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Phone (202) 872-0060 Fax (202) 466-9064 Telex 64514 Cable Clements/Washington A FINER-GRAINED DIPLOMACY Your new board, the Continuity and Outreach Slate, took office on July 15. We thank you for your support. There is much that we will try to do, with your AMERICAN FOREIGN help, on behalf of our country and our service. You’ll hear a lot from us, and SERVICE ASSOCIATION Governing Board we want to hear from you. We will answer our mail promptly. Even before taking President: HUME HORAN office, I received a detailed, substantial set of comments and suggestions from State Vice President: WILLIAM A. KIRBY AID Vice President: PRISCILLA DHL BOSQUE our AFSA colleagues in Georgetown, Guyana. Let us hear more. l SI A Vice President: BERNARD HENSGEN But our “inauguration” is also a convenient time to try to place ourselves and Retiree Vice President: CHARLES A. SCHMITZ Secretary: TERESA CHIN JONES our profession in a broader context. By any historical reckoning, this is a unique, Treasurer: JOSEPH I HI GGI NS State Representatives. CATHERINE BARRY extraordinary time to be an American and to represent our country. PURNELL DHLLY Consider this: the 20th century has been one of history’s great “ice ages.” HARRY GALLAGHER ROBERT PERRY Three times the world was threatened by the advance of authoritarian and BARBARA REIOUX totalitarian ideologies. Four generations of Americans were tested, and in each AID Representatives MICHAEL S. ZAK WILLIAM MCKINNEY instance—in 1917, 1941, and the 50 years since—we provided the winning (SIA Representative: LAUREN HALE Agriculture margin for liberty. Looking ahead, we must remain watchful and strong. The Representative. TOM HAMBY world will still be violent, risky, and uncertain—but even more than in the past, Retired Representatives: PATRICIA BYRNE DANIEL NEWBERRY it will need our leadership. DONALD R. NORLAND A prominent encyclopedia of American ethnicity breaks down our American DAVID SCI INEIDER “genus” into several hundred “societies,” beginning with “Amish” and ending Staff Executive Director SABINE SISK with “Zoroastrians.” The coming together of these elements, however, in an Business Department Controller: CATHY FREGELH ITK American context, has produced something unique in mankind’s history: the Adininistratiie Manager SANDRA I>QUGLAS first multi-ethnic, democratic state of continental proportions. The fractured Executive Assistant: STACEY M. CUMMINGS Administrative Assistant: CHAMPA JARMl 'L societies of the post-Cold War world are aware of our achievement. Having tried legal Services all extremes of violence and ideology, they might, finally, be encouraged to General Counsel: TURNA R. LEWIS Legal Assistant: MARK W. SMITH emulate this model. What better hope is there for them? Law Clerk: CLIFFORD DALY Member Services Such a future will be exciting but challenging for American diplomacy. Ours Director: CATHERINE SCHMITZ will be a more textured, finer-grained diplomacy; the number of pieces in our Representative: DEBORAH M. LEAHY Membersh ip Sen 'ices political jigsaw puzzle will increase. Headquarters will have to pay more Director: JANET L. HEDRICK

attention to details. It will be a good time for desk officers, and a wonderful time Professional Issues: RICHARD S. THOMPSON to be in the USIA. Ours will be a diplomacy with greater emphasis on Congressional Liaison ROBERT M. BEERS international organizations, regions and sub-regions, as well as on major RICK WEISS Director of Scholarships functional issues, such as international trade, economics, the role of women, and Development: GAIL VOLK human rights, refugees, and the environment. It will be more a diplomacy of tactics, involving the movement of smaller units—not the “army corps” issues The American Foreign Service Association, founded of Cold War times. in 1924. is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the official representative of all Foreign Will the foreign affairs agencies that fall under the 1980 Foreign Service Act Service employees in the Department of State and the Agency for International Development under the terms be up to the job? The recipe books of our profession, from Sir Harold Nicolson’s of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired Diplomacy to the Thomas and Bremer Commission reports, offer much helpful membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired employees of the I S. foreign affairs agencies. Associ¬ advice about what should be done. A Foreign Seivice goal, however, for which ate membership is open to persons having an interest in or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual your board will press in its relations with management, is greater representa¬ dues: Active Members—$80-165; Retired Members— $45-55; Associate Members—$45. All AFSA members tiveness. We are the world’s most “representative” nation and, in a future of are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: multiplying nationalisms, we can tell America’s story more credibly if we AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business ourselves better represent the best of what America has to offer. expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship and AFSA Fund donations may be deductible as We will strongly support Director General Perkins’s outreach campaign. charitable contributions. “Outreach” is not a matter of cameo appearances, one-shot lectures, or AMERICAN FOREIGN SHRVICI: ASSOCIATION. 2101 K Street NW. Washington. D.C. 2003?- Executive offices, mem¬ exhortations from on high. It can’t be turned over to job fairs, diplomats-in- bership, professional issues, scholarship programs, insurance programs. JOURNAL offices: (202) 338-T045. residence, the Board of Examiners, or any particular individual or bureau. Governing Board, standing committees, general coun¬ “Outreach” is a job for us all; it requires resources, imagination, and persistence, sel, labor-management relations, member services, grievances: (202) 647-8160. . FAX: (202) 338-6820 . and must be well done for our country’s sake. Foreign Service Club (202) 338-5730. — HUME HORAN

2 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 FOREIGN SERVICE SEPTEMBER 1991 JOURNAL VOL. 68, NO. 9

Editorial Board Chairman HOWARD SCHAFFER

RICHARD AHERNE WILLIAM BEECHER C. STUART CALLISON HELEN STROTHER FOUCHE JOE B. JOHNSON BENJAMIN LOWE DANIEL NELSON PHYLLIS OAKLEY HANS N. TUCH Children of War 28 Mutual Suspicion 35

“The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” FEATURES

Editor Bridging the Gulf: Understanding the Arab World 14 ANNE STEVENSON-YANG Associate Editor DAVID FREDRICK NANCY A. JOHNSON Assistant Editor/Advertising Manager Under One Roof: USIA in the 1990s 18 JULIA T. SCHIEKEN Editorial Assistant An Interview with Henry Catto DEREK TERRELL JOE B. JOHNSON Design MARKETING & MEDIA SOLUTIONS Postcard from Abroad: Kayaking to Estonia 25 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E TOM ARMBRUSTER Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990, is published monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. HUMAN RIGHTS Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries are Children of War: An Interview with Melissa Wells 28 invited. ANN MILLER MORIN JOURNAL subscription: AFSA Members -$9-50 included in annual dues; others - $40. Overseas subscription (except Canada) - $50 per year. Airmail Diplomacy’s Orphans: New Issues in Human Rights 32 not available. THOMAS A. SHANNON JR. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, 2101 E Improving State’s Human Rights Reports 33 Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. JULIEN LEBOURGEOIS Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs Mutual Suspicion: The Abduction of Dianna Ortiz 35 Information Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries ANNE STEVENSON-YANG invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: 202/338-6820 • TELEPHONE: Ideological Warrior: An Interview with Michael Novak 39 202/338-4045 or 338-4054. JOHN HARTER

American Foreign Service Association 1991 DEPARTMENTS AFSA Views 2 History 50 Letters 4 AFSA News 51 Cover: Clippings 8 Merit Scholarship Award Winners...57 50 Years Ago 10 Marketplace 61 Painting by Becky Heavner for the Foreign Service Quiz 10 Real Estate 64 Despatch 12 Classifieds 67 Foreign Service Journal. Books 43

