelianum Müll. Hal. ex Warnst. 1897, S. subtursum moist sites in Picea forests and Rhododendron shrubs, Müll. Hal. ex Warnst. 1897, ? S. brachycladum Müll. Hal. on irrigated rocks ex Warnst. 1897, S. heterophyllum Warnst. 1899, S. trachya- Distribution: As.2 (China: southern Tibet to Fujian, cron Müll. Hal. in Warnst. 1903, ? S. paranae Warnst. 1905, Heilongjiang) ? S. santosense Warnst. 1906, S. sulphureum Warnst. 1907, SampleS. klinggraeffii pages Röll 1907, ? S. derrumbense Warnst. 1911, 20. S. negrense Mitt. in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 12: 624. S. biforme Warnst. 1911, ? S. chlorocephalum Hampe in 1869 (Pl. 16) Warnst. 1911 Habitus: medium-sized to robust plants; colour: green, Habitus: mostly robust to large plants; colour: green, grey green, yellow green; stem: cortex two- to three- grey green, bluish green, yellow green to light brown- layered, without spiral fibrils, on the external surface ish, at times flesh-coloured; stem: cortex mostly three- mostly with one apical pore; stem leaf: ovate to ovate- layered, with spiral fibrils, on the external surface with lingulate with rounded, somewhat fringed and concave 1–4 (rarely up to 9) pores, wood cylinder yellow-brown apex, 1.7–2.0 mm long, leaf margin with resorption to brown; stem leaf: lingulate to spatulate, 1.2–2.5 mm furrow; hyaline cells: often one to several times di- long; hyaline cells: undivided or sparsely divided,

eschweizerbart_XXX Sphagnum sect. Sphagnum 81

implementation of fibrils and pores variable; branch hyaline cells: with fibrils, undivided, on ventral side fascicle: with 3–5, thereof 2–3 spreading; cortex with with few or lacking pores, on dorsal side with elliptic spiral fibrils; branch leaf: roundish to elongated ovate pores, mostly in groups of three in adjacent cell angles; with cucullate apex, 1.7–2.8 mm long, leaf margin with branch fascicle: single on the upper side of stem, cor- resorption furrow; branch leaf pores: on ventral side tex without spiral fibrils, mostly without pores, rarely with several roundish pores mostly along the commis- with single pores; branch leaf: elongated ovate, the up- sures, on dorsal side with elliptic, ringed pores along per half constricted to an obtuse, cucullate apex, the the commissures; chlorophyll cells: narrow inverted upper part more or less squarrose, up to 2.0 mm long, isosceles triangular to trapezoid, ventral exposed, dor- leaf margin with resorption furrow; branch leaf pores: sal enclosed or narrowly exposed; hyaline cells: ventral pores similar to stem leaf pores; chlorophyll cells: nar- slightly convex, dorsal convex, walls adjacent to chlo- row inverted trapezoid, ventral broadly exposed, dorsal rophyll cells smooth. narrowly exposed; hyaline cells: ventral slightly con- Habitat: often acid mesotrophic mires, up to acid eu- vex, dorsal convex, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells trophic mires (Alnus forests) smooth. Distribution: Eur., As.1, As.2, As.3, As.4, Afr.5 (the Habitat: on sandy soil along white water rivers in pri- Azores), Am.1, Am.4, Am.5, Oc mary forest Distribution: Am.4 (Venezuela: Amazonas) 22. S. pseudocymbifolium Müll. Hal. in Linnaea, 38: 547. 1874 (Pl. 19) 24. S. simplicicaulis H.A. Crum in Contr. Univ. Michi- Syn.: S. cymbifolium Mitt. 1859, S. assamicum Müll. Hal. gan Herb. 17: 76. 1990 (Pl. 20) 1887, S. siamense Dix. 1932. Habitus: small plants, branchless, rarely dichotomous Habitus: robust plants; colour: light brownish; stem: branched; colour: pale brown; stem: cortex two-lay- cortex two- to four-layered, with spiral fibrils, on the ered, with delicate spiral fibrils, on the external surface external surface with 2–7 pores per cell, wood cylin- with one pore per cell, wood cylinder dark brown; stem der dark brown; stem leaf: lingulate to spatulate, at the leaf: similar to branch leaves, from a narrowed base apical margin somewhat fringed, 1.4–1.5 mm long; widened to the middle of the leaf, above with rounded, branch fascicle: with 3–4, thereof 2 spreading, cortex cucullate apex, 2.5–2.8 mm long; hyaline cells: well with spiral fibrils; branch leaf: roundish to ovate with fibrillose, on ventral side with several round to elliptic cucullate apex, about 1.7 mm long, leaf margin with pores of variable size along commissures and in cell resorption furrow; branch leaf pores: on ventral side angles, on dorsal side with ringed, elliptic pseudopores, with several roundish, non-ringed pores mostly along partially with real pores, mostly in groups of three in the commissures, on dorsal side several mostly ringed adjacent cell angles; branch fascicle: with only scat- pores along the commissures; chlorophyll cells: invert- tered single branches, weakly differentiated; branch ed equilateral triangular (to somewhat trapezoid) (most leaf: weakly differentiated, ovate with cucullate apex important difference to S. palustre), ventral exposed, and somewhat narrower leaf base; branch leaf pores: dorsal scarcely enclosed; hyaline cells: ventral convex, pores similar to stem leaf pores; chlorophyll cells: dorsal strongly convex, walls adjacent to chlorophyll narrow inverted triangular, ventral exposed, dorsal cells smooth. scarcely enclosed by the hyaline cells or very narrowly Habitat: in grassland near streamlets, in acid oligo- exposed; hyaline cells: ventral slightly convex, dorsal trophic to mesotrophic mires, on wet sites in forests convex, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. and Rhododendron-shrublands Remarks: There are some similarities between the Distribution: As.2, As.3 sparsely branched peat mosses S. reclinatum, S. sim- Sampleplicicaulis pagesand S. subsecundoides. Sphagnum subse- 23. S. reclinatum H.A. Crum in Contr. Univ. Michigan cundoides could be differentiated from the other species Herb. 20: 132. 1995 (Pl. 20) by the smaller and more numerous pores. Sphagnum Habitus: small plants with lying to ascending growth simplicicaulis shows a dark brown wood cylinder and habit; colour: pale green; stem: cortex two-layered, at least delicate spiral fibrils inside the stem cortex without spiral fibrils, on the external surface with whereas Sphagnum reclinatum has no spiral fibrils and scattered single pores, wood cylinder yellow-brown; a yellow-brown wood cylinder. stem leaf: similar to branch leaf, elongated ovate, the Habitat: on sandy soil near rapids upper half constricted to an obtuse, cucullate apex, the Distribution: Am.4 (Venezuela: Estado Bolívar, Chi- upper part more or less squarrose, 2.5–3.0 mm long; manta Massif)

eschweizerbart_XXX 82 Species descriptions

25. S. subsecundoides H.A. Crum & W.R. Buck in often with one pore; branch leaf: ovate with cucullate Brittonia 44: 453. 1992 (Pl. 20) apex, 2.0 mm long, leaf margin with resorption furrow; Habitus: very small to small plants; colour: yellow- branch leaf pores: on ventral side with 2–4 small, ellip- ish; stem: cortex two-layered, rarely with delicate spi- tic pseudopores along the commissures, on dorsal side ral fibrils, on the external surface often with one apical with large, ringed pores in groups of three in adjacent pore, wood cylinder yellowish, weakly differentiated; cell angles and some scattered pores along the commis- stem leaf: ovate-lanceolate with cucullate apex simi- sures; chlorophyll cells: elliptic, centred and on both lar to branch leaves, concave, 2.2–3.0 mm long, leaf sides enclosed by the hyaline cells, walls adjacent to margin upwards with resorption furrow; hyaline cells: chlorophyll cells smooth. often one time divided, with fibrils throughout to the Remarks: There are some similarities with respect to leaf base, on ventral side with a few (1–4) pseudopores leaf anatomy to S. sanguinale and S. magellanicum. in cell angels and along the commissures, more com- However, Sphagnum sanguinale shows one to sev- mon near the apex, on dorsal side with numerous rather eral times divided stem leaf hyaline cells, often with- small, elliptic, ringed pores in loose rows along the out pores and fibrils, whereas Sphagnum magellani- commissures, near the apex occasionally with medium- cum usually has spiral fibrils in the cortex of stem and sized, round pores near the middle of the hyaline cells; branches. branch fascicle: single branches, 5–6 mm long, cortex Habitat: not mentioned occasionally with delicate spiral fibrils, often with one Distribution: Am.5 (Brazil: Amazonas) apical pore; branch leaf: broadly ovate with constrict- ed, cucullate apex, 2.2–3.0 mm long, leaf margin with 27. S. amoenoides H.A. Crum in Contr. Univ. Michi- resorption furrow; branch leaf pores: on ventral side gan Herb. 21: 147. 1997 (Pl. 21) with few to numerous (2–11) pseudopores in cell an- Habitus: small plants; colour: pale green with brownish gles und along the commissures, on dorsal side with tinge; stem: cortex without spiral fibrils, on the external numerous rather small, elliptic, ringed pores in loose surface without pores, wood cylinder brown; stem leaf: rows along the commissures, near the apex occasion- ovate to ovate-lingulate with rounded, slightly concave ally with medium-sized, round pores near the middle to flat apex, 1.8 mm long, leaf margin with resorption of the hyaline cells; chlorophyll cells: narrow inverted furrow; hyaline cells: with fibrils almost down to the triangular, ventral broadly exposed, dorsal enclosed; leaf base, on ventral side without pores, on dorsal side hyaline cells: on both sides convex, walls adjacent to with small, strongly ringed pores in cell angles; branch chlorophyll cells smooth. fascicle: with 3, thereof 2 spreading, cortex without Habitat: on shores of rivers in primary forest spiral fibrils, branch leaves moist five-ranked; branch Distribution: Am.5 (Brazil: Amazonas) leaf: ovate-lanceolate with cucullate apex, 1.5–1.8 mm long, leaf margin with resorption furrow; branch leaf pores: on ventral side without pores, on dorsal side Species group 5: Species with smooth, elliptic branch with small, strongly ringed pores in cell angles; chlo- leaf chlorophyll cells rophyll cells: barrel-shaped, on both sides exposed; hyaline cells: on both sides convex, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. 26. S. amazonicum H.A. Crum & W.R. Buck in Brit- Remarks: An isophyllous peat moss, which is es- tonia 44: 449. 1992 (Pl. 21) pecially characterised by its small, strongly ringed Habitus: rather small plants; stem: cortex two- to four- pores. layered, without spiral fibrils, on the external surface Habitat: not mentioned often with oneSample pore per cell, wood cylinder dark red Distribution: pages Am.5 (Brazil: São Paulo) brown; stem leaf: lingulate, 1.2 mm long; hyaline cells: undivided or only sometimes one time divided, with 28. S. aureum C.B. McQueen in Bryologist 92: 405. complete or rudimentary fibrils (resorption), on ven- 1989 (Pl. 22) tral side membrane mostly resorbed or with 1–2 vari- Habitus: robust plants; colour: pale gold-coloured, yel- able shaped gaps, on dorsal side in the upper third with low-brown or light brown; stem: cortex three-layered, 3–5 large, elliptic, ringed pores in adjacent cell angles, with spiral fibrils, on the external surface with 1–2 (–3) occasionally also along the commissures, directly at pores per cell, the apical pores often transverse elliptic; the apex with membrane gaps; branch fascicle: with stem leaf: lingulate, 1.0–1.4 mm long; hyaline cells: un- 3, thereof 2 spreading, cortex without spiral fibrils, divided, without fibrils and pores; branch fascicle: with

eschweizerbart_XXX Sphagnum sect. Sphagnum 83

4, thereof 2 spreading, cortex with spiral fibrils and one eral medium-sized to large, partially ringed pores and pore per cell; branch leaf: ovate with cucullate apex, pseudopores; chlorophyll cells: elliptic, centred or ap- 1.0–1.5 mm long, leaf margin with resorption furrow; proximated to the ventral side, on both sides enclosed branch leaf pores: on ventral side without pores or with by the hyaline cells or narrowly exposed by a thickened only a few pores, on dorsal side with pores in groups outer wall; hyaline cells: ventral slightly convex, dorsal of three in adjacent cell angles or in groups of two in convex, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. neighbouring hyaline cells; chlorophyll cells: elliptic, Habitat: acid mesotrophic mires centred and on both sides enclosed by the hyaline cells; Distribution: Eur., As.1, As.2, Am.1 hyaline cells: on both sides slightly convex to almost plane, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. 31. S. cristatum Hampe in Linnaea 38: 661. 1874 (Pl. 24) Habitat: on wet seeps and the edges of eroded stream Syn.: S. pachycladum Müll. Hal. in F. Müll. 1882, S. leiono- banks in páramo vegetation tum Müll. Hal. 1887, S. trachynotum Müll. Hal. 1887, S. Distribution: Am.2 (Costa Rica) whiteleggei Müll. Hal. 1887, S. wilcoxii Müll. Hal. 1887, S. australe Schimp. in Warnst. 1890, S. maximum Warnst. 1891, 29. S. buckianum H.A. Crum in Bryologist 95: 419. S. pseudomedium Warnst. 1891, S. cymbophyllum F. Müll. in Warnst. 1891, S. microcephalum Müll. Hal. in Warnst. 1900, 1992 (Pl. 22) S. dielsianum Warnst. 1904, S. otagoense Warnst. 1904, S. Habitus: medium-sized to rather small plants; colour: wardellense Warnst. 1907, S. cymbophylloides Warnst. 1907, light green; stem: cortex two- to three-layered, without S. decipiens Warnst. 1907, S. maori-compactum Müll. Hal. spiral fibrils, on the external surface without pores or in Warnst. 1911. with one pore per cell; stem leaf: roundish ovate to lin- Habitus: rather small to robust plants; colour: pale gulate, 1.5–1.7 mm long; hyaline cells: in the upper half to dark brownish green, sometimes pale green, rarely of leaf undivided and with fibrils, on dorsal side with purple-brown; stem: cortex three- to four-layered, with 3–4 roundish, very small pores in cell angles; branch spiral fibrils, on the external surface with (1–) 2–5 fascicle: with 2, both spreading; branch leaf: ovate with round or elliptic pores, wood cylinder brown; stem cucullate apex, 1.5 mm long, leaf margin with resorp- leaf: lingulate, (1.1–) 1.5–2.2 mm long; hyaline cells: tion furrow; branch leaf pores: on ventral side with mostly undivided and with fibrils, on ventral side with 2–3 pores or pseudopores in cell angles or along the few or without pores, on dorsal side with several large, commissures, on dorsal side with large, elliptic, ringed ringed pores or, especially in the upper third, with large pores, often in adjacent cell angles; chlorophyll cells: membrane gaps; branch fascicle: with (3) 4–6, thereof elliptic, centred and on both sides enclosed by the hya- 2–3 spreading, cortex with spiral fibrils, partially with line cells; hyaline cells: on both sides slightly convex, one apical pore; branch leaf: broadly ovate with cucul- walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. late apex, 2.0–2.5 mm long, leaf margin with resorption Habitat: on moist slopes furrow; branch leaf pores: on ventral side pores lacking Distribution: Am.5 (Brazil: São Paulo) or with scattered large pores, on dorsal side with 2–8 large, ringed pores, often in groups of three in adjacent 30. S. centrale C.E.O. Jensen ex Arnell & C.E.O. Jen- cell angles; chlorophyll cells: elliptic, on both sides sen in Bih. Kongl. Svenska Vetensk.-Akad. Handl. 21: enclosed by the hyaline cells or narrowly exposed; 34. 1896 (Pl. 23) hyaline cells: on both sides slightly convex to almost Syn.: S. subbicolor auct., non Hampe 1880, S. palustre plane, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. subsp. intermedium Russow 1887, S. papillosum var. inter- Habitat: acid oligotrophic mires, wet heath (Whinam medium (Russow) Warnst. 1891, S. intermedium (Warnst.) et al. 2003) Russow 1894. Distribution: Austr.1 (Mainland Australia, Tasmania), Habitus: robust to large plants; colour: pale to yellow- SampleAustr.2 (Newpages Zealand, the Chatham Islands), Oc. (New ish-green or brownish; stem: cortex four- to five-lay- Caledonia) ered, with spiral fibril, on the external surface with 1–5 (–10) pores, wood cylinder yellow to brown; stem leaf: 32. S. cuculliforme H.A. Crum in Contr. Univ. Michi- lingulate, 1.2–2.2 mm long; hyaline cells: mostly undi- gan Herb. 16: 141. 1987 (Pl. 25) vided, mostly without fibrils; branch fascicle: with 4–6, Habitus: small plants; colour: at the head pink or thereof 2–3 spreading, cortex with spiral fibrils; branch pink-brownish, below pale to brownish white; stem: leaf: ovate with cucullate apex, about 1.7 mm long, leaf cortex two- to three-layered, without spiral fibrils, on margin with resorption furrow; branch leaf pores: on the external surface often with one large, roundish pore ventral side with few pores, on dorsal side with sev- at the apical end, wood cylinder dark reddish brown;

eschweizerbart_XXX 206 Species descriptions / plate 89

Sample pages

Plate 89: Sphagnum wulfi anum: a: habitus, b: branch fascicle, c: stem cross-section, d: stem cortex, e: branch cortex, f: branch cross-section, g: stem leaves, h: upper stem leaf cells dorsal, i: branch leaves, j: branch leaf cells ventral, k: branch leaf cells dorsal, l–m: branch leaf cross-section.

eschweizerbart_XXX Sphagnum sect. Acrosphagnum 207

face without pores, wood cylinder dark red to black ventral side with numerous commissural pores or only red; stem leaf: triangular-lingulate with rounded and scattered pores in cell angles, on dorsal side in the up- narrowly truncated, dentate or somewhat fringed apex, per half mostly with many rather large, ringed pores 0.5–0.8 mm long; border: narrow, downwards not wid- along the commissures and membrane gaps of cell ened; hyaline cells: in the upper half of leaf mostly one width, additionally often one to several centred pores, time, occasionally two times divided, without fibrils, in the lower half only single large gaps in the middle on both sides partly or largely resorbed; branch fasci- of cells or in distal and proximal cell angles; branch cle: with 6–13, thereof 3–5 spreading, cortex with re- fascicle: with 2–4 (–5), thereof 2 (–3) spreading, not or tort cells; branch leaf: narrowly ovate-lanceolate with hardly dimorphous, cortex with often two retort cells, a long, involute, narrowly truncated and dentate leaf one after another, branch leaves more or less distinctly tip, 1.0–1.4 mm long, leaf margin without resorption five-ranked; branch leaf: ovate to ovate-lanceolate with furrow; branch leaf pores: on ventral side few small, narrowly truncated leaf tip with 3–5 denticles, 0.7– unringed pores in cell angles, near leaf margins often 1.0 mm long; branch leaf pores: variable, on ventral few larger pores, on dorsal side with several small, side with scattered pores in cell angles or in discon- ringed pores in cell angles and along the commissures tinuous rows along the commissures, occasionally with in the upper half of leaf; chlorophyll cells: rectangular many pores in dense rows, on dorsal side often with many to barrel-shaped, in the leaf tip elliptic, centred, on both medium-sized, ringed pores in dense rows along the side with more or less thickened cell walls exposed, commissures and several, partly ringed, centred pores, only in the upper third also enclosed by hyaline cells; rarely pores restricted to apical part, occasionally pores hyaline cells: on both sides slightly convex to almost partly displaced by pseudopores; chlorophyll cells: ellip- plane, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells faintly to dis- tic, ventral often enclosed, dorsal narrowly exposed by tinctly papillose. thickened cell wall, more rarely on both sides exposed Habitat: moist coniferous and mixed coniferous for- resp. enclosed; hyaline cells: on both sides slightly con- ests vex, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. Distribution: Eur. (especially Northern Europe, rare in Remarks: According to Crum (1992a), S. bourbon- Eastern Europe), As.1, Am.1 ense differs from S. capense by similarity of branch and stem leaves in shape and porosity, large and weakly ringed dorsal branch leaf pores (while ventral pores are few or lacking), very narrow branch leaf chlorophyll 4.9. Sphagnum sect. Acrosphagnum cells, and undivided stem leaf hyaline cells. Whereas Müll.Hal. 1887 the leaf shapes, the undivided stem leaf hyaline cells and the branch leaf cross-sections actually hardly dif- 119. S. capense Hornsch. in Linnaea 15: 113. 1841 (Pl. fer (see species diagnosis of S. capense in Warnstorf 90–92) 1911), “typical” S. capense shows at least often some- Syn.: S. mollissimum Müll. Hal. 1887, S. panduraefolium what smaller (4–6 μm) and ringed dorsal commissural Müll. Hal. 1887, S. austro-molle Müll. Hal. 1887, S. subro- pores. The specimen of De Slover 17.625 from Ré- tundifolium Müll. Hal. 1900, S. wenckei Röll 1907, S. pap- union most similar to S. bourbonense (in Eddy 1985, peani Breutel in Warnst. 1911, S. humbertii Cardot 1916, S. Fig 27C) is evaluated differently by Crum (1992a) and bourbonense H.A. Crum 1992 assigned to S. bourbonense. The examined specimens Habitus: small, slender plants; colour: in shadow of S. bourbonense (paratype and isotype, JE 04006740 green, elsewhere with orange-brown tinge or complete and JE 04006808) show on dorsal side often ringed (!) plants orange-brown, sometimes with reddish purple branch leaf pores of 7–11 μm in diameter. Plants with tinge; stem: cortex two- to three-layered (up to four- similar implementation of pores are also known from layered), on theSample external surface often with one large pages the African continent (Zimbabwe) as those of Mitchell pore or without pores, wood cylinder yellow or brown; 375 (BM); see Eddy (1985), Fig. 28 E. Since the distin- stem leaf: ovate-lingulate with broadly rounded, trun- guishing features given by Crum (1992a) do not allow cated and dentate, more or less concave apex, 1.2– a sure identification, Sphagnum bourbonense will be 1.9 mm long; border: narrow, not widened downwards; considered as a synonym of S. capense. hyaline cells: undivided or rarely with scattered septa, Habitat: moist to wet, acid, mostly anorganic sub- often in the upper half of leaf with fibrils, sometimes strates, on rocks, near springs with fibrils down to the leaf base, in the fibrillose part Distribution: Afr.2 (Malawi, Zimbabwe), Afr.3, Afr.4 implementation of pores similar to branch leaves, on (Madagascar, Réunion)