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 3 TRADE FOCUS able accord. Would anyone care to a better understanding of the modern address the political consequences of Spain and the Franco regime: Franco To THE EDITOR: failure? was a disciple of the monarchy . . . For several months I have been But regardless of how either the nevertheless [he] loyally supported the meaning to write to congratulate you Uruguay Round or the FTA negotia¬ Spanish republic in the tumultuous and the Editorial Board for the quality tions turn out, the Journal deserves our 1930s, after the abduction of Alfonso of the Journal, the June issue pushed thanks for helping identify the issues XIII. me into action. There has been a and shape the discussion. Well done. As dictator after a civil war, . . . steady improvement in the substance Jack R. Binns Franco believed in no “ideologies.” of the articles chosen for publication, Ambassador, retired Franco’s real goals were to preserve but June was particularly noteworthy Spanish national unity, Spanish heri¬ because it focusses on what is likely to NO COMPARISON tage, and restore some kind of stable be the overriding issue of the post- government. Cold War era, international trade. THE EDITOR: To The Franco regime prepared the Doral Cooper’s article on the Uru¬ Frank McNeil’s shockingly cavalier political evolution which emerged af¬ guay Round . . . presented a balanced equation of the regimes of Fidel Castro ter his death: Franco personally super¬ defense of the international trading and Francisco Franco in the June “Let- vised the education of Juan Carlos. . . issue. It also outlined potential dan¬ . Political parties, while formally ille¬ gers in the emergence of a new system gal, were easily tolerated. Franco was based on regional trading blocs. I and Mr. McNeil obviously does not an avowed provisional authoritarian, many others share her concerns about not a totalitarian. After him, Spain the aims and arguments of those who valueJeane Kirkpatrick’s quickly and peacefully moved to a would move us in the latter direction, classic 1980 distinction be¬ formally democratic regime, and has especially if they imply abandoning tween authoritarian dictator¬ enjoyed a remarkably democratic sta¬ GATT. ... The GATT system has ships of the right and totalitar- bility ever since. served us well.... The highest priority To casually equate the historical should be given to its preservation and ians of the left. And, he may role of such an honorable, if complex, evolution. be right, or wrong: . . . The man with that of a naked tyrant such as Regarding Susan Purcell’s arguments Jury is still out on the question Fidel Castro is not merely monstrous; in favor of the U.S.-Mexico FTA, I whether the Soviet system can it is mindless cant. remain skeptical. There is little doubt Paul D. Molineaux that the effects of the proposed FTA peacefully evolve into some¬ Foreign Service Officer, retired have been overstated and under-ana¬ thing more human. lyzed. . . . Moreover, arguments that JULY ISSUES the FTA would have a stabilizing po¬ litical effect in Mexico sound like a ters” section . . .is unworthy of an To THE EDITOR: triumph of hope over experience. . . . otherwise so skilled writer. . . . There are always interesting articles There has been little instructive analy¬ Mr. McNeil obviously does not value in the Foreign Service Journal, and I sis of the potential benefits and risks, Jeane Kirkpatrick’s classic 1980 dis¬ look forward to your every issue. But because there are no analogies for tinction between authoritarian dicta¬ in the July issue, every article, from FTAs between countries of such dis¬ torships of the right and totalitarians of Stephen Sestanovich on Yugoslavia to parate levels of development. the left. And, he may be right, or Janice Stein and the others deals with None of this addresses the practical wrong: . . . The jury is still out on the topical subjects with outstanding ana¬ and difficult task of finding mutual question whether the Soviet system lytical clarity and excellent writing interests amid the welter of conflicting can peacefully evolve into something style. It was a real pleasure to read interests and aims. .. . There would be more human. The same must be said them. Keep up the good work. some question as to the ability of the of the Cuba of Castro. Ernest G. Wiener negotiators to build a mutually accept¬ Mr. McNeil, however should reflect Foreign Service Officer, retired

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6 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 Welcome to The Fairfax. ; *

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monkey recipe is simple: Pan-fry with THE WASHINGTON POST, JULY 12

onions, okra, peanuts, red pepper. But BY LEE HOCKSTADER getting bat or monkey meat to Washing¬ CABLES The new embassy complex [in El ton is complicated. One of Kombert’s 29 Salvador], scheduled to open early next siblings buys the animals fresh, 6,400 THE WASHINGTON POST, JULY 16, 1991 year at a cost of about $70 million, is miles away, in BY JOHN M. GOSHKO about the size of a junior college. One Bangui, C.A.R. She Faced with of the largest State Department projects, dries them in the charges of mis¬ it features eight buildings spread over a sun, wraps them [Managing] “the State Depart¬ leading Congress, 26-acre lot. . . . in plastic and the State Depart¬ The new embassy was approved by packs them into a ment was easy, because the ment plans to ar¬ Congress in 1987, when Central America suitcase. A courier standards of acceptable man¬ gue there is no was at the top of Washington’s foreign

escorts the bats agement are so low. ”— Ivan significant dis¬ policy agenda. . . . Now, as 1,000 and monkeys on Selin, former Under Secretary crepancy between workers rush to get the new embassy two seven-hour Ambassador April ready for occupancy, Washington’s gaze flights. for Management Glaspie’s secret has aimed elsewhere and U.S. aid to El “When we eat cables about her Salvador has shrunk by a third. the forest animals two-hour meeting If peace is at hand in El Salvador, QUOTED IN it makes us think with Iraq President THE WASHINGTON POST, what will become of the U.S. presence? of home,” Kom¬ Saddam Hussein . . . Who will be around to occupy JULY 22. bert says. Home. last July and her 210,000 square feet of office and living Just as U.S. diplomats overseas beg later testimony to the Senate Foreign space at the new embassy compound? their stateside friends to mail them Relations Committee. Publicly, U.S. officials are reassuring. Pringles and Oreos, the 2,723 foreign “The traditional way of writing a . . . Once the war ends, the idea is to diplomats in the Washington area go diplomatic cable about an ambassador’s convert U.S. military aid into economic to great lengths for a taste of home. meeting with a foreign leader is to aid without any drastic reduction in U.S. Hebon Kim’s wife, for example, has emphasize what the leader told the presence in the country. a passion for dried squid. When the ambassador rather than the other way But privately, U.S. officials offer a Korean press attache’s mother-in-law around,” a senior department official blunter assessment. “I figure they’ll keep visited last month, she brought a cache said. “That was what Ambassador it up for one, two, maybe three years,” with her. “My wife eats them like cook¬ Glaspie did, and that is why her cables said one official. “But you can’t feed ies.” Kim says. . . . stress what she was told by Saddam. them a million dollars a day forever.” If Washington’s 142 diplomats agree Later, when questions arose about what Another official mused, ”If push comes on nothing else, there is consensus on kind of message she gave Saddam on to shove, you could subdivide the prop¬ this: American food is terribly bland. . . behalf of the United States, she filled in erty. Conceivably, the whole complex . A popular solution among diplomats . the gaps in her testimony.” could be sold at a decent price.” .. is to ship their native hot pepper sauce Committee Chairman Claiborne Pell The new complex includes the em¬ to rescue D.C.’s lifeless cuisine. and other critics say the cables raise the bassy, tlie ambassador’s mansion, Ma¬ There is also little hope for American question of whether Glaspie actually rine barracks, offices of A.I.D., acommissary, beverages. The Israeli diplomat got right delivered a warning about the conse¬ a cafeteria, and service buildings. There to the point: “Your coffee, it is nothing.” quences of invading Kuwait. . . . is room for 500 workers. ■

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10 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 THE LEADER OF THE