eschweizerbart_XXX 208 Species descriptions

120. S. ceylonicum Mitt. ex Warnst. in Hedwigia 29: Habitat: acid oligotrophic to mesotrophic bogs, on 195. 1890 (Pl. 93) rocks Syn.: S. kerstenii Hampe in Warnst. 1911, S. keniae Dixon Distribution: As.3 (Sri Lanka, ? South India), Afr.2 1918, S. vandenbroeckii Nav. 1922, S. ugandense J. Taylor (Uganda, Kenya, Zaire), Afr.4 (Madagascar, Rèunion) & A. Thompson 1955 Habitus: rather small to robust plants; colour: green, 121. S. complanatum Flatberg & Whinam in J. Bryol. grey green, pale brown, yellow-brown to orange 33: 112. 2011 (Pl. 94) brown; stem: cortex two- to three-layered, rarely four- Habitus: small, short and densely branched, column- layered, cells of outer layer often wider, on the external shaped plants with conical to roundish capitula; colour: surface with 0–2 pores at the cells ends, wood cylinder reddish, light orange to almost whitish green, occasion- yellowish, orange to dark brown; stem leaf: ovate-lin- ally with pink tinge; stem: cortex mostly two-layered, gulate to triangular-lingulate with rounded to obtuse, cells of outer layer distinctly wider, on the external dentate or somewhat fringed, occasionally cucullate surface often with one large apical pores, sometimes apex, size variable, on Asian plants 1.3–1.6 mm, on without pores, wood cylinder pale to light orange; stem African plants 1.8–2.6 mm; border: 2–4 rows of cells leaf: elliptic to ovate with involute, acute apex with of- wide, not widened downwards; hyaline cells: mostly ten 2–4 denticles, 2.0–2.6 mm long; border: 1–3 rows undivided, rarely some one time divided in the upper of cells wide, not widened downwards, sometimes half of leaf, with fibrils down to the middle of leaf or lacking at the apex; hyaline cells: with fibrils almost to the leaf base, on ventral side with single pores in down to the leaf base, undivided, on ventral side with apical cell angles or with scattered small pseudopores up to 16 ringed pores and/or pseudopores along the in cell angles, on dorsal side with large (7–12 μm), commissures, on dorsal side with numerous round to round, mostly ringed, strung pores along the commis- elliptic, mostly ringed commissural pores, occasion- sures or dispersed over the whole cell areas or numer- ally pores also apart from the commissures (subcom- ous large membrane gaps, near leaf base pores mostly missural) or centred and often slightly enlarged, near in cell angles; branch fascicle: with 4–6 (–7), rather the leaf base pores lacking; branch fascicle: with 1–3, weakly dimorphous, but different in length, occasion- thereof 2 stronger and about 5 mm long and 1 weaker ally 2 more robust branches spreading, the other pend- and about 3.5 mm long, all obliquely emergent or the ing, cortex with often 2–3 retort cells in rows, branch weaker branch rather pending, the stronger branches leaves mostly not five-ranked, sometimes indistinctly with flattened leaf arrangement, the weaker branch five-ranked; branch leaf: ovate to ovate-lanceolate rather indistinctly flattened, cortex with often two re- with more or less obtuse, narrowly truncated and den- tort cells, one after another, branch leaves not or only tate leaf tip, (1.0–) 1.4–1.8 (–2.1) mm long; branch indistinctly five-ranked; branch leaf: ovate-lanceolate leaf pores: on ventral side pores lacking or scattered, with involute, more or less dentate leaf tip, straight or weakly ringed pores in cell angles, occasionally with slightly secund, 1.3–1.9 mm long; branch leaf pores: several pseudopores in cell angles, on dorsal side implementation of pores similar to stem leaf, but on mostly with medium-sized (5–8 μm, Africa) or large dorsal side subcommissural and centred pores more (6–10 μm, Asia), elliptic, ringed pores in dense rows frequent; chlorophyll cells: elliptic, centred, on both along the commissures and additionally with 1–6 sides with thickened cell walls exposed or apparently large, round, ringed, centred pores; chlorophyll cells: enclosed; hyaline cells: on both sides slightly convex, invert triangular to trapezoid, ventral broadly exposed, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. dorsal enclosed or narrowly exposed; hyaline cells: Habitat: in moist to wet moss lawns, on peaty soil, ventral almost plane, dorsal convex, walls adjacent to often together with Racomitrium lanuginosum chlorophyll cellsSample smooth. Distribution: pages Afr.3 (Île Amsterdam) Remarks: On basis of the leaf cross-section and the relatively short and wide hyaline cells Warnstorf 122. S. davidii Warnst., Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 11: 99. 1905 (1911) assigns this species (written as S. ceylanicum) to (Pl. 95–96) S. sect. Acutifolia. Nevertheless, it fits better to the of- Syn.: S. chevalieri Warnst. 1911, S. afro-crassicladum Dixon ten poly-pored S. sect. Acrosphagnum (cf. Eddy 1977). et Sherrin 1938 Eddy (1977, 1985) mentions different measurements Habitus: rather small to medium-sized, sometimes for African and Asian plants but don’t separate them robust plants; colour: pale or dirty brownish to yel- on species level. low-brown, occasionally green; stem: cortex two- to three-layered, cells of outer layer distinctly wider, on

eschweizerbart_XXX Sphagnum sect. Acrosphagnum 209

the external surface partly with one large, apical pore, (6–10 μm), round, ringed commissural pores and part- wood cylinder yellowish, yellow-brown, red to dark ly similar centred pores, on dorsal side pores lacking reddish brown; stem leaf: triangular-lingulate to lin- or with few pores in cell angles, more numerous near gulate, rounded or obtuse, occasionally cucullate apex, leaf margins and leaf tip, often also with several pseu- 1.1–1.6 (Warnstorf 1911) resp. 1.6–2.6 mm long (Eddy dopores; chlorophyll cells: ovate to ovate-triangular, 1985); border: 2–4 rows of cells wide, not widened ventral narrowly exposed or scarcely enclosed, dorsal downwards; hyaline cells: mostly undivided, occasion- mostly with thickened cell wall broadly exposed, only ally in the upper half one to several times divided, with sometimes also enclosed; hyaline cells: ventral convex, fibrils in the upper half of leaf or down to the leaf base, dorsal almost plane, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells on ventral side pores almost lacking, on dorsal side smooth. with many small to medium-sized, ringed or unringed, Remarks: Warnstorf (1911) assigned this species to densely strung commissural pores; branch fascicle: S. sect. Cuspidata. Eddy (1985) discussed similarities with 4–7, not or weakly dimorphous, 2–3 spreading, with species of the Acrosphagnum group, especially cortex with often two retort cells, one after another, with S. pycnocladulum, and mentioned that it could be- sometimes neighbouring cortex cells also porous, long to that species. branch leaves more or less indistinctly five-ranked; Habitat: wet sites in heath vegetation branch leaf: ovate (in the middle of branch) to ovate- Distribution: Afr.4 (Madagascar, Rèunion) lanceolate (in the proximal part of branch) with nar- rowly truncated leaf tip, often with few denticles, of- 124. S. islei Warnst. in Hedwigia 30: 14. 1891 (Pl. 98) ten slightly asymmetric, 1.0–1.5 mm long; branch leaf Habitus: small plants with flattened to slightly convex pores: on ventral side variable, often pores resp. pseu- capitula; colour: patchy orange to pale yellow-brown; dopores lacking or few, occasionally poly-porous, on stem: cortex one- to two-layered, on the external sur- dorsal side with numerous small to medium-sized (4– face without pores or with one apical pore, wood cylin- 6 μm), ringed pores in rows along the commissures, der pale to yellowish; stem leaf: ovate, ovate-lingulate with or without 1–6 additional centred pores; chloro- to ovate-triangular with narrowly rounded, often invo- phyll cells: narrowly elliptic to elliptic-rectangular, cen- lute and apparently acute apex, sometimes very slightly tred, on both sides with thickened cell walls exposed; falcate, 1.3–1.9 mm long; border: narrow, not widened hyaline cells: ventral convex to slightly convex, dorsal downwards; hyaline cells: undivided, with fibrils in the convex, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. upper one or two thirds, occasionally down to the leaf Habitat: acid oligotrophic to mesotrophic mires, Eri- base, on ventral side mostly without pores, on dorsal caceae-dominated vegetation, on wet rocks side in the upper half (or two thirds) with numerous Distribution: Afr.2, Afr.4 small, ringed commissural pores, getting downwards larger, weakly ringed and less numerous; branch fas- 123. S. ericetorum Brid., Muscol. recent. Suppl. 1: 19. cicle: with 1–3, thereof often 2 more robust spreading, 1806 (Pl. 97) relatively short, about 5 mm long, especially spreading Habitus: small plants; colour: green, yellowish to branches more or less distinctly five-ranked; branch brown; stem: cortex two- to three-layered, wood cyl- leaf: ovate to ovate-lanceolate with narrow to pointed inder yellowish; stem leaf: triangular-lingulate to al- leaf tip, often slightly falcate, 0.9–1.3 mm long; branch most lingulate with an obtuse, shorter or somewhat leaf pores: on ventral side pores almost lacking, on dor- longer, cucullate apex, due to involute margins appar- sal side in the upper half with numerous small, ringed ently more acute, 1.7–2.5 mm long; border: very nar- commissural pores; chlorophyll cells: elliptic, on both row, not widened downwards; hyaline cells: undivided, sides with thickened cell walls narrowly exposed or on with fibrils throughoutSample the whole leaf, on ventral side dorsal sidepages relatively broadly exposed; hyaline cells: with large, round, mostly unringed, commissural pores on both sides slightly convex, walls adjacent to chloro- in rows, getting larger downwards up to cell width, on phyll cells smooth. dorsal side only single pores in cell angles; branch fas- Remarks: Sphagnum islei is assigned as a synonym to cicle: with 4–6, hardly to weakly dimorphous, in rather S. capense by Eddy (1985), but revised as a separate dimorphous branch fascicles often 2 branches spread- species by Flatberg et al. (2011). The main distinguish- ing, cortex with often two retort cells, one after anoth- ing features are the not broadly rounded stem leaves er; branch leaf: ovate with narrowly truncated, dentate and the rather lanceolate, not truncated branch leaves. leaf tip, strongly concave, about 1.4 mm long; branch The descriptions differ in some details. Both, Warnstorf leaf pores: on ventral side with numerous, rather large (1891, 1911) and Flatberg et al. (2011) show centred,

eschweizerbart_XXX 210 Species descriptions

more or less enclosed chlorophyll cells in branch leaf In recent time, Müller (2012) describes the sporophyte cross-sections, whereas Eddy (1985) mentions on dor- of S. novo-caledoniae which was unknown before. sal side rather broadly exposed chlorophyll cells on ba- The pseudopodium is very short; the capsule is sitting sis of the type specimen. between perichaetial leaves on an elongated and laxly Habitat: on high level at the Caldera Plateau near the foliated branch. Pseudostomata are apparently absent Lac Bleu from the capsule surface. Distribution: Afr.3 (Île Amsterdam) Habitat: on moist stones in streams (Iwatsuki 1986), silty river bank along small river (TRH B-9337) 125. S. novo-caledoniae Paris & Warnst. apud Warnst. Distribution: Oc. (New Caledonia) in Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam.I, 3: 297. 1911 (Pl. 99) Syn.: S. novae-caledoniae Paris & Warnst. in Broth. 1910 126. S. perrieri Ther. in Recueil. Publ. Soc. Natl. nom. nud., Flatbergium novo-caledoniae Devos et al. 2016 Havraise Études Diverses 39: 112. 1922 (Pl. 100) nom. nud. Habitus: small, densely branched plants with hemi- Habitus: very small plants with small and rather indis- spherical capitula; colour: pale; stem: cortex one- to tinct capitula; colour: above grey green, below ochra- three-layered, wood cylinder pale; stem leaf: triangu- ceous; stem: cortex one- to two-layered, on the external lar-lingulate, lingulate to ovate-lingulate with cucullate surface without pores, wood cylinder above pale, below apex, 1.3–1.4 mm long; border: in the middle of leaf dark brown to almost black; stem leaf: elongated ovate- 3–5 rows of cells wide, not or hardly widened down- lanceolate with rounded-truncated, dentate or some- wards; hyaline cells: undivided, with fibrils in the up- what fringed apex, more or less concave, 1.4–1.8 mm per four fifths of the leaf, on ventral side few round, 7– long; border: very narrow or almost dwindling; hyaline 8 μm wide, unringed pores along the commissures and cells: in the lower half of leaf occasionally divided, in cell angles, getting more numerous near leaf margins, always without fibrils, on ventral side with scattered on dorsal side with numerous round to irregular, 10– small pores in cell angles, in the upper half with mem- 15 μm wide commissural pores, in broad hyaline cells brane gaps, on dorsal side densely multi-porous with also with centred pores; branch fascicle: with 4, mod- differently large, roundish to elliptic, unringed pores; erately dimorphous, rather short, (2–) 3–6 mm long, branch fascicle: single or with 2 (–3), very short (4– leaves especially on spreading branches five-ranked; 5 mm long), cortex with retort cells; branch leaf: elon- branch leaf: lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate to ovate with gated ovate with rounded, fringed to dentate leaf tip, short, obtuse leaf tip, 0.7–1.0 mm long; branch leaf 0.7–1.1 mm long; hyaline cells without fibrils; branch pores: on ventral side pores completely or almost lack- leaf pores: on ventral side with small single pores in cell ing, occasionally with scattered round, unringed pores angles, on dorsal side densely multi-porous with differ- in cell angles, on dorsal side with numerous round to ently large, roundish to elliptic or irregular, unringed irregular, 10–15 μm wide commissural pores, in broad pores; chlorophyll cells: invert triangular to trapezoid, hyaline cells also with centred pores; chlorophyll cells: ventral broadly exposed, dorsal narrowly exposed or rectangular, narrowly barrel-shaped to slightly invert enclosed; hyaline cells: ventral almost plane, dorsal trapezoid, centred, on both sides with thickened cell convex, walls adjacent to chlorophyll cells smooth. walls exposed, often somewhat broader on ventral side; Remarks: The placement of this unconventional spe- hyaline cells: on both sides slightly convex, walls adja- cies to a certain section is not clarified satifactorily. An cent to chlorophyll cells smooth. assignment to S. sect. Acrosphagnum would be sup- Remarks: Sphagnum perrieri is assigned to S. sect. Sub- ported by the relatively broad and multiporose hyaline secunda subsect. Subsecunda in Michaelis (2011). Af- cells and the enlarged outer cells of the stem cortex. A ter examination of herbarium specimens (PC 0085849), tendency of reductionSample of fibrils in the branch leaf hya- this species pages will allocated to S. sect. Acrosphagnum line cells is also visible in multiporose forms of other because of the relatively short and broad branch leaf species like S. capense. hyaline cells with large pores and the enlarged outer Devos et al. (2016) use the name Flatbergium no- cells of stem cortex. vo-caledoniae (also written as: ʻFlatbergium novo- Habitat: not mentioned caledoniaeʼ) with reference to J. Shaw, unpublished. Distribution: Afr.4 (Madagascar) Without any other explanation, the name Flatbergium novo-caledoniae (Paris & Warnst.) Devos et al. has to be considered as a nomen nudum.