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man concludes: “Nobody knows what interviews with 20 science attaches Loading the dice effect, if any, all this will have on the posted to Washington by foreign In late August The Mediterranean quality of the Foreign Service. . . . but countries and 10 American science Quarterly published a thorough, women FSOs may now have to face a attaches convinced Jones both that scholarly, and troubling article on per¬ new prejudice, an assumption that Foreign Service officers in general need sonnel practices in the Foreign Service they are less qualified than their male better education in the sciences, and that raises somewhat painful ques¬ colleagues.” that, on the other hand, the service tions about what constitutes fairness in Few members of the Foreign Ser¬ probably doesn’t need highly trained hiring and promotions. The author, vice would deny that something must scientists. “We are seeing the first in¬ John P. Owens, details, among other be done to correct for the systemic kling of this need for ‘interdisciplinary’ things, efforts by the Board of Examin¬ social discrimination against minori¬ diplomatic skills, as we face up to the ers to skew the written and oral exami¬ ties and women in the United States, or need for better analysis and reporting nations in order to admit more minori¬ that the service should reflect Ameri¬ on how S&T developments will affect ties and women than would filter can diversity to the extent possible. a country’s trade balance, economy, through the hiring process under nor¬ But a perception exists among many competitiveness, quality of life, politi¬ mal circumstances. These efforts have white, male Foreign Service officers cal stability, etc.,” she writes. “. .. [W]e included a rewriting of the examina¬ that standards applied to judging their cannot afford to maintain our national tion to emphasize verbal skills and performance may in some cases be security or our economic competitive¬ deemphasize knowledge of politics more stringent than those applied to ness with a diplomatic cadre that is and economics. This was done to members of groups that have tradi¬ ignorant of the major S&T and envi¬ improve the scores of women, who tionally been subject to discrimination. ronmental issues of today and the next generally perform better on the verbal This sentiment, voiced apologetically decade.” section of the exam. To raise the by liberals or with surreptitious resent¬ Jones also acknowledges some of number of successful minority candi¬ ment by those less sympathetic to the bad blood produced by the prac¬ dates from 4 percent of the 2,500 who equal opportunity issues, affects the tice of bringing in scientists laterally. passed the written exam throughout department’s morale. “Like all compromises, it pleases nei¬ the 1970s, according to Owens, Next month the Journal will exam¬ ther regular Foreign Service officers knowledgeable sources informed him ine some of the successes and prob¬ who see their chances for advance¬ that in the 1980s, BEX lowered the lems of policies that promote better ment affected by people brought in at “cut” score for minorities on the writ¬ opportunities for women, minorities, higher levels, nor the lateral entry ten exam to the low 40s, qualifying and the handicapped. Authors will officers who fear problems in getting them as “near passers,” who then pro¬ address race and gender “norming” on tenure.” ceeded to the oral assessment. the examination and recruitment ef¬ “It seems clear that the present forts at historically black universities, Among Jones’s interesting statistics: administration, as well as State Depart¬ among other topics. We would like to • The Chinese Embassy’s Science ment management, is determined to hear your views on these topics, Section is among Washington’s carry out a sweeping program to make whether through articles or letters. largest, with 10 professionals. In the Foreign Service more proportion¬ contrast, the Japanese have only ately representative of American soci¬ four. ety, irrespective of its potential impact • The State Department had 27 sci¬ on the service’s effectiveness or mo¬ The science ence attaches or counselors posted rale,” writes Owens. abroad as of February 1991, with A New Republic article on gender officer’s role two each in Paris, London, Mexico “norming” by James Workman that Another intriguing study was re¬ City, Tokyo, and Vienna (UN). appearedjuly 1 called on some of the cently completed by Foreign Service • The science counselor and attache same statistics. After describing the officer Terry Jones, who undertook a at the Royal Netherlands Embassy preferential exam grading for women comprehensive examination of the role in Washington spend 30 percent of that had been instituted as a result of a of the science attache during a year on their time answering 300-500 tech¬ 1976 sex discrimination suit, Work¬ an Una Chapman Cox grant. Extensive nology-related questions per year

12 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 from industry. • Finland is spending 2.1 percent of its GNP on research and develop¬ ment in 1991, 60 percent of this money coming from the private Co-Sponsored by Don't Miss The Most Important sector and 40 percent from the The American government. The Finnish counselor Foreign Service for science and technology takes Associotion ^ assignments directly from Finnish MIEMUnONU companies, which pay a minimum of $200 for assistance. • China posts 100-130 science offic¬ ers to embassies and consulates worldwide. SECURITY EXFO EXHIBITION AND SYMPOSIUM No cookie- THE pushers here For The Protection of INTERNATIONAL ■ Information The Foreign Service Club on June SECURITY 12 hosted an all-day seminar designed ■ Technologies to prepare conservative youths for the SYSTEMS Foreign Service exam. The seminar ■ Facilities & Personnel was sponsored by the Springfield, SYMPOSIUM & Virginia-based Youth Leadership in Government end Business School, founded by former Reagan EXHIBITION aide Morton C. Blackwell as a vehicle The Symposium for getting conservatives into positions ISSS 91 brings together the decision makers of government and business who formulate the of leadership in the federal government. October 28,29 & 30, policies, procedures and applications which will The school has an advisory board of 1991 define the economic future in the U.S. and abroad. some 53 congressmen, including Senators Jesse Helms, Robert Dole, Hyatt Regency Hotel The Exhibit and Strom Thurmond and Represen¬ Crystal City, Virginia See the latest in security technologies, products and tatives Newt Gingrich and, curiously, (Adjacent to Washington services, their application and implementation Larry McDonald, whose death is noted showcased by major manufacturers and suppliers at National Airport) in the institute’s brochure. The June the International Security Systems Symposium & seminar included, in addition to lec¬ Exhibition. tures on the exam, the Foreign Service’s cones, and what to expect in the Foreign Service, a talk entitled “A Con¬ HONG KONG servative View of the State Department r YES! Please send me and Its Policy Preferences” and a warn¬ i complete information on ing note on “How to Fail: Homosexu¬ attending ISSS 91: i ality and Drug Usage.” i □ Exhibits Q Symposium CLARIFICATION WASHINGTON, DC i Company - The Overseas Briefing Center i For further information contact Address - called to say that, last month’s Michael Rosenberg i column to the contrary, kidnap¬ at E.J. Krause & i ping is not one of the most serious Associates, Inc., threats to Foreign Service person¬ 7315 Wisconsin Avenue, Contact. nel abroad. Although extremely Suite 420 East, Title _ hard on the victim, kidnapping is Bethesda, MD 20814 or call considered highly unlikely. Street Telephone crime and burglary are the most (301)986-7800. I Fax. commonly reported crimes. a — ANNE STEVENSON-YANG

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 13 Bridging the Gulf

UNDERSTANDING TIME, SHAME, AND NEGOTIATIONS IN THE ARAD WORLD

BY DAVID FREDRICK

Waiting in Zagora, Morocco

hat differ- 1 consecutively in the Arab entiates | world, I learned that this was a Western, | way of life. I soon also learned Judeo- I to carry an unread newspaper Christian cultures from those of s or book in my briefcase, so that the Arab, Muslim world? Major I could be a model of patience differences demarcate these cultural Arabs see us, and how do we see them? as I waited. groups in language, theology, concept The Arab Muslim accepts life as The dean of the Faculty of Arts and of family, the role of religion in govern¬ largely fated, with small margin for Letters was an important new contact ing, and in social and political structures. current human influence. The Western who might help place professors. I These differences shape attitudes, which Judaeo-Christian, by contrast, sees the presumed he would also provide in¬ generate behavioral patterns. past as prelude to the present, with great sights about cultural contrasts, too, since Herman Kahn described the Viet¬ scope for human action and change. he had done his PhD in English litera¬ nam war as a friction point in the How do the two societies define personal ture in the United States. He was de¬ meeting of Asian and Western cultures. responsibility? To begin finding an an¬ lighted to hear from me. When I asked So, too, has the last half of this century swer, let’s take a brief look at cross- what time we should meet, he paused, been a period of strain between the cultural concepts of personal responsi¬ and said, “You are an American, so it great Muslim and Judaeo-Christian cul¬ bility as revealed in differing attitudes would be so nice to have an American tures, attenuated by mass education and toward time, shame, and negotiations. meeting; let’s meet at 8:30 a.m.” mass communications. At stake are There is an old story that circulates in massive capital flows, energy supplies, Cultural clockwork the United States Information Agency regional and global stability, and even At my first Arab country of assignment, about arranging identically scheduled world peace. Cross-cultural human re¬ I set about establishing contact with visits to the United States for represen¬ lationships, whether formal or infonnal, Arab Muslims. Regardless of whether tatives from Gennany and from an Arab, reduce the friction, but the success or meetings were set at my office or theirs, Islamic country. The German looks at failure of such interpersonal negotia¬ meetings never occurred on time. At the schedule and says, “Why have you tions hinges on each culture’s percep¬ first, I thought it was because I was left so much free time?” The Arab looks tions of its responsibilities. How do junior and new, but as I stayed 10 years and says, “You’ve over-programmed