eschweizerbart_XXX 318 Species descriptions / plate 163

Sample pages

Plate 163: Sphagnum rio-negrense: a: habitus, b: stem leaves, c: stem leaf cells ventral, d: stem leaf cells dorsal, e: stem leaf cross-section; Sphagnum rotundifolium: f: stem leaves, g: branch leaves, h: branch leaf cross-sections (above in water, be- low in diluted sulphuric acid); Sphagnum subovalifolium: i: stem leaves, j: branch leaves, k: branch leaf cross-sections (like in h); Sphagnum subrufescens: l: stem leaves, m: branch leaf, n: branch leaf cross-section; Sphagnum turgescens: o: habi- tus, p: stem leaves, q: branch leaf, r: lower branch leaf cells dorsal, s: branch leaf cross-section.

eschweizerbart_XXX Index 425

9. Index

Ambuchanania 10, 19, 27 sect. Inophloea 15 leucobryoides 20, 29, 353, 397, Pl. 194 sect. Inundata 30 Ambuchananiaceae 15, 29 sect. Isocladus 15, 21, 28, 31, 52, 69 Andreaea 10, 20 sect. Lapazensis 28, 29 Bryum 23 sect. Litophloea 15 Calliergon sect. Malacosphagnum 14, 29 trifarium 233 sect. Mollia 14, 136 Cryphea sect. Mollusca 12, 14, 21, 27, 32, 37, 43, 46, 54, 65, 66, heteromalla 12 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 352 Drosera sect. Mucronata 15, 31 rotundifolia 11 sect. Palustria 13, 29 Eosphagnum 15, 29 sect. Platysphagnum 14, 29 inretortum 15, 20, 73 sect. Polyclada 9, 15, 21, 27, 30, 35, 40, 51, 66, 67, 69, rigescens 73 157 Flatbergiaceae 15, 28 sect. Pycnoclada 30 Flatbergium 28 sect. Pycnosphagnum 14, 30 novo-caledoniae 210 sect. Rigida 7, 9, 12, 14, 15, 20, 21, 27, 29, 33, 38, 44, sericeum 15, 20, 28 47, 56, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 89 Fissidens 23 sect. Sericea 28 Isocladus 12, 14 sect. Sphagnum 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 27, 29, macrophyllus 14, 331 33, 36, 43, 46, 54, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, Junjagia 84, 231 glottophylla 17 sect. Squarrosa 7, 9, 14, 15, 20, 21, 27, 30, 35, 40, 44, Leucobryum 50, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 156 falcatum 12 sect. Subsecunda 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 27, Muscus 28, 29, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 51, 58, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, terrestris vulgaris 12 71, 84, 143, 210, 211, 225, 231, 331, 332, 338, 340, Polytrichum 11 342, 352 Protosphagnum sect. Truncata 14, 29 nervatum 17 subgen. Acutifolia 15 Racomitrium subgen. Cuspidata 15 lanuginosum 208 [subgen.] Heterophylla 12, 14 Scorpidium 233 [subgen.] Homophylla 12, 13, 14, 15 Sphagnophyllites [subgen.] Inophloea 13 triassicus 17, 19 [subgen.] Isocladus 13, 15 Sphagnum [subgen.] Litophloea 13 sect. Acisphagnum 14, 31 [subgen.] Rigida 13, 15 sect. Acocosphagnum 14, 15, 21, 28, 37, 67, 73 [subgen.] Sphagnum 13, 15 sect. Acrosphagnum 21, 27, 28, 31, 40, 44, 65, 67, 68, subgen. Squarrosa 15 71, 155, 207, 208, 209, 210 subgen. Subsecunda 15 sect. Acutifolia 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 29, subsect. Acrosphagnum 19, 31, 211 30, 33, 38, 44, 48, 56, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 84, subsect. Acutifolia 15, 30, 135 132, 136, 155, 208, 231 subsect. Cuspidata 15, 31 sect. Anacamptosphagnum 30 subsect. Cymbifolia 15 sect. Cavifolia 30 subsect. Fimbriata 30, 132, 141 sect. ComatosphagnumSample 14, 30 subsect. Mucronatapages 15, 31 sect. Cuculliformes 29 subsect. Polyclada 15 sect. Cuspidata 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 28, subsect. Rigida 15 31, 32, 35, 36, 42, 46, 50, 52, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, subsect. Sericea 15 71, 209, 332, 338, 340, 352 subsect. Squarrosa 15 sect. Cymbifolia 12, 13, 14, 29 subsect. Subsecunda 15, 31, 210 sect. Eusphagnum 15 subsect. Truncata 15 sect. Hemitheca 21, 27, 32, 37, 46, 54, 65, 66, 68, 69, aciphyllum 57, 69, 70, 141, 142, 143, 178, Pl. 61 70, 331 aconiense 156, 157 sect. Inretorta 21, 27, 28, 29, 54, 69, 70, 73, 231 aculeatum 211 sect. Insulosa 15, 21, 27, 29, 33, 38, 48, 66, 67, 68, 91 acutifolioides 40, 67, 152, 194, Pl. 77

eschweizerbart_XXX 426 Index

acutifolium 12, 13, 14, 15, 144 alaskanum 338 ssp. iridum 142 alaskense 37, 47, 66, 67, 68, 76, 99, Pl. 8 ssp. luridum 153 albescens 347 var. aquaticum 153 albicans 339, 369 var. borbonicum 141 alegrense 47, 54, 69, 70, 76, 100, Pl. 9 var. decipiens 139 algentryi 87 var. elegans 138, 144 allionii 87 var. fallax 133, 139 aloysii-sabaudiae 344 var. fl agelliforme 139 alpinum 144, 344 var. fl avicomans 154 amazonense 58, 69, 143, 179, Pl. 62 var. fl avicaule 149 amazonicum 55, 70, 82, 112, Pl. 21 var. fuscescens 137 ambiguum 90 var. fuscoluteum 137 amblyphyllum 347 var. fuscum 137 americanum 138, 154 var. gerstenbergeri 150 amoenoides 15, 55, 70, 82, 112, Pl. 21 var. gracile 142 amoenum 87 var. graefi i 142 andersonianum 15, 16, 138, 139, 144 var. intermedium 142 andinum 85 var. laxum 153 andrusii 51, 69, 212, 261, Pl. 106 var. luridum 153 angermanicum 34, 49, 66, 68, 136, 154, 198, Pl. 81 var. meridense 147 angolense 233 var. pallens 130 angustifolium 22, 25, 36, 43, 54, 66, 67, 69, 342, 343, var. plumosum 153 346, 378, Pl. 200 var. polyphyllum 139 angustifrons 244 var. purpureum 153 angusti-limbatum 339, 371 var. quinquefarium 142, 149 anisoporum 139 var. roseum 139 annulatum 22, 36, 43, 53, 66, 67, 69, 334, 337, 359, var. robustum 139 Pl. 181 var. schillerianum 153 var. porosum 334, 336 var. schimperi 144 antarcticum 87 var. schliephackeanum 144 antarense 41, 67, 212, 261, Pl. 106 var. silesiacum 150 antillarum 87, 144, 146 var. squarrulosum 153 antioquiense 63, 69, 212, 262, Pl. 107 var. strictiforme 139 aongstroemii 13, 14, 15, 22, 27, 29, 33, 38, 48, 66, 67, var. subtile 144 68, 91, 131, 136, Pl. 40 var. tenellum 138 apiculatum 346 acutiforme apollinairei 151 var. auriculatum 139 apopenneysii 344, 345 var. elegans 139 aquaticum 344 var. fallax 133 aquatile 215 var. fuscum 137 aracense 153 var. graeffi i 150 arbogastii 87 var. robustum 139 arboreum 85 var. rubellum 138 arcticum 33, 38, 48, 66, 132, 138, 158, Pl. 41 var. tenellum 138, 142, 150 armoricum 218 acutirameum 62, 70, 211, 227, 260, Pl. 105 artariae 235 acutum 332 aschenbachianum 144 var. hakusanense 332 assamicum 81 aequalipunctatumSample 61, 70, 212, 260, Pl. 105 atlanticum pages 351 aequifolium 243, 327 atroligneum 15, 87 aequiporosum 58, 69, 70, 143, 212 attenuatum 87 affi ne 22, 33, 43, 47, 54, 66, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75, 94, 238, aureum 47, 69, 82, 113, Pl. 22 Pl. 3 auriculatum 14, 215, 216, 238, 338 var. affi ne 74, 75, 94 var. inundatum 218 var. fl agellare 74, 75, 94 austinii 14, 15, 22, 33, 47, 66, 68, 74, 75, 76, 95, Pl. 4 africanum 45, 68, 227, 233, 236, 306, 340, Pl. 151 australe 10, 38, 44, 65, 67, 68, 71, 83, 89, 127, Pl. 36 afro-crassicladum 208 austro-americanum 57, 59, 70, 143, 145, 179, Pl. 62 alabamae 220 austro-molle 207 var. humile 220 azuayense 57, 69, 155, 200, Pl. 83

eschweizerbart_XXX Index 427

bahiense 87 campicolum 153 var. sincorae 76, 77 camusii 215 bakeri 218, 220 capense 31, 45, 68, 207, 209, 245, 246, 247, 340, Pl. 90, balfourianum 87 91, 92 balslevii 57, 69, 136, 166, Pl. 49 capillaceum 144 balticum 22, 36, 42, 52, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 334, 335, var. tenellum 138 337, 346, 360, Pl. 182 var. tenerum 140 var. ruppinense 334 capillifolioides 144 barclayae 64, 70, 335, 361, Pl. 183 capillifolium 12, 13, 21, 22, 30, 35, 39, 40, 44, 50, 58, bartlettianum 16, 138, 139, 144 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 132, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, var. roseum 144 147, 180, Pl. 63 bartlettii 77 var. tenellum 138, 144 batumense 215 var. tenerum 140 bavaricum 218 var. viride 144 beccarii 87 cardotii 339 belli-imbricatum 85 carneum 87 beothuk 22, 34, 48, 66, 68, 136, 167, Pl. 50 carolinianum 51, 69, 234, 305, Pl. 150 bergianum 140 cavernulosum 46, 68, 230, 231, 300, Pl. 145 beringiense 51, 69, 234, 307, 308, Pl. 152, 153 cavifolium 15, 225 bernieri 344 var. laricinum 336 bescherellei 90 centrale 22, 33, 47, 66, 67, 68, 83, 114, Pl. 23 bessonii 339 ceylonicum 40, 45, 67, 68, 155, 208, 248, Pl. 93 beyrichianum 211, 256, 257 chevalieri 208, 250, 251 bicolor 85 chi-chiense 61, 63, 70, 213, 265, Pl. 110 biforme 80, 87 var. uvidulum 213, 265 billbuckii 15, 77, 78 chilense 132 boasii 157 chinense 12, 347 bocainense 59, 70, 230, 299, Pl. 144 chlorocephalum 80 bohemicum 344 clandestinum 12 bolanderi 132 cleefi i 62, 69, 213, 266, Pl. 111 boliviae 60, 69, 70, 234, 309, Pl. 154 cochlearifolium 220, 238 boomii 62, 70, 213, 262, Pl. 107 columniforme 56, 70, 79, 106, Pl. 15 borbonicum 141 commutatum 237 bordasii 226, 227, 292 comosum 233, 237 boreale 334 compactum 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 29, 33, 38, 44, 47, 56, 65, borneoense 78 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 90, 128, 136, 236, Pl. 37 bostonense 218, 220 var. expositum 91 bourbonense 207, 245, 246, 247 var. ovatum 89 boyacanum 65, 70, 343, 379, Pl. 201 var. ramulosum 135 brachybolax 80, 87 var. rigidum 90 brachycaulon 235 complanatum 45, 68, 208, 249, Pl. 94 brachycladum 80, 87 concinnum 33, 48, 66, 68, 132, 135, 159, Pl. 42 brasiliense 54, 70, 77, 78, 79, 103, Pl. 12 condensatum 12, 68, 90, 91, 129, Pl. 38 breedlovei 49, 69, 136, 166, Pl. 49 confertum 89 brevicaule 87 confl atum 61, 70, 214, 268, Pl. 113 brevifolium 346, 347 congoanum 339, 371 brevirameum 54, 70, 77, 78, 79, 104, Pl. 13 connectens 42, 67, 335, 361, Pl. 183 brotherusii 335 contortulum 63, 70, 219, 352, 394, Pl. 216 brunnescens 144Samplecontortum pages 13, 14, 21, 22, 35, 41, 51, 66, 67, 69, 234, buckianum 15, 55, 70, 83, 113, Pl. 22 310, Pl. 155 bushii 218, 220 var. laricinum 234 caldense 231 var. obesum 215 var. scorpidioides 225 var. platyphyllum 238 caldensi-recurvum 347 controversum 336 callichroum 225 convolutum 226 calymmatophyllum 40, 67, 213, 226, 236, 263, 264, cordemoyi 141, 175 Pl. 108, 109 cordifolium 218, 220 campbellii 71, 89, 90 cornutum 215 campellianum 89 coronatum 226

eschweizerbart_XXX 428 Index

coryphaeum 147, 186 cyclophyllum 51, 59, 69, 70, 231, 301, Pl. 146 costae 27, 56, 70, 135, 164, Pl. 47 cymbifolioides 80, 237 var. confertorameum 135, 164 cymbifolium 12, 13, 14, 80, 81 var. costae 135, 164 ssp. austinii 74 var. seriatum 135, 164 ssp. papillosum 78 costaricense 147 var. compactum 85, 90 crassicladum 215 var. congestum 85 crassisetum 80, 156 var. cordifolium 91 crassum 85 var. ludovicianum 87 cribriforme 61, 70, 228, 266, Pl. 111 var. medium 85 cribrosum 52, 69, 244, 329, 331, Pl. 173 var. papillosum 78 crispatum 336, 344, 345 var. paradisii 85 crispum 51, 69, 214, 267, Pl. 112 var. patens 147 cristatum 65, 71, 83, 115, Pl. 24 var. purpurascens 85 cruegeri 144 var. squarrosum 156 crumii 63, 70, 214, 268, Pl. 113 var. tenellum 352 cubile 80 var. turgidum 231 cucullatum 61, 70, 214, 267, Pl. 112 cymbophylloides 83 cuculliforme 29, 55, 69, 70, 83, 84, 116, Pl. 25 cymbophyllum 83 cundinamarcanum 55, 69, 84, 116, Pl. 25 dasyphyllum 215, 217 cupressiforme 215 davidii 31, 45, 68, 208, 250, 251, Pl. 95, 96 curicuriariense 59, 70, 231, 299, Pl. 144 decipiens 83, 238 curvatulum 65, 70, 343, 380, Pl. 202 defl exum 80 var. curvatulum 343, 380 degenerans 74 var. steereanum 343, 380 delamboyense 61, 62, 70, 215, 270, Pl. 115 curvifolium 235 densicaule 89 cuspidatifolium 344 densirameum 221 cuspidatiforme 344 densum 142 cuspidatulum 42, 46, 67, 68, 332, 347, 350, 354, Pl. 176 denticulatum 14, 22, 25, 35, 40, 41, 45, 66, 68, 215, var. fi brosum 332 216, 220, 225, 271, Pl. 116 var. fuscescens 332 derrumbense 80, 87 var. malaccense 332 diblastoides 57, 69, 143, 145, 181, Pl. 64 var. trengganuense 344 diblastum 142 cuspidatum 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 31, 36, 43, 46, 53, 65, dicladum 38, 67, 155, 185, Pl. 68 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 334, 336, 340, 344, 345, 351, dielsianum 83 352, 380, 381, Pl. 203, 204, 205 dimorphophyllum 56, 70, 79, 106, Pl. 15 fulvum 332 discrepans 87 ssp. cuspidatum 344, 345, Pl. 203, 204 dissimile 64, 70, 336, 345, 379, Pl. 201 ssp. subrecurvum 71, 344, 345, 382, Pl. 205 divinum 85, 86 var. brevifolium 346 divisum 62, 70, 216, 272, Pl. 117 var. cuspidatum 344, 345 domingense 91 var. defl exum 337 dominii 66, 71, 345, 379, Pl. 201 var. densum 332 d’Orbignyanum 85 var. dusenii 338 drepanocladum 335 var. falcatum 66 drouhardii 87 var. fallax 346 drummondii 231 var. fl accidifolium 383 dubiosum 237 var. latetruncatum 226 dubium 347 var. majusSample 337 dusenii pages 338 var. miquelonense 351 var. majus 338 var. mollisimum 334 dusenioides 64, 70, 335, 336, 361, Pl. 183 var. plumosum 344, 345 earlei 87 var. roellii 334 eatonii 140 var. serrulatum 42, 53, 63, 66, 341, 344, 345, 348, ecuadorense 147 381, Pl. 180 efi brillosum 21, 28, 40, 67, 216, 272, Pl. 117 var. speciosum 333 ehyalinum 28, 63, 70, 336, 345, 346, 384, Pl. 206 var. subrecurvum 383 elegans 335 var. torreyi 351 elenkini 342, 343 cyclocladum 61, 70, 214, 215, 269, Pl. 114 ellipticum 241

eschweizerbart_XXX Index 429

engelii 64, 70, 346, 385, Pl. 207 geraisense 58, 70, 217, 275, Pl. 120 ericetorum 45, 68, 89, 141, 209, 252, Pl. 97 girgensohnii 14, 15, 21, 22, 30, 34, 38, 44, 48, 66, 67, erosum 89 68, 69, 133, 134, 135, 154, 161, Pl. 44 erythrocalyx 78, 87 var. majus 139 var. papillosum 78 var. roseum 139 eschowense 226 glaucovirens 87 evansii 140 glaucum 80 exile 59, 70, 216, 273, Pl. 118 globicephalum 224 exquisitum 59, 70, 231, 302, Pl. 147 globicomosum 85 falcatum 66 godmanii 133 falcatulum 10, 42, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71, 335, 336, 345, goetzeanum 211, 256, 257 362, Pl. 184 gomezii 49, 69, 145, 146, 182, Pl. 65 falcifolium 235 gordjagini 139 falcirameum 89 gracile 139, 144, 147, 344 fallax 22, 25, 36, 43, 53, 66, 67, 69, 343, 346, 347, 348, gracilescens 59, 70, 244, 324, Pl. 169 350, 386, Pl. 208 var. laxifolium 244 var. fl exuosum 347 grandifolium 87 faxonii 344 grandirete 85 feae 332 grasslii 51, 69, 228, 295, Pl. 140 fi mbriatum 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 30, 33, 38, 44, 48, 56, gravetii 215 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 132, 135, 160, Pl. 43 griffi thianum 87 ssp. concinnum 132 griseum 59, 70, 235, 308, Pl. 153 var. concinnum 132 grossum 85 var. strictum 133 guadalupense 87 fi tzgeraldii 52, 64, 69, 70, 336, 345, 363, Pl. 185 guanabarae 59, 70, 232, 302, Pl. 147 fl accidifolium 344 guatemalense 89 fl accidum 61, 70, 217, 273, Pl. 118 guwassanense 41, 67, 226, 236, 310, Pl. 155 fl accirameum 243 guyonii 87 fl avicans 218, 220 hahnianum 85 fl avicaule 57, 69, 145, 181, Pl. 64 hakkodense 78 fl avicomans 49, 69, 138, 154, 199, Pl. 82 hamiltonii 15, 85 fl avirameum 243 hampeanum 66 fl avum 145 harleyi 54, 70, 84, 117, Pl. 26 fl eischeri 87 harperi 87 fl exuosum 22, 37, 42, 43, 46, 54, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, hartmannii 91 346, 347, 350, 387, Pl. 209 hegewaldii 60, 69, 229, 296, Pl. 141 var. fallax 346 helenicum 45, 68, 236, 312, Pl. 157 var. recurvum 347 helleri 344 var. tenue 342 helmsii 89 fl oridanum 244 helveticum 90 fl uctuans 226 hendocinum see mendocinum fl uitans 218, 220 henryense 37, 47, 67, 68, 77, 101, 102, Pl. 10, 11 fontanum 60, 70, 235, 308, Pl. 153 hercynicum 218 frahmii 85, 86 herminieri 75 franconiae 220 hertelianum 15, 56, 69, 79, 107, Pl. 16 fraudulentum 58, 70, 137, 168, Pl. 51 herteri 62, 70, 217, 275, Pl. 120 fulvum 332 heterophyllum 80, 87 funkiae 60, 69, 235, 311, Pl. 156 hildebrandtii 211 fuscovinosum Sample66, 71, 217, 233, 274, Pl. 119 holleanum pages 14, 73 fuscum 15, 22, 34, 39, 48, 66, 67, 69, 136, 137, 139, holtii 215, 218 169, Pl. 52 holttumii 87 var. schimperi 138 homocladum 237 gabonense 344 homophyllum 60, 70, 229, 295, Pl. 141 galipense 147 hookeri 133 garberi 91 huilense 88 garysmithii 60, 70, 228, 295, Pl. 140 humbertii 207 gedeanum 152 humidulum Besch. in C. Müll. 1900 nom. nud. geheebi 87 humile 91, 135 georgianum 331 huntii 87