14 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 me. There is no time for me to put my right time. If I had a meeting with an new information into perspective.” For Arab for a set time and something else the Arab, time is a vessel that should more important came up, the Arab never be completely filled. One must would be late or not show; I was always leave time for serendipity, for expected not to take this as an insult or the opportunities that are revealed, slight. Something came up that had to Dollar thanks be to God, outside the ordering be done; this was a determination of of human agency. God and fate. At first, I pressed people Yifturis the meal that breaks the fast for explanations of why they had of¬ Diplomacy during the month of Ramadan. The fended me in this way. Slowly, I learned meal begins exactly at sundown. The that it was normal. Once, when the king definition of sunset is not left to chance: of Morocco went to visit the queen of the a local religious leader determines the England, he was one hour late for his exact time, and the civil authority sets meeting with her. The British still have off a cannon round, so that everyone not gotten over this. American knows it is time to eat. It can be very Time for Western and strongly West¬ dangerous to be driving in the 10-15 ernized societies is the framework upon minutes just before the cannon goes off. which we arrange our personal and tray The breaking of the fast is a feast, professional lives and through which with special and sumptuous foods and we order our goals and priorities. For drinks. The universal Muslim favorite is some Arab, Islamic societies, time is Come to American herrera, a soup of lentils. Other standard rather more the fluid medium in which Service Center for diplomatic fare includes boiled eggs, buttermilk, fates play out, as the will of God be¬ immunity from high prices. If comes apparent. Calculated delay is figs, dates, honied cookies, and candies. you are on an overseas One year, we hosted a yiftur to which one of the Muslim Arab’s most frequently assignment, and carry a we invited a minister, an under secre¬ employed interpersonal skills. (I have tary, three staff members, three Ameri¬ learned to do it a bit myself but must diplomatic or official passport, can colleagues, and spouses. All had employ the practice very cautiously, you can save on the purchase said they were coming, but in the For¬ since, no matter how much exposure of a new Mercedez Benz with eign Service, you’re never quite sure. Arabs have to Westerners and Westerners U.S. equipment, shipped By 7:15, everyone but the minister to Arabs, attitudes toward time are deeply directly to the United States or and his wife had shown up, and they ingrained.) for pick up in Stuttgart*. were walking around rubbing their Contact Erik Granholm, hands in anticipation of breaking fast. I The past is prorogue our Diplomatic and Tourist went out of the compound to the street People who are in a hurry often leap¬ Sales Manager. to wait for the minister, knowing that he frog past negotiation opportunities in might have trouble finding our place. It Muslim, Arab cultures. For the Western, was almost time, and I knew the cannon Judaeo-Christian participant, action is would soon go off, and what should we often taken to promote an envisioned do—eat or wait for the minister? I saw a future; we impatiently anticipate des¬ black car turn down the street, and sure tiny. For the Arab participant, however, enough it was he and his wife—thank action is to be taken in the context of the God! He got out of the car just as the half-obscured designs of fate, so pro¬ cannon went off. I greeted him and his rogation generates security. Hold on, wife, saying how honored we were that move slowly, so that more information he had come to our poor home. He said, becomes manifest. So, when we go to lerican laughing, “I have never had a yiftur in lunch, negotiate a lease, elaborate a a Westerner’s home, and I would not five-year plan, or make peace in the Service Center miss this for anything. Why would a Arab world, let’s take a book along and 585 North Glebe Road Westerner do such a thing?” I responded, try to remember everybody is just trying Arlington, Virginia 22203 smiling, “Why, it is the only way that I to do the right thing at the right time. 703/525-2100 can be sure that a Moroccan will arrive Guilt is a key motivation in the FAX: 703/525-1430 'Car must be imported into US. within for a meal on time!” Laughing uproari¬ Judaeo-Christian world. Impoverished 6 months after taking delivery in Europe. ously, he said, “That’s true and that is a nations often play upon this tendency, very good reason.” telling Westerners that they must help Mercedes-Benz-Registerd Trademarks of Daimler-Benz AG, poor people by subsidizing food prices ® Stuttgart, Federal Republic erf Germany Doing the right thing in the poor country, leaving it unsaid Arabs pride themselves on having a that if we don’t, we will be responsible keen sense of doing the right thing at the for destitution and deaths. A cross-

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 15 culturally knowledge¬ abandon an aging tasked with clearing up this misunder¬ able Arab Muslim can parent would be standing. I tried writing letters, again to project such guilt upon shameful, to permit no avail. In our first face-to-face meet¬ us, but we cannot a daughter to marry ing, I asked the director to please project guilt into Arab, a non-believer would honor the commitment. He said there Islamic society. An Arab be shameful, to ig¬ was no money for this, and that his Muslim believes all that nore an unemployed department and the ministry valued passes in this earthly or homeless brother the technical assistance very much but life is the will of God; would be shameful, were just too poor to pay the costs. He how could he blame and so forth. asked me to please tiy to understand himself, a mere human, Two years before this. for even the smallest I arrived at a post, an Some time later, two technicians state of human affairs? agreement had been and I met with the director to report on The cultural difference struck with a major field activities. Since the unpaid trans¬ is between personal re¬ ministry whereby a portation costs had clouded our rela¬ sponsibility and per¬ department would tionship for nearly five years, I decided sonal obligation. Yet, pay the transporta¬ that I would eliminate this irritant. Near the Occidental tone of tion costs of our 15- the end of our meeting, I said, “My guilt finds a responding chord in the person technical assistance team. For friend, I have been thinking about an Arab, Islamic society as shame. two years, not one centime had been important topic: this question of the Hishuma in Arabic connotes a sense paid. Follow-up letters had been writ¬ money for transportation of our techni¬ of shame. It would be shameful not to ten by my predecessors and by the cal team. This issue has stood between do w'hat is expected and correct, even ambassador. Meetings had been held our agencies for many years. Today, it if it is not what one wants to do. in which all patties assured one an¬ stands between our friendship. So I Hishuma results from failing to meet other that this was the end of the have decided to eliminate that problem, one’s fate-determined obligations, such problem and the costs would be reim¬ and we will pay for the transportation as caring for the extended family. To bursed. Nothing had transpired. I was from before and on into the future.”

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16 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 The director squared his jaw and used as tools to advance personal agen¬ times for a visa because she wanted to said, “No, you will not. That is our das in the Muslim, Arab world. Nobody permanently enter the United States. responsibility. Can you accept a cash feels bad about this; the person being Buchaib was very surprised that I would payment into your agency?” Dumb¬ used is expected to understand the be offended or might have lost face. He founded, I said, “Yes, we can.” He told greater good. My good friend Buchaib made me understand that he had not me, “We will pay all the arrears by the (may he be walking with the Prophet betrayed me, but rather just had hoped end of next week, and then will pay in and all the saints) had always been that I would be able to work the same cash twice per year. Please have each of honest with me. He hosted a magnifi¬ magic for his friend’s daughter. your technicians sign for the payments. ” cent feast under tents at his farm for my America has a large store of personal And that was the end of the negotiation parents and other friends. He came to knowledge of Islamic Arabs, gained and the end of the problem. our home for our Thanksgiving feast, through business relationships and at¬ He realized that I was prepared to along with his wife, who had never sat tendance by Arab students at American publicly carry out an obligation that was at a Christian’s table before. universities, as well as through diplo¬ clearly and explicitly his, not an unrea¬ Buchaib had decided to take a vaca¬ macy, foreign aid, and the Peace Corps. sonable obligation, but just one he tion in America. I recommended him Yet have we given enough attention to wanted to avoid if possible. Inadvert¬ to the consular officer, knowing that a civilization and culture five times as ently, the problem was solved by un¬ Buchaib would definitely come back. old as our American culture? At the end covering this stimulus for hishuma. The consular officer was equally as¬ of the 20th century, with the great sured and gave him a rarely granted clashes between socialism and capital¬ Returning favors one-year multiple entry visa. He went, ism approaching resolution, with the We Westerners cannot start negotiat¬ loved America, and came back. Six great religious wars in Europe part of ing with Arabs by appealing to guilt. months later, he came to me with his distant history, can we delay gaining a Guilt implies personal responsibility; friend, the colonel. He asked me to help better understanding of the Muslim, for the Muslim Arab, the future is the get a visa for the colonel’s daughter. Arab world? ■ unknowable will of God, and that is Both he and the colonel swore up and that. We need to be alert to how our down that she would be back in two David Fredrick is a Foreign Service goals may converge with the fated re¬ weeks and that there were no compli¬ officer currently serving as Bangladesh sponsibilities perceived by our Arab, cating circumstances. I spoke with the desk officer in the Bureau for Asia Muslim interlocutors. consular officer, who told me that the and Private Enterprise, Agency for Friends and acquaintances may be woman had been turned down five International Development.