eschweizerbart_XXX 430 Index

husnotii 87 klinggraeffi i 80 hyalinum 156 krylovi 347 hymenophyllophilum 149 kurzeanum 344 hypnoides 226, 344 kurzianum 133 ikongense 344 kushiroense 41, 67, 219, 279, Pl. 124 illecebrum 331 labradorense 135 imbricatum 18, 37, 66, 67, 74, 75, 97, Pl. 6 laceratum 56, 70, 133, 141, 158, Pl. 41 ssp. affi ne 74 lacteolum 90 ssp. austinii 74 laegaardii 64, 70, 337, 365, Pl. 187 ssp. austinii var. arcticum 76 lanceolatum 335 var. fuscescens 74 lancifolium 335 immersum 78, 90 langloisii 218, 220 imperforatum 15, 55, 69, 70, 84, 117, Pl. 26 lankesteri 52, 69, 337, 365, Pl. 187 incertum 38, 39, 67, 146, 182, Pl. 65 lapazense 19, 20, 21, 29, 54, 69, 73, 93, Pl. 2 incommodum 59, 69, 232, 303, Pl. 148 laricinum 14, 66, 234, 336, 349 incundum 48, 69, 137, 138, 170, Pl. 53 var. platyphyllum 238 inexspectatum 41, 51, 67, 69, 226, 242, 321, Pl. 166 late-limbatum 226 inretortum 28, 29, 73, 74 laterale 144 insulatum 91 late-truncatum 235 insulosum 91 laticoma 237 intermedium 83, 144, 344 latifolium 80 var. compactum 90 var. compactum 90 var. pulchrum 349 var. condensatum 90 inundatum 14, 21, 22, 35, 41, 45, 46, 51, 66, 67, 68, 69, var. cordifolium 91 217, 218, 225, 276, Pl. 121 var. squarrosum 156 iridans 12 laxifolium 14, 344 irritans 335 var. dusenii 338 irwinii 54, 70, 78, 104, Pl. 13 var. majus 337 islei 45, 68, 209, 253, Pl. 98 var. miquelonense 351 isoloma 133 var. serrulatum 344 isophyllum 238 laxirameum 57, 69,70, 146, 183, Pl. 66 isoviitae 15, 346, 347 laxiramosum 61, 70, 219, 277, Pl. 122 itabense 63, 70, 218, 276, Pl. 121 laxirete 90 itacolumitis 77, 78 laxulum 63, 70, 220, 280, Pl. 125 itatiaiae 147, 151 laxum 220 japonicum 80 lechleri 147 var. philippinense 87 lehmannii 344 javanense 12 var. robustum 347 javanicum 344 leionotum 83 javense 12 lenense 36, 42, 52, 66, 67, 69, 332, 335, Pl. 177 jensenii 22, 36, 43, 53, 66, 67, 334, 336, 337, 364, Pl. 186 leonii 59, 70, 232, 303, Pl. 148 var. annulatum 334 leptocladum 13 juliforme 63, 69, 218, 277, Pl. 122 leratianum 87 junghuhnianum 39, 49, 50, 65, 67, 71, 151, 152, 195, lescurii 20, 51, 62, 69, 70, 216, 218, 220, 225, 234, 281, Pl. 78 Pl. 126 var. junghuhnianum 195 lesueurii 146 var. pseudomolle 195 leucobryoides 353 kearneyi 351 lewisii 57, 69, 146, 183, Pl. 66 kegelianum Sample80, 87 liesneri pages 61, 69, 220, 280, Pl. 125 kelantanense 87 ligulatum 347 kenaiense 334, 335 limbatum 50, 69, 146, 148, 182, 244, Pl. 65 keniae 208, 248 limprichtii 338 kerstenii 208 lindbergii 13, 14, 15, 22, 36, 42, 52, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, khasianum 41, 67, 219, 278, Pl. 123 141, 332, 356, Pl. 178 kihlmanii 333 ssp. lenense 332 kiiense 152 var. microphyllum 332 kinlayanum 225 lindmanii 217 kinlayi 225 linguaefolium 335 kirkii 335 lingulatum 226, 347

eschweizerbart_XXX Index 431

livonicum 334 mirabile 60, 70, 237, 311, Pl. 156 lojense 62, 69, 221 mirum 40, 50, 69, 156, 202, Pl. 85 lonchocladum 89 mississippiensis 53, 69, 348, 388, Pl. 210 lonchophyllum 344 missouricum 218, 238 longicomosum 63, 70, 215, 221, 274, Pl. 119 miyabeanum 225, 226 longifolium 344, 347 mobilense 217, 220 longistolo 55, 69, 70, 85, 118, Pl. 27 mohrianum 336 loricatum 85 molle 15, 22, 27, 34, 38, 48, 56, 66, 68, 69, 70, 135, louisianae 218, 220 136, 165, Pl. 48 ludovicianum 87 var. limbatum 133, 138, 154 luetzelburgii 61, 69, 229, 297, Pl. 142 var. molluscoides 154 luridum 153 molliculum 237, 335 luzonense 40, 67, 221, 282, Pl. 127 mollissimum 207 macrocephalum 89, 127 molluscoides 135 macromolluscum 339, 372 molluscum 13, 14, 15, 91, 352 macrophyllum 12, 21, 31, 52, 69, 328, 329, 331, Pl. 173, monocladum 344 174 monzonense 85 var. burinense 331 moorei 237 var. fl oridanum 244, 331 moronum 57, 69, 148, 187, Pl. 70 var. macrophyllum 331 mosenii 153 macroporum 87 mossmannianum 237 macro-rigidum 89 mougeotii 347 madegassum 339 mucronatum 211, 346 maegdefraui 58, 69, 147, 184, Pl. 67 muelleri 135 magellanicum 12,14, 21, 22, 33, 37, 44, 55, 66, 67, 68, mülleri 13, 14, 135, 136 69, 70, 82, 85, 86, 88, 119, 120, Pl. 28, 29 multifi brosum 37, 67, 80, 108, Pl. 17 ssp. grandirete 44, 68, 85, 86, 120, Pl. 29 multiporosum 55, 70, 86, 121, Pl. 30 magistri 58, 70, 221, 282, Pl. 127 nano-porosum 335 magnifolium 215 nanum 144, 352 majus 22, 36, 42, 53, 66, 67, 69, 337, 338, 366, Pl. 188 natans 342 malaccense 332 naumannii 335 mandonii 153, 154 nawaschinii 338 maori-compactum 83 neglectum 235, 238 margaritaceum 85 negrense 56, 69, 70, 80, 107, Pl. 16 margaritae 50, 69, 147, 184, Pl. 68 nemoreum 144, 145 marginatum 226 var. angermanicum 154 var. convolutum 226 var. luridum 153 marlothii 87 var. subtile 144 mathieui 226, 292 var. tenerum 140 matogrossense 55, 70, 86, 118, Pl. 27 nepalense 38, 67, 155, 200, Pl. 83 mauritianum 226, 243 nicholsii 218, 220 maximum 83 nitidulum 44, 68, 138, 166, Pl. 49 mcqueenii 334, 336 nitidum 140, 153 medium 85, 86, 138 noryungasense 61, 70, 222, 284, Pl. 129 mehneri 133 novae-caledoniae 210 mendocinum 53, 69, 336, 338, 367, Pl. 189 novae-seelandiae 237 meridense 50, 57, 58, 68, 69, 70, 147, 151, 186, 244, novo-caledoniae 9, 19, 20, 28, 65, 71, 210, 231, 254, Pl. 69 Pl. 99 mexicanum 91Samplenovo-fundlandicum pages 218, 220 microcarpum 231 novo-guineense 42, 68, 333, 357, Pl. 179 microcephalum 83, 147, 244 novo-zelandicum 31, 66, 71, 89, 225, 237, 313, Pl. 158 microcuspidatum 63, 70, 347, 385, Pl. 207 obesum 215, 241 microphyllum 132 obliquefi brosum 59, 70, 222, 284, Pl. 129 microporum 41, 67, 219, 222, 226, 283, Pl. 128 oblongum 80, 156 var. junsaiense 240 obovatum 243, 325, 326, 327 mildbraedii 90 obtusifolium 80, 90, 219 minoense 67 var. compactum 90 minutulum 60, 70, 78, 236, 311, Pl. 156 var. condensatum 90 miquelonense 351, 395 var. minus 90

eschweizerbart_XXX 432 Index

obtusiusculum 141 pendulirameum 58, 70, 149, 189, Pl. 72 obtusum 22, 36, 42, 52, 66, 67, 69, 338, 368, Pl. 190 pentastichum 7, 349 var. dusenii 337 perfoliatum 16, 242 ochraceum 78, 157 perforatum 60, 70, 238, 315, Pl. 160 ocultifolium 144 var. rotundifolium 228 okamurae 222 perichaetiale 14, 37, 43, 44, 47, 55, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, olafi i 34, 48, 66, 69, 138, 148, 188, Pl. 71 71, 77, 78, 86, 87, 88, 122, 123, Pl. 31, 31, 33 oligodon 226, 292 var. tabuleirense 55, 87, 124, Pl. 33 oligoporum 222 permolle 347 orbignyanum 85 perrieri 45, 68, 210, 255, Pl. 100 oregonense 338 personatum 64, 70, 239, 336, 339, 373, Pl. 195 orgaosense 87 peruvianum 87 orientale 41, 51, 67, 68, 69, 242, 322, Pl. 167 pilaiei 331 orlandense 217 planifolium 10, 46, 68, 339, 340, Pl. 191, 192, 193, 194 ornatum 15, 55, 69, 70, 87, 121, Pl. 30 var. angustilimbatum 339, 371, Pl. 193 orthocladum 89 var. congoanum 339 otagoense 83 var. planifolium 339, 340, 369, 370, Pl. 191, 192 ouropretense 87 var. rugegense 46, 339, 340, 372, Pl. 194 ovalifolium 59, 70, 237, 314, Pl. 159 platycladum 147, 148 var. japonicum 213 platyphylloides 41, 60, 67, 70, 238, 316, Pl. 161 ovatum 41, 67, 85, 238, 314, Pl. 159 platyphyllum 14, 21, 22, 35, 42, 52, 66, 67, 69, 238, oxycladum 226 317, Pl. 162 var. mauritianum 226 plicatum 217, 220 oxyphyllum 57, 70, 149, 187, Pl. 70 plumosum 344 pachycladum 83 plumulosum 12, 153, 154 pacifi cum 53, 69, 348, 388, Pl. 210 var. fl avicomans 154 pallens 38, 67, 133, 158, Pl. 41 var. gerstenbergeri 150 pallidum 243, 325, 326, 327 var. quinquefarium 150 palustre 12, 15, 20, 22, 29, 33, 38, 43, 47, 56, 65, 66, pluriporosum 59, 70, 242, 323, Pl. 168 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 79, 80, 109, 144, Pl. 18 poasense 53, 69, 348, 349, 389, Pl. 211 ssp. intermedium 83 polyphyllum 346 ssp. medium 85 polyporum 225 ssp. papillosum 78 porosum 157, 336 var. capillaceum 144 portoricense 37, 47, 54, 67, 68, 69, 70, 74, 75, 98, Pl. 7 var. capillifolium 144 potieri 339 var. compactum 90 praemorsum 90 var. congestum 85 priceae 58, 69, 155, 185, Pl. 68 var. medium 85 procerum 89 panduraefolium 207 propinquum 336 papillosum 22, 33, 37, 43, 46, 54, 66, 67, 68, 70, 77, 78, prostatum 331 79, 105, Pl. 14 pseudo-acutifolium 151 var. intermedium 83 pseudobesum 215 var. leve 79 pseudocontortum 218 var. plumosum 77 pseudocuspidatum 347 pappeani 207 pseudo-cuspidatum 339 pappeanum 29, 38, 44, 67, 68, 90, 91, 129, Pl. 38 pseudocymbifolium 38, 67, 81, 110, Pl. 19 paraguense 85 pseudomedium 83 paranae 80, 87 pseudomolle 152 paranense 63,Sample 70, 222, 285, Pl. 130 pseudomolluscum pages 344 parcoramosum 63, 70, 223, 285, Pl. 130 pseudopatulum 139 parvifolium 342 pseudoplatyphyllum 238 parvulum 144 pseudoramulinum 61, 70, 223, 286, Pl. 131 patagoniense 335 pseudorecurvum 347 patens 90, 147 pseudo-recurvum 347 patulum 139,156 pseudo-rigidum 85 paucifi brosum 87 pseudorufescens 237 pauciporosum 87 var. fl avescens 237 pauloense 87 var. fuscorufescens 237 pellucidifolium 244 var. virescens 237

eschweizerbart_XXX Index 433

pseudoserratum 344 rigidulum 90 pseudosquarrosum 218, 220 rigidum 13, 14, 15, 90, 136 pseudoturgidum 215, 218 var. humile 135 pugionatum 211 var. teneriffae 90 puiggari 80, 87 rio-negrense 59, 60, 70, 239, 318, Pl. 163 pulchellum 144, 151 riparioides 347 pulchricoma 339, 349, 350 riparium 15, 22, 36, 42, 52, 66, 67, 69, 333, 358, Pl. 180 pulchrum 22, 36, 43, 53, 66, 67, 69, 349, 390, Pl. 212 ripense 63, 70, 223, 286, Pl. 131 pulvinatum 58, 70, 149, 189, Pl. 72 rivulare 237, 338 pumilum 241 robinsonii 41, 67, 239, 319, Pl. 164 pungens 218 robustum 12, 139 pungifolium 43, 67, 349, 391, Pl. 213 rodriguezii 141 purpuratum 58, 70, 141, 153, 196, Pl. 79 rodwayi 336 purpureum 138, 141, 153 roellii 334 pusillo-squarrosum 133 roraimense 60, 70, 240 pusillum 344 roseotinctum 87 pycnocladulum 31, 45, 68, 209, 211, 256, 257, Pl. 101, roseum 151 102 rothii 347 pycnocladum 157 rotundatum 59, 70, 90, 224, 287, Pl. 132 pylaesii 27, 32, 37, 46, 54, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 330, 331, rotundifolium 60, 70, 240, 318, Pl. 163 332, Pl. 175 rubellum 10, 13, 14, 15, 22, 34, 39, 44, 49, 57, 66, 67, pylaiei 331 68, 69, 70, 138, 139, 144, 151, 171, Pl. 54 quinquefarium 7, 17, 22, 35, 39, 49, 66, 67, 69, 149, rubiginosum 34, 38, 48, 66, 67, 69, 134, 162, Pl. 45 190, Pl. 73 rubrofl exuosum 52, 69, 333, 357, Pl. 179 quinquefolium 150 rufescens 215 ramosissimum Lour. in Steud. 1824 nom. nud. rufulum 332 ramulinum 59, 70, 223, 232, 303, Pl. 148 rugegense 68, 339, 340 reclinatum 15, 56, 70, 81, 111, Pl. 20 rugense 68 recurvatum 339 ruppinense 334 recurviforme 344 russowii 10, 12, 15, 21, 22, 34, 39, 49, 66, 67, 69, 134, recurvum 7, 13, 14, 46, 53, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 340, 346, 139, 172, Pl. 55 347, 349, 350, 392, Pl. 214 rutenbergii 45, 68, 243, 325, 326, 327, Pl. 170, 171, ssp. amblyphyllum 347 172 ssp. angustifolium 342 ruwenzorense 339 ssp. balticum 334 salvanii 243 ssp. mucronatum 346 sancto-josephense 52, 64, 69, 70, 340, 374, Pl. 196 ssp. pulchrum 349 sanguinale 55, 69, 70, 82, 88, 125, Pl. 34 ssp. recurvum 350 santanderense 62, 70, 224, 288, Pl. 133 var. amblyphyllum 347 santosense 80, 87 var. brevifolium 347 schiffneri 227 var. fallax 338, 346 schimperi 144 var. majus 347 var. gracile 138 var. mollissimum 334 var. tenellum 138 var. mucronatum 25 schliephackeanum 144 var. obtusum 338 schliephackei 344 var. parvifolium 342 schofi eldii 49, 69, 150, 191, Pl. 74 var. porosum 336 schultzii 344 var. preuschoffi i 333 schwabeanum 62, 70, 224 var. quinquefariumSample 349 scorpidioides pages 63, 70, 225, 289, Pl. 134 var. recurvum 350 scortechinii 335 var. riparium 333 scotiae 141 var. robustum 333 sedoides 231, 331 var. spectabile 333 seemannii 344 var. tenue 342 sehnemii 57, 70, 139, 168, Pl. 51 rehmannii 226 semisquarrosum 156 reichardtii 44, 65, 68, 71, 156, 201, Pl. 84 septatoporosum 59, 70, 243, 323, Pl. 168 richardsianum 52, 69, 239, 315, Pl. 160 septatum 43, 67, 350, 388, Pl. 210 rigescens 19, 21, 28, 29, 54, 69, 70, 73, 74, 93, Pl. 2 sericeum 7, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 28, 37, 67, 73, 92, rigidiforme 90 Pl. 1

eschweizerbart_XXX 434 Index

seriolum 73 subfulvum 22, 34, 39, 48, 66, 69, 137, 138, 140, 173, serrae 347 Pl. 56 serratifolium 335 ssp. purpureum 140 serratum 341, 344 subhomophyllum 60, 70, 230, 298, Pl. 143 var. serrulatum 335 submedium 55, 70, 88, 125, Pl. 34 serrulatum 335 submolliculum 237, 336 setchellii 335 submollissimum 244 siamense 81 submolluscum 244 simile 217, 220 submucronatum 211 simplex 66, 71, 233, 304, Pl. 149 subnitens 12, 15, 16, 22, 35, 40, 44, 50, 58, 65, 66, 67, simplicicaulis 56, 70, 81, 111, Pl. 20 68, 69, 70, 71, 138, 140, 144, 151, 153, 154, 197, simplicissimum 215 Pl. 80 sincorae 76, 100 var. fl avicomans 154 sintenisii 87 var. nitidum 140 sipmanii 55, 69, 70, 88, 125, Pl. 34 var. obscurum 154 sitchense 133, 153, 154 var. patulum 139 skyense 10, 34, 66, 150, 151, 192, Pl. 75 subobesum 41, 67, 240, 241, 320, Pl. 165 slooveri 46, 68, 340, 375, Pl. 197 suborbiculare 224 smithianum 218, 220 subovalifolium 60, 70, 241, 318, Pl. 163 sociabile 147 subrecurvum 344 sonsonense 60, 70, 230, 298, Pl. 143 var. borneense 344 sordidum 344 subrigidum 144 sparsifolium 69, 90 subrotundifolium 207 sparsum 49, 50, 57, 69, 70, 146, 151, 193, Pl. 76 subrufescens 60, 70, 241, 318, Pl. 163 speciosum 333 subsecundoides 15, 56, 70, 81, 82, 111, Pl. 20 spectabile 14, 333 subsecundum 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 30, 31, 35, 41, 45, 61, spegazzinii 335 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 147, 216, 225, 226, 290, sphaericum 66 Pl. 135 spinulosum 85 var. andrusii 212 splendens 28, 52, 69, 350, 389, Pl. 211 var. carolinianum 234 squarrifolium 69 var. contortum 234 squarrosiforme 152 var. inundatum 218 squarrosulum 157 var. isophyllum 235 squarrosum 12, 13, 14, 15, 22, 30, 35, 40, 44, 50, 65, var. latissimum 238 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 156, 203, Pl. 86 var. platyphyllum 238 ssp. teres 157 subserratum 63, 71, 336, 341, 373, Pl. 195 var. tenellum 157 subtile 16, 144 var. teres 157 subtursum 80 squarrulosum 157 subulatum 132, 144 steerei 37, 47, 67, 75, 76, 96, 343, Pl. 5 subundulatum 344 stewartii 85 sucrei 59, 70, 233, 305, Pl. 150 stollei 344 sulcatum 217, 220 strictum 29, 33, 47, 56, 66, 68, 69, 70, 91, 130, 133, sullivanii 237 Pl. 39 sullivantianum 75 ssp. pappeanum 90 sullivantii 75 stuhlmannii 339 sulphureum 80 subaciphyllum 149 sumapazense 59, 70, 243, 327, Pl. 172 subacutifolium 39, 67, 151 surisici 338 subaequifoliumSample 238 tabulare pages 135 subbalticum 64, 70, 340, 373, Pl. 195 var. molluscoides 135 subbicolor 80, 83 tabuleirense 15, 87 subbrachycladum 87 takedae 236 subcontortum 237 talbotianum 138, 139 subcuspidatum 334, 335 tenellum 13, 14, 15, 22, 27, 31, 37, 43, 46, 54, 65, 66, subditivum 66, 71, 336, 351, 393, Pl. 215 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 138, 157, 352, 396, Pl. 218 subdivisum 145, 146 tenerum 34, 49, 66, 69, 135, 136, 140, 141, 144, Pl. 58 suberythrocalyx 80, 87 tenue 225 subfalcatulum 63, 71, 336, 341, 373, Pl. 195 tenuifolium 137

eschweizerbart_XXX Index 435

teres 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 35, 40, 50, 66, 67, 69, 157, variabile 344 204, Pl. 87 var. intermedium 338, 347 var. concinnum 132 var. majus 347 var. squarrosum 156 variegatum 225 tescorum 38, 48, 67, 69, 134, 135, 163, Pl. 46 venustum 34, 48, 66, 69, 141, 174, Pl. 57 thailandense 239 veresczagini 133 thomsonii 152 versicolor 142 tijucae 85, 87 versiporum 59, 70, 241, 320, Pl. 142 tonduzii 146 vesiculare 85 torreyanum 53, 69, 351, 395, Pl. 217 violascens 39, 44, 67, 68, 141, 175, 176, Pl. 58, 59 torreyi 351 virginianum 344 tosaense 42, 67, 68, 351, 352, 388, Pl. 210 viride 344, 345 trachyacron 80 vitalii 55, 70, 89, 126, Pl. 35 trachynotum 83 vitianum 87 transvaaliense 226 vitjianum 80 trichophyllum 335 vogesiacum 338 tricladum 147 vulcanicum 90 trigonum 244 vulgare 80 trinitense 53, 64, 69, 70, 71, 341, 344, 345, 376, Pl. 198 waghornei 78 var. fi tzgeraldii 336 wallisii 85 triporosum 137 wardellense 83 trirameum 51, 69, 226, 298, Pl. 134 warnstorfi anum 142 tristichum 90 warnstorfi i 15, 21, 22, 34, 39, 49, 66, 67, 69, 133, 139, troendelagicum 36, 66, 342, 377, Pl. 199 142, 151, 177, Pl. 60 trollii 15, 55, 69, 89, 126, Pl. 35 var. pallens 150 truncatum 46, 68, 226, 227, 236, Pl. 136, 137, 291, 292 var. pseudopatulum 150 var. bordasii 226, 227, 292, Pl. 117 wattsii 335 var. truncatum 226, 227, 291, Pl. 116 weberbaueri 149 tumidulum 31, 68, 211, 258, 259, Pl. 103, 104 weberi 344 var. confusum 44, 259 weddelianum 85 var. macrophyllum 211 wenckei 207 var. microphyllum 211 weymouthii 89 var. tumidulum 44, 258 wheeleri 90 tundrae 35, 40, 50, 66, 67, 69, 157, 205, Pl. 88 whiteleggei 83 turfaceum 74 wieboldtii 52, 69, 342, 394, Pl. 216 turgens 63, 70, 227, 288, Pl. 133 wilcoxii 83 turgescens 60, 70, 243, 318, Pl. 163 wilfi i 49, 69, 151, 191, Pl. 74 turgidulum 215 wilsonii 138, 142 turgidum 215 var. roseum 139 tursum 85 wrightii 87 typicum 66 wulfi anum 7, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 27, 30, 35, 40, 51, 66, ugandense 208, 248 67, 69, 157, 206, Pl. 89 uleanum 62, 70, 227, 293, Pl. 138 wulfi i 157 umbrosum 21, 61, 70, 227, 294, Pl. 139 xerophilum 218, 220 undulatum 335 zickendrathii 338 uruguayense 62, 70, 228, 294, Pl. 139 Takakia usteri 135 lepidozioides 20 var. versicolor 153 Usnea 11 var. viride Sample142 Vorcutannularia pages uzenense 240, 241 laevis 17 validum 218, 220 plicata 17 vancouverense 137 vandenbroeckii 208

eschweizerbart_XXX Bibliotheca Botanica, Volume 162, 2019 D. Michaelis, The Sphagnum Species of the World