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SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 17 Under One Roof: USIA in the 1990s An Interview with Henry Catto

BY JOE B. JOHNSON

oes foreign Public squabbles between former maintain the influence and visibility ^ public opin- USIA Director Bruce Gelb and former the agency had enjoyed under the DA ion matter in VOA Director Richard Carlson gave flamboyant Charles Wick. H conducting impetus to those advocating a sepa¬ USIA’s new director, former Am¬ I U.S. foreign rate international broadcasting bassador to London Henry Catto, has V policy? If it agency. The organization of the U.S. spent the first months of his tenure in W does, what government’s foreign broadcasting is Washington knitting relationships at kind of role be¬ now under study by the Department of longs to the U.S. a presidential com¬ State (where he be¬ Information Agency, set up to monitor mission. The gins most morn¬ foreign opinion and advocate U.S. Fulbright exchanges ings) and other policy abroad? Is policy advocacy are also questioned, agencies. Catto es¬ consistent with cultural and educa¬ with Senator tablished his au¬ tional exchange, and with the objec¬ Claiborne Pell ex¬ thority quickly. He tive news reporting that is espoused pressing a desire to staged his swear¬ by USIA’s main radio service, the Voice move the exchanges ing-in at the VOA of America? Now a new, expansive out of USIA, where, auditorium, with USIA director is finding that his agency it is felt, policy con¬ President Bush at has to justify itself all over again. cerns may drive his side, and had Created in 1953 and expanded in educational en¬ the ceremony tele¬ 1978 by the transfer of cultural and deavors. Inside the agency, morale vised worldwide over USIA’s satellite educational exchange programs from has slumped after a five-year decline system. the State Department, USIA has lately in operating resources and a two- Ambassador Catto has held four come under a spell of questioning. year period under Gelb, who failed to other diplomatic assignments: chief

18 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 of protocol, ambassador to El Salva dor, U.S. representative in Geneva, and deputy U.S. representative to the Organization of American States. He A has also served as assistant secre¬ tary of public affairs at the Depart¬ r WALK TO ment of Defense and has held a wide variety of positions in publishing and broadcasting. H F.S.I. If others have doubts about a role for USIA after the Cold War, Catto does not, as Foreign Service officer E Packages from with the USIA Joe B. Johnson discov¬ $42.00* - $62.00* ered recently in an interview for the Foreign Service Journal. per day

Fully Furnished one-bedroom and efficiency apartments Joe B. Johnson: People mean dif¬ Cable television with free FIBO ferent things when they use the word Fully equipped kitchens “public diplomacy.” Just how do you Free parking on site define it and where do you think USIA Coin-operated laundry facilities fits within the concept? Free utilities Henry Catto: I define it as taking Individual heating and air conditioning into account, in a time of spreading Outdoor pool and saunas democracy, the opinions of people of foreign countries—not only by listen¬ R Maid service ing to what they have to say and what Free local phone calls their opinions are, but by trying to All linens provided influence foreign opinion, so that they 24-hour message service can understand what we’re all ahout. G 8-minute walk to Rosslyn Metro Same day laundry and valet service Johnson: Do you think USIA has . the lead role, the most important role? Catto: Sure. We’ve got the equip¬ I ment. We’ve got a huge trained cadre of Foreign Service officers and For¬ eign Service nationals. We have a worldwide television network, which N is unique. We have an even bigger worldwide radio network, broadcast¬ ing in 45 languages all across the world. We have magazines; we have I the fabulous exchange programs, which probably do more than any¬ thing else to make people understand what the U.S. is all about—the A HOTEL CONVENIENCE Fulbrights, the International Visitors Program—which are just terrific tools WITH RESIDENTIAL COMFORT for international understanding. USIA (703) 522-9600 Fax (703) 525-4462 (800) 275-2866 is everywhere in the world with li¬ N 1500 Arlington Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209 braries, the cultural centers. It is there 'Minimum 30-day stay in the business to influence, and to measure, and to help people under¬ stand.

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 19 Johnson: You mentioned broad¬ casting first. I know that our foreign broadcasting is under review by a presidential commission, and you tes¬ VOLVO tified before the commission. I pre¬ U.S.A.’s Largest Diplomatic Dealer sume that you would have argued in Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats and favor of USIA's continued stewardship Members of International Organizations of broadcasting. What do you feel are Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director the strongest arguments? Catto: Our strongest argument is Jim Wright Steven Hart that we have the know-how. The idea Sales Consultant Sales Consultant of cutting broadcasting off from the if Foreign Service, which, in so many

VOLVO cases, places the programs and pro¬ vides the audiences for the broad¬ casts, doesn’t make any sense to me.

Johnson: Your opponents, those who would make VOA independent in some way, say that VOA’s mandate is to report the news objectively, and USIA is engaged in persuasive com¬ munication. MARTENS CARS OF WASHINGTON Catto: That’s half of USIA’s man¬ date, to report the news objectively. 4800 Wisconsin Ave., NW. Washington, D.C. 20016 The other half is to explain U.S. for¬ (202) 537-3000 Fax: (202) 537-1826 eign policy, which we do via VOA Dedicated to Excellence Since 1904 editorials and the other editorial ser¬ vices.

Johnson: How do you answer those There Is Only One Place who say that we threaten the editorial independence of VOA? To Stay In Washington Catto: Simply not true. We keep the newscast part independent, and YOUR PLACE we keep the opinion part and the program part as the principal mega¬ phone for U.S. policy.

SHORT OR LONG TERM LUXURY “A Hotel Alternative APARTMENTS. TOWNHOUSES. Johnson: Our television service is PENTHOUSES now part of the unified USIA Broad¬ For The Prudent Spender.” All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully Equipped Kitchens * Telephone * Cable casting Service, along with VOA. What Television * Security Intercom System Complete Health Spa * Concierge * Parking do you think about the programs that Laundry and Valet * Maid Svc (optional) ★ USIA is putting out over television? Are Convenience Store there any changes that you can fore¬ see in the kind of programs that we do? SPECIALIZING IN RELOCATIONS SERVING CORPORATIONS * PENTAGON Catto: No, I just wish we had more THE STATE DEPARTMENT * INSURANCE INDUSTRY ★ EXTENDED TRAVEL money to do more programming. It’s CONVENIENT METRO LOCATIONS AT expensive but so tremendously effec¬ ROSSLYN CAPITOL HILL tive. I think it’s a shame that we have GEORGETOWN FOGGY BOTTOM to be constrained as much as we are DUPONT CIRCLE in this, the most powerful of all media.

* Visa and Master Card Honored Johnson: You haven 7 mentioned TLC Development Corporation the so-called surrogate broadcasting, 1700 N Moore St. Suite 714 Arl., Va. 22209 such as Radio Marti, Television Marti'. Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty REAL ESTATE * SALES * RENTALS f(703)527-444l] MANAGEMENT are also understudy. They are a slightly different conceptfrom that of VOA. Do

20 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 you feel that they have a purpose or a Catto: I say that is motion without place as agency programs.? progress. Given the fact that what we Catto: Absolutely. It would be a have now is doing a fine job, why (Executive great shame, I think, to deprive the change it? Who made the famous Cuban people, living under that statement, “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix anachronistic dictatorship, of the ad¬ it”? vantage of a home service broadcast¬ ^sdfaernatives ing and telecasting operation. Johnson: As ambassador in Lon¬ don, you had experience as a con¬ Interim Accommodations for Johnson: Do you have anything to sumer of agency services and prod¬ The Corporate and Government say about the proposal for a Radio ucts. Were there any USIA programs or Markets Free China? facilities that you wished for in Lon¬ Catto: The Radio Free China pro¬ don? posal, as I understand it, is going to be Catto: I could have done with a cJjpaztmsnti looked at. I’d be surprised to see it whole lot more Fulbrights and a whole V TfownJzouisi come to pass, be¬ lot more interna¬ cSincjtz fjamfy cHomci. cause a complete Dealing with the press is tional visitors, but new surrogate I had no com¬ broadcasting op¬ perhaps not as much stressed plaints at all TOR THE EXECUTIVE ON THE MOVE” eration would be as it might be—figuring out about the USIA- hugely expensive, USIS operation in at least $100 mil¬ how to avoid walking into London. LOCATIONS lion, and we can do more targeted booby traps. / felt very Johnson: Of Crystal City broadcasting on strongly when / was at the course, you had Ballston the Voice of much more ex¬ Rosslyn America—report¬ Pentagon as spokesman, that perience than the Springfield ing a lot of local average ambas¬ news as opposed military [personnel] were not sador would Alexandria to just world news. close to being as well pre¬ have in dealing Tyson’s Corner If the decision with the media Reston were made, that pared for that kind of thing as and cultural Falls Church would be fine, but events. Do you all of this is on they might be. To a certain have a sense of McLean hold until the task extent, I think the same thing how well Ameri¬ Washington, D.C. force decides can ambassa¬ whether it wants is true in the Foreign Service. dors areprepared to also look at an in this respect be¬ • Furnished and Asian radio as a feasible program. fore they go out? unfurnished Catto: My guess is, probably not as • Furnished units fully Johnson: Let’s go to other USIA much as they should be. For career equipped and programs. Have you looked at the people, we have a whole lot of very speakers program? . . . Sometimes valuable operations at the Foreign accessorized speakers have gone out who actually Service Institute in language and other • Pets and children were critical ofU.S. policy—they were areas of training. Dealing with the welcome in many locations sponsored by the embassy and speak¬ press is perhaps not as much stressed • Many “walk to metro” ing against U.S. policy. What is your as it might be—figuring out how to reaction? avoid walking into booby traps. I felt locations Catto: Hard as it is to believe, very strongly when I was at the Pen¬ • Accommodations to fit sometimes not everybody is in favor tagon as spokesman, that military specific requirements of what we do. I certainly don’t intend [personnel] were not close to being as • Variable length leases to try to censor what the speakers say. well prepared for that kind of thing as they might be. To a certain extent, I available. Johnson: One of the largest chunks think the same thing is true in the Fax: (703) 642-3619 of our budget is earmarked for cul¬ Foreign Service. tural programs. There are those who 5105-K Backlick Rd. think that cultural programs ought to Johnson: Don’t you think that Annandale, Virginia 22003 he in a separate agency. What do you nowadays an ambassador needs to (703) 642-5491 say? project his or her views more to the