Sphagnum specialist Dierk Michaelis documents Peat mosses in the narrow sense (genus Sphag- the worldwide known peat moss species (genus num) feature a combination of leaf dimorphism Sphagnum) and presents keys for their identification. (stem and branch leaves), cell dimorphism (living It represents the updated, supplemented English chlorophyll and empty hyaline cells) and branch di- language version of the author’s original peat moss morphism (strongly assimilating spreading branch- flora of 2011 (in German), the first overall presenta- es and hanging branches serving the outer water tion of Sphagnum since Carl Warnstorf’s “Sphag- supply) that is unique among mosses. Although the nologia Universalis” of 1911. Compared to the Ger- assignment of any peat moss to the genus Sphag- man edition, 12 species have been added, 23 new num usually does not cause any problems, the de- plates were added, the chapters on phylogeny and termination down to the species level causes dif- research history have been revised and a new chap- ficulties sometimes. ter on Sphagnum ecology has been added. The author introduces and describes the anatomy Since Warnstorf’s comprehensive work, numerous and morphology of Sphagnum, and explains the names have been recognized and revised as syn- reproductive biology, the research history and phy- onyms - particularly by Andrews, Eddy and Isoviita. logenesis of peat mosses. The systematic part is These revisions, and the approximately 150 new divided into three segments: species described since then, have been incorpo- Description and identification of the sections, rated into this volume, as well as the results of the keys for all peat moss species, separated by author’s own studies. Genetic characteristics were continents, as well as Sphagnum species lists used to define the species of problematic groups. for 20 phytogeographic regions of the world. The peat mosses are of key ecological and econom- The keys for Africa, Europe and North America are ic importance among the mosses. They populate al- based on existing data and were revised and supple- most all continents with a clear focus on northern mented with the help of recent descriptions, updated South America, North America, East and North Asia species concepts and new floristic data. Completely and Europe. new keys have been developed for South America The genus Sphagnum is very isolated within the and Asia, as these did not exist previously. 292 peat Bryopsida, similarities in the construction of the moss species are described in detail, supplemented sporophyte indicate a distant relation to the rock- by data on habitats, geographical distribution and mosses (class Andreaeopsida). lists of synonyms. For the internal classification of Sphagnum there This section is supplemented by the presentation of are very different approaches with up to 4 subgen- the inner and outer characteristics on 219 plates. A era and up to 18 possible sections, of which 14 are very extensive bibliography rounds off the volume. distinguished in this volume.

www.schweizerbart.de ISBN 978-3-510-48033-3 ISSN 0067-7892

9 783510 480333

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Sphagnum specialist Dierk Michaelis documents the worldwide known peat moss species (genus Sphagnum) and presents keys for their identifi- cation. It represents the updated, augmented English language version of the author’s original peat moss flora of 2011 (in German), the first overall presentation of Sphagnum since Carl Warnstorf’s “Sphagnologia Univer- salis” of 1911. Compared to the German edition, 12 species have been added, as were 23 new plates; the chapters on phylogeny and research history were revised and a new chapter on Sphagnum ecology was added.

Since Warnstorf’s comprehensive approaches with up to 4 subgen- Description and identification work, numerous names have been era and up to 18 possible sections, of the sections, keys for all peat recognized and revised as syn- of which 14 are distinguished in moss species by continent, and onyms - particularly by Andrews, this volume. Sphagnum species lists for 20 Eddy and Isoviita. These revi- Peat mosses in the narrow sense phytogeographic regions of the sions, and the approximately 150 (genus Sphagnum) feature a world. new species described since then, combination of leaf dimorphism have been incorporated into this (stem and branch leaves), cell di- The keys for Africa, Europe and volume, as well as the results of morphism (living chlorophyll and North America are based on ex- the author’s own studies. Genetic empty hyaline cells) and branch isting data and were revised and characteristics were used to define dimorphism (strongly assimilating supplemented using recent de- the species of problematic groups. spreading branches and hanging scriptions, updated species con- The peat mosses are of key eco- branches serving the outer wa- cepts and new floristic data. Com- logical and economic importance ter supply) that is unique among pletely new keys were developed among the mosses. They populate mosses. Although the assignment for South America and Asia, as almost all continents with a clear of any peat moss to the genus these did not exist previously. 292 focus on northern South America, Sphagnum usually does not cause peat moss species are described North America, East and North any problems, the determination in detail, supplemented by data on Asia and Europe. down to the species level causes habitats, geographical distribution The genus Sphagnum is very iso- difficulties sometimes. and lists of synonyms. lated within the Bryopsida, similari- The author introduces and de- This section is supplemented by ties in the construction of the spo- scribes the anatomy and morphol- the presentation of the inner and rophyte indicate a distant relation ogy of Sphagnum, and explains outer characteristics on 219 plates. to the rock-mosses (class Andre- the reproductive biology, the re- A very extensive bibliography aeopsida). search history and phylogenesis of rounds off the volume. For the internal classification of peat mosses. The systematic part Sphagnum there are very different is divided into three segments:

6FKZHL]HUEDUW6FLHQFH3XEOLVKHUV  Johannesstr. 3A, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany., Tel. +49 (0)711 351456-0, Fax +49 (0)711 351456-99, [email protected], www.schweizerbart.de Bibliotheca Botanica 162. The Sphagnum Species of the World

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%LEOLRWKHFD%RWDQLFD PRVWUHFHQWYROXPHV )RUFRPSOHWHEDFNOLVWSOHDVHYLVLWZZZVFKZHL]HUEDUWGHSXEOLFDWLRQVVHULHVELEOERWDQLFD 143. Gabriele Kothe-Heinrich: Revision der Gattung Ha- 149. Sabrina Rilke: Revision der Sektion Salsola S.L. der 156. Peter Sack: Ausbreitungsbiologische Experimente lothamnus (Chenopodiaceae). Dissertation Kassel Gattung Salsola (Chenopodiaceae). 1999. 189 S., 75 an Arten der Subtribus Prunellineae (Prunella L. und 1992. 1993. 176 S., 73 Abb., 12 Tab., 2 Photos, 12 Abb., 7 Tab., ISBN 978-3-510-48020-3, brosch. Cleonia L.; Lamiaceae). 2003. XI, 121 S., 49 Abb., 25 Phototaf., ISBN 978-3-510-48014-2, brosch. 150. Ragna Mißkampf und Wiebke Züghart: Floristisch- Tab., 18 Taf., ISBN 978-3-510-48027-2, brosch. 144. Dagmar Lange: Untersuchungen zur Systematik und ökologische Untersuchung der SpontanÀ ora in Bre- 157. Lieselotte Klingenberg: Monographie der südameri- Taxonomie der Gattung Helictotrichon Besser ex J.A. mer Häfen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der kanischen Gattungen Haplopappus Cass. und Noto- Schultes & J. H. Schultes (Poaceae) in Südosteuropa anthropochoren PÀ anzen. 2000. 110 S., 25 Abb., 38 pappus L. Klingenberg (Asteraceae – Astereae). und Vorderasien. 1995. IV, 238 S., 49 Abb., 16 Tab., Tab., 10 Photos, ISBN 978-3-510-48021-0, brosch. 2007. X, 331 S., 230 Abb., 30 Tab., ISBN 978-3-510- ISBN 978-3-510-48015-9, brosch. 151. Joachim Prutsch und Rainer Schill: Die Ontogenese 48028-9, brosch. 145. Christoph Weiglin: Freilandökologische Untersu- der Narbe bei den Orchideen. 2000. 82 S., 2 Abb., 1 158. Monika Langlotz: Aspekte der Reproduktionsbiologie chungen und Gewächshausexperimente zur Ef¿ zienz Tab., 249 Taf., ISBN 978-3-510-48022-7, brosch. chorikarper BlütenpÀ anzen. 2007. X, 276 S., 59 Abb., hygroskopisch beweglicher Diasporen von Sperma- 152. Iris Mundry: Morphologische und morphogenetische 26 Graf., zahlr. Ill., ISBN 978-3-510-48029-6, brosch. tophyten. 1995. VIII, 160 S., 62 Abb., 44 Tab., ISBN Untersuchungen zur Evolution der Gymnospermen. 159. Arno Wörz: Revision of Eryngium L. (Apiaceae-Sa- 978-3-510-48016-6, brosch. 2000. 90 S., 72 Abb., ISBN 978-3-510-48023-4, niculoideae): General part and Palaearctic species. 146. R. Ch. Kruijt: A taxonomic monograph of Sapium brosch. 2011. 498 pages, 84 ¿ gures, 41 tables, 12 plates, Jacq., Anomostachys (Baill.) Hurus., Duvigneaudia 153. Christine Ehrhart: Die Gattung Calceolaria (Scrophu- ISBN 978-3-510-48030-2, bound J. Léonard and Sclerocroton Hochst. (Euphorbiaceae lariaceae) in Chile. 2000. 283 S., 145 Abb., 17 Tab., 160. Dierk Michaelis: Die Sphagnum-Arten der Welt. 2011. tribe Hippomaneae). 1996. V, 109 p., 35 ¿ gs., 8 tab., ISBN 978-3-510-48024-1, brosch. 408 Seiten, 10 Abbildungen, 194 Tafeln. ISBN 978-3- ISBN 978-3-510-48017-3, paperback. 154. Markus Sonnberger: Aspekte der Reproduktions- 510-48031-9, gebunden 147. Ewald Gerhardt: Taxonomische Revision der Gat- biologie des Echten Steinsamen (Lithospermum of¿ - 161. Veit Martin Dörken: The evolutionary relevance of tungen Panaeolus and Panaeolina (Fungi, Agarica- cinale, Boraginaceae). 2002. XIII, 150 S., 13 Abb., 43 vegetative long-shoot/short-shoot differentiation les, Coprinaceae). 1996. 149 S., 77 Abb., ISBN 978- Tab., 27 Diagr., ISBN 978-3-510-48025-8, brosch. in gymnospermous tree species. 2012. 100 pages, 3-510-48018-0, brosch. 155. Martin Schmid: Morphologie, Vergesellschaftung, 41 ¿ gures, 12 tables. ISBN 978-3-510-48032-6, 148. Jens G. Rohwer: Die Frucht- und Samenstrukturen Ökologie, Verbreitung und Gefährdung der Sumpf- paperback der Oleaceae. Eine vergleichend-anatomische Unter- Löwenzähne (Taraxacum sect. Palustria Dahlst., suchung. 1996. V, 177 S., 300 Abb., 6 Tab., ISBN Asteraceae) Süddeutschlands. 2003. IX, 268 S., 86 978-3-510-48019-7, brosch. Abb., 14 Tab., 25 Kart., ISBN 978-3-510-48026-5, brosch. 2UGHUIRUP , ZH RUGHUYLD 6FKZHL]HUEDUW6FLHQFH3XEOLVKHUV 1lJHOHX2EHUPLOOHU -RKDQQHVVWU$6WXWWJDUW*HUPDQ\ 7HO  )D[   PDLO#VFKZHL]HUEDUWGHZZZVFKZHL]HUEDUWGH

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