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 21 r i media than before? Johnson: You ’ve had a wide array AUTHORIZED EXPORTER Catto: I agree with that. In a time of of experience in this group. Could you spreading democracy, here is an area tell a little more about US/A’s image GENERAL ELECTRIC where an ambassador can become and tell if there are any misunder¬ highly useful. It’s said that ambassa¬ standings about what USIA is? dors these days are little more than Catto: The main problem lies within messenger boys, if that, because of the American public. Nobody has a instant communications and person¬ clue what the USIA does. Everybody GENERAL ELECTRONICS alized summitry. But an ambassador knows about Fulbright and the Voice INC. trained in, and interested in, the ideas of America. But when you begin to of public diplomacy really can have a sketch the other things that this agency role. I tried hard to speak a lot in does, you’ll find surprise. Most people □ REFRIGERATORS □ FREEZERS Britain and to get the idea across of have no idea we have television and □ RANGES □ MICROWAVE OVENS □ AIR CONDITIONERS □ DRYERS what the United that we run li¬ □ WASHERS □ SMALL APPLIANCES States of the late braries and cul¬ □ AUDIO EQUIPMENTS TELEVISION 20th century is all It’s hard for me to believe that tural centers and □ DISHWASHERS □ TRANSFORM¬ ERS □ COMPLETE CATALOG about. That, I the full panoply (Please check box) think, is a new we need fewer press and cultural of public affairs challenge for U.S. tools. Abroad Available for All Electric programs anywhere. If you ’re ambassadors any¬ Currents/Cycles there is, ironi¬ where. A super¬ talking about Europe... I’d cally, more pub¬ Immediate Shipping/Mailing power in the world lic grasp of what From our Local Warehouse can command au¬ answer that absolutely we we do. diences. It would should not cut back—not in We Can Also Furnish be a shame not to Johnson: But Replacement Parts for take advantage of Western Europe, which is becom¬ your counter¬ Most Manufactures this. parts in the U.S. ing ... more important; not in government are SHOWROOM Johnson: You more aware of General Electronics, Inc. Eastern Europe, just coming out 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. mentioned that USIA, aren ’tthey? Washington, D.C. 20016 you would like to from under the nightmare of Catto: Some Tel. (202) 362-8300 push public diplo¬ are. Some are not. FAX (202) 363-6538 macy onto the having been forcibly annexed by Unless they’ve TWX 710-822-9450 policyformulation served in an em¬ GENELECINC WSH an evil empire; but also not in level. What kind of bassy or have process would you Africa or Latin America, where seen us at work, like to see? How no, I don’t think would you like to you have emerging democracies that they’re im¬ see us engaged? mune to the na¬ on all sides; and not in Asia: Catto: I’d like tional disease of to see, certainly, a Japan, Korea, Taiwan, which are ignorance of this full-time presence agency. There are at the NSC [Na¬ becoming industrial giants. certainly some tional Security constituencies— Council]. I’d like among grantees, to be like water torture, to just con¬ for example, among alumni. But even stantly impress on people like the granting that we have lots of alumni secretary of state, the secretary of and lots of operations, there still is no defense, the chairman of the National real constituency by law. [USLA’s char¬ Security Council, and the president-—- ter forbids dissemination of its prod¬ everybody involved in foreign policy— ucts within the United States.] the importance of taking foreign pub¬ I think that when the laws were lic opinion into account. I’ve called written right after the war, we were all on [Brent] Scowcroft, [lames] Baker, so aware of the dangers of a propa¬ LU tii [Lawrence] Eagleburger, [Robert] ganda agency a la Goebbels and his < t Gates, [Richard] Cheney, to sing this counterparts elsewhere, we reacted in “7 l song that initiated the water torture, a way that has been overcome by time. and have found a very receptive audi¬ Really it’s a pity that the people don’t ence. have any idea of the kinds of things we

22 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 do. Motion pictures, for example, where (T the wonderful “Years of Lightning, Day of Drums” has only now come How to Buy Auto Insurance Overseas into the public domain so it can be shown in the schools. There are lots of There's really only one way. Select the agent who offers broad films that this agency has done that we experience and a high level of repeat business. Experience that helps are very proud of, that the people you avoid the pitfalls of a highly complex business. Repeat business ought to know about. But our hands that results from providing what's best for the customer - not the agent. are tied by what I think is an anachro¬ nistic law. For 34 years Harry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company has provided dependable coverage with U.S. carriers to thousands of Foreign Service Johnson: I think the agency’s pres¬ personnel worldwide. Thus, you gain the broadest U.S. terms and ence abroad has declined in recent conditions and flexible value limits often not available from other years, and some of that is because of insurance carriers. the decline in the dollar’s value. We • WORLDWIDE COVERAGE Fire, theft, comprehensive and collision seem to have difficulty compensating protection are available at foreign posts. because a significant portion ofUSIA’s budget is earmarked for one thing or • U.S. AUTO LIABILITY Available for short term on home leave, change of another—culturalprograms or broad¬ assignment, and new auto purchase prior to foreign departure. casting. Do you see earmarking as a • FOREIGN LIABILITY We suggest contacting your post on arrival. Local problem in the agency? laws require specific limits and coverage. Pricing is normally best on site. Catto: Yes. If management of an agency is to have any function whatso¬ • CONTACT US TODAY Let us send you "The Embassy Plan" brochure. It ever, it has to be able to make the contains all the answers about dependable coverage and low cost premiums. decision as to where the priorities lie 3, Harry M. Jannette, Jr. & Company based on something other than totally ( f h&ertBl \ ■ 3530 FOREST LANE #305 Telephone: 214-350-5141 [ f hsinaa ) parochial interests. Somebody has to DALLAS, TEXAS 75234-7955 FAX: 214-352-7022 V y try to look at the big picture rather than >3 w Or Call 1-800-256-5141 ^ ^ ® i at things that seem appealing to a given congressman or senator.

Johnson: l have one last question, which is whether you have any geo¬ graphic biases. What regions of the world offer the greatest opportunities Short and for USIA programs? Are there areas where we need feiver press and cul¬ Long Term tural programs than we used to? Catto: It’s hard for me to believe that we need fewer press and cultural Housing programs anywhere. If you’re talking $ 00 about Europe, which has its sophisti¬ Rates from 45. per day cated means of communication and The Capitol Hill offers premier class suites with: has a very sophisticated understand¬ Maid Service ing of this country, I’d answer that, Fully Furnished Kitchens absolutely we should not cut back— Complimentary Weekday Continental Breakfast and not in Western Europe, which is be¬ Evening Cocktail in our Executive Salon coming more and more powerful and Complimentary Parking rich and more important; not in East¬ Self Service Laundry ern Europe, just coming out from un¬ Same Day Laundry and Valet Service der the nightmare of having been One block from Metro in the exclusive Captiol Hill forcibly annexed by an evil empire; but also not in Africa or Latin America, neighborgood. Please respond via Fax if necessary. where you have emerging democra¬ Fax (202) 547-2608 Toll Free (800) 424-9165 cies on all sides; and not in Asia: Japan, Phone (202) 543-6000 Korea, Taiwan, which are becoming industrial giants. All of those places are 200 C Street, S.E. important to us and we need to influ¬ Ejjhj Washington, D.C. 20003 ence them. ■

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 23 Shoot for the Sails! Send us your best black-and-white photos and you may win a Caribbean cruise for two and have your photos published in the JOURNAL Entries: Black-and-white photo essays of three to six individual photos Subjects: Photos must be relevant to the Foreign Service Examples of possible themes include: Embassies in Today’s World The American Family Overseas Americans and Economic Development The Road Less Traveled Intercultural Communication Rules: B Open to the families of AFSA members or current subscribers. Members of Journal staff and Editorial Board are not eligible. I Photographers must be at least 14 years of age I All photos must be taken in 1990 or 1991 I Photographers are responsible for any necessary consents from subjects I Entries can not be returned and the Journal is not responsible for lost or damaged entries B Any cruise winner younger than 18 must be accompanied by an adult B Photos must be received by October 15, 1991 B Windjammer cruises are on a space-available basis. Air fare to Miami not included

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SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 25 The Exciting New Way To Stay In Touch With America 24 Hours A Day

Buoyed up Finally, we saw a light that the navi¬ gators wanted to head for, and Jukka World-Wide and I raced the Latvians for it. We gained Reception on them by half a boat length, but they Directly From / IV \ W \^W continued on at racing pace, leaving us INMARSAT Satellites « far behind. From that lonely light buoy, we moved on to our first Soviet landfall— HEAR THE SAME PROGRAMMING BROADCAST TO OUR TROOPS WITH a small rock of an island covered with OUR EASY TO INSTALL SATELLITE RECEIVERS birds and bird droppings. The sur¬ ABC • NBC ■ CBS « AP NEWS ■ PAUL HARVEY • LARRY KING ■ PETER JENNINGS ALL THINGS CONSIDERED ■ BUSINESS FINAL ■ HEALTHTALK ■ THE OSGOOD FILE rounding water had an oily hue and LIVE SPORTS -NFL ■ BASEBALL ■ NBA ■ WORLD SERIES ■ THE SUPER BOWL ■ AND MUCH MORE unpleasant smell. We managed to climb The U.S. Government's policy is to provide this radio service to anyone free of charge. There are no restrictions to its reception. out of our boats, stretch our legs and Get your FREE Armed Forces Radio Schedule and Equipment Brochure! take a much needed rest stop, after nine Complete Systems Start At $1,295.00 hours or so of paddling. ■ Portable Briefcase Receivers The stop was brief. We could now * Miniature Dish Antenna Receivers follow the Estonian coast to Tallinn. Checkmate Satellite Products From shore I could hear music. Later I m Box 1672 Dealer heard a distincdy Russian voice singing. Vienna, VA 22183-1672 USA Discounts But for the most part the coast was thinly (703) 5(560-8040 VISA/MC populated, low-lying farm country. FAXIX (703) 560-0802 This stretch was the hardest. We had paddled as a group all night, but now we were strung out along the coast, as the only navigational imperative was — IN ARLINGTON that we keep land on our left. Even so, one paddler took a premature turn and arrived hours later titan the rest of us.

Estonian’s throw Comfort nnfcYu» The fog burned off, the bay was Inn calm, and Tallinn came into view on the horizon, like Oz. From a distance it is a BALLSTON • Centrally located handsome city, although thick black 1-800-4-CHOICE • Walk to subway smoke bellowed from its smoke stacks. The city has a marvelous beacon, like an airport’s, but it seemed no closer Restaurant/Lounge Ballston Common Mall Nearby after 20 minutes. We were exhausted. Gift Shop Tours Depart Lobby Day/Night Finally we passed the breakwater. After Cable TV, Remote Control Non-Smoking Rooms Available a total of 19 hours of paddling and 105 Pay-Per-View Movies Children under 18 stay FREE. miles of water, we’d made it. Refrigerator add $2 per day Good neighborhood Our Estonian hosts had a sauna and FOREIGN SERVICE SPECIAL RATE a shot of cognac waiting. My passport was presented, dry still, to the customs Mar 17 to June 25 official. He didn’t check it long. I took a 863 853 r 843 sip of the cognac, helped carry the boat Rates good everyday for stays of 7 days or longer. to the rack and walked to the hotel. In These rates always available, show ad to receive rate, 2 - 4 people. the sauna anteroom there were toasts, Rates quoted above already include government discount. smiles, and stories, but I missed them. I fell asleep. ■ 1211 N. Glebe Rd., Arlington, VA 22201 (703)247-3399 or FAX (703) 524-8739 Tom Armbrnster is a Foreign Service officer.

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All illustrations and specifications a to the best of our knowledge correct as of the date of publication. They are subject to changes made by General Motors and the laws or regulatic r local government agency. Vehicles shown are for illustration only and may contain optional features available at additional cost. How Ambassador Melissa Wells helped reunite families in Mozambique

AN INTERVIEW BY ANN MILLER MORIN

or a decade, forces representing the Melissa central government in Mozambique, Wells with children in FRELIMO (National Front for the Libera¬ Mozambique tion of Mozambique), have been locked in a bloody civil war with RENAMO (Mozambique National Resistance). In this first- person account, former U.S. Ambassador to Mozambique Melissa Wells discusses the devasta¬ When Frenisi came to us at the Lhanguene center [a tion wrought by war on the nation’s people, espe¬ hostel established to help children traumatized by war], cially the children. Posted in Mozambique from he wouldn’t speak to anybody, wouldn’t speak to the 1987 to 1990, Wells stepped beyond the usual re¬ other children, wouldn’t participate in any of the sponsibilities of an ambassador to report, nego¬ activities. He’d stay off in a corner by himself, and from time to time tears would pour from his eyes. I remember tiate, and represent the United States to promote putting him on my lap, and he was like a little sack. I the nation’s healing, thus adding a new dimension tried to cuddle him, but there was just no reaction to representation She is currently serving as am¬ whatsoever, except sometimes he cried. He was there bassador to Zaire. for months on end, and nobody knew his story. We knew something must have happened that was horrible, The account is adapted by Ann Miller Morin but we didn’t understand why he didn’t talk to anybody. from her oral history with Wells taped in 1991, a Before I tell you his story, let me give a bit of day following the PBS documentary, “Profiles in background on events in Mozambique. Diplomacy. ” The interview is part of the Women There was a strong internal component to the war that was basically rooted in the mistakes that the Ambassadors Project, and extracts will appear in FRELIMO made when they came to power at the time a forthcoming book from Twayne Publishers of of independence. Why these had to be counteracted in New York. such violent fashion and with the use of terror against

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 civilians is another question. have a place for the children, and the Mozambique Thousands of people have been killed there during government made that available. First, we had to get it the last 10 years—100,000 is a modest estimate. I’m fit to live in and Al, my husband, donated his services, talking about RENAMO, which abducted and trained supervising the plumbing and making sure the toilets children to kill. What did they want these little children worked, and so forth. When it was livable, I used to go for? Well, many of the littler ones collected firewood, at least once a week to be with the children. You collected water, did chores around the camp. But there couldn’t handle it in a bureaucratic way. It wouldn’t were others, stronger ones, the bigger ones, who work. It had to be a hands-on project. became part of that whole guerilla concept and were The key was bringing in specialized talent from the found firing weapons at the army. That was a problem States. We didn’t know what to do—what do you do in itself, to get the army to hand over the children, with children who have been taught to bayonet and to because they didn’t see them as children; they saw kill? Do you just treat them like any other 12-year-olds, them as young boys cariying weapons. And we’re or do you put them in prison, or do you warehouse talking about 10 and 11-year-olds! them because they’re unsafe for society? These were To help children traumatized by exposure to an issues that had to be discussed, because these are enormous amount of violence, we started a hostel for people who will be the adults of tomorrow. They’re out-of-town children, Lhanguene. I’m very proud of carrying this stuff around in their heads, and we have that. I had a little bit of trouble getting it started, but I to cope with it. We in the United States are used to got the U.S. government to fund this project. We had to emergency programs, where we send food, medical

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 29 Wells visits victims of the civil war in Mozambique.

supplies, tents, blankets, you name it, but “shrinks”! The reason he wasn’t speaking was because he felt That’s something else. guilty—in his little 6-year-old mind, be was the one Dr. Neil Boothby from Duke University came. He’s who killed his parents because he set fire to the a very well-known child psychologist who has worked palhota. with the problem of children and violence in Southeast I was there when they reenacted the psychodrama. Asia and in Central America. The idea was to develop The other children, who had all had brutal experiences a training model, because at that stage there was not as well, played different parts, and little Frenisi was one trained psychologist in all of Mozambique. Boothby sitting, watching. The children reenacted the story developed a model to use to train local people: how to according to Frenisi’s drawings, with the killings. size up the children, how to spot which child might Frenisi saw that there was nothing he could have done. have post traumatic stress disorder, then how to assess You and I, hearing the story, arrive at the immediate it, how to draw out the child, how to deal with the conclusion he was forced to do it. But Frenisi had never problems in psychodrama. Dr. Boothby learned the clicked on that. He was just beset with rage and guilt children’s stories by having them draw pictures. That’s that he was responsible for the death of his parents. how we unlocked the mystery of Frenisi’s silence. Once we’d broken through the barrier, Frenisi It was uphill work getting him to participate, but spoke. One time another child was having a birthday eventually he did, because he was attracted by the party, a little boy who had lost both his arms. I came bright colors of the crayons and papers. He was asked with a birthday cake, and we had a little celebration. to draw his home. Dr. Boothby has that drawing, the There was a new child who didn’t speak much; Frenisi first drawing. He said, “Any person with minimal kept bouncing back and forth from one end of the table training in psychology can see that this child has a deep to the other, going first to this little boy, and then to me, problem.” Gradually, through Frenisi’s pictures, the saying, “You know, he’s new here. He’s new here. He whole story came out. He had gone down to fetch doesn’t talk very much.” It was as if he was saying, “I water by the stream, as he did every day of his life. He know you know me from when I didn’t talk at all.” But came back to his family’s hut, and there were men with he was now in charge of this other little one, trying to guns surrounding it. They told him to set fire to the hut. help him, and making sure that everybody knew he They gave him a torch. The hut is called a palhota, with was helping him. a thatched roof, and the thing went up in flames. In addition to therapy, we faced the problem of Immediately the parents came running out, and they reuniting the children with their families, if they could were killed and then their heads were cut off. be found. By the time I left Mozambique, we had

30 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 reunited 2,000 children—2,000—in a country at war, where people can’t read, where they have never even seen a pho¬ tograph of a loved one before. We man¬ aged to track down families—I won’t always say the parents, because often the parents were killed, or we just didn’t know what had happened to them. We developed a procedure that Dr. Boothby had used successfully in another part of the world. From the children in the home we got clues to identity. The older they were, the better they remembered the name of the village, the name of their parents. The younger they were, the more difficult it was. We put together all the clues, and it became obvious some chil¬ dren come from a certain region. We’d photograph those children and have each child speak into a tape recorder in his or her tribal is your grandmother.” And she said, “Angelo, what you language, saying, “I am Paulo. My mother’s name is So- don’t know is that your mother is alive. She came back and-so,” and as much else as they could recall. to us two months ago and we killed a goat to celebrate. ” I went with the team to Gaza Province where we first We took the tape back to Angelo. But we had to be tried this. The people who were there were told to careful. Angelo had been through a terrible experience: assemble at a certain point. We said, “This concerns he’d been abducted and lived in the rebel camps for a children, your children possibly, children of your long time. You have to be very careful because a child friends.” So they came—I’d say maybe 500 people must want to go back to the family. After the experience finally showed up. You could just see the mood of the child has gone through, he or she may like the safety those people: “Let me get on with my work—I have to of Maputo and the center. You can’t just say, “We’ve go get water, I have to do this, I have to do the other.” found somebody who knows Angelo. Out with Angelo.” Our spokesman said, “We’re going to show you This was another interesting part of the process photographs.” It wasn’t one single photograph, but because the children didn’t all immediately say yes. sheets, quite large, almost poster-sized, that would have They thought about it; they thought about it. Angelo six, eight, sometimes 10 photographs of children on chose to be reunited with his grandmother and mother. them. I remember watching the crowd look at these. Frenisi was not so lucky. We couldn’t find any of his They started passing them, mumbling and muttering. We extended family, and, obviously, his parents were told them, “If you think you might recognize someone, dead. As we found homes for more and more children, come up. You don’t have to be sure. Just come up.” it was very sad for the ones who were left, because they At one point a wonderful woman, an elderly woman, had bonded together as a group. Frenisi at this point very dignified face, came up and pointed at a picture kept saying, “I want to go back to my family. I want to and said, “I think this is my grandson, Angelo.” The go back to my family.” children were not there with us, so the next step was Frenisi had a best friend at the hostel, and we were to have her sit at a table; I sat with her. We got out the able to locate his family. Before he rejoined them, tape that Angelo had recorded and played it. I was so before the two boys were separated, we approached moved. I don’t understand the language; they were this family and said: “The two boys are so close. We speaking Shangaan. The woman sat across from me, cannot find any trace of Frenisi’s family, even in the looking down into the tape recorder (she’d never seen extended concept of the African family. Will you agree one in her life), and a voice came out of the tape to take him?” recorder. Her face sort of crumpled up. I kept watching And—this is the wonderful thing about Africa— her face, and then tears started pouring down her although they were very poor people and had been cheeks. I got up and hugged her, because it was clear through terrible times, they said, “yes.” Frenisi found a what was happening. She was hearing a voice she home. thought she knew. What the voice was saying matched That’s just one story. There are so many more . . . ■ the information she knew about her grandson, Angelo. And it was Angelo! The transcription of the oral historyfrom which this She and I composed ourselves. I turned the tape article was drawn was made possible in part by a around, and Rerecorded for Angelo. I asked someone grant from the American Association of University to translate for me from the Shangaan. She said, “This Women Education Foundation.

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 31 DPLGMACy'S ORPHANS

New Issues in Human Rights

BY THOMAS A. SHANNON

re are living through a period of and businessmen in some cities have taken matters into quiet but profound change in the their own hands, forming extrajudicial groups that harass, international human rights agenda, intimidate, and kill street children. which will pose new diplomatic The reemergence of death squads in some Latin challenges to the United States. While American cities, but this time without the political the principal human rights issue of the 1980s—political overtones of the past decade, underscores the precarious repression—will remain our primary human rights existence of many of the world’s children, who neither concern through this decade, several new issues have have a voice in government nor wield economic or emerged that do not eas¬ political clout. The rec¬ ily fit into our traditional ognition that many na¬ understanding of human tions are failing their chil¬ rights. Nevertheless, The dren prompted the 1990 United States must come UN-sponsored World to terms with these “new” Summit for Children, the issues, or lose what influ¬ largest-ever gathering of ence it has over the hu¬ MB heads of state. The World man rights agenda. Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted Children of poverty unanimously by the UN First on the list are the General Assembly in rights and welfare of chil¬ 1990, set benchmarks by dren. Vigilante killings of which nations’ treatment street children in several Mexican children of children can be judged. Latin American countries have highlighted an explosive Third World social problem Cultural survival that has been declared a human rights issue by such Second is the right of indigenous people to retain their groups as Amnesty International and Americas Watch. cultures and ways of life. Historically, this issue has been Rapid urbanization and the breakdown of family struc¬ treated as an anthropological problem. It achieved ture under grinding poverty have turned millions of human rights status only recently, when Indian cultures children out onto the streets of Latin America, Asia, and were violently and systematically repressed by central Africa. Deprived of normal care, feeding, and education, governments, as in the cases of the Guatemalan Maya and many of these children take to petty thievery, prostitu¬ Nicaraguan Miskito during the 1980s. tion, and drugs. Lack of social services and creaky judicial This understanding is changing. Responsibility for systems have provided few institutional means to deal protecting primitive Indian groups has devolved upon with this problem. Consequently, off-duty policemen governments, as publics acknowledge that some groups

32 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 Repons volume now goes part way toward making such Rethinking the useful distinctions and categorizations. Human Rights Reports The reports are rigorously pruned of statements that might appear to mitigate a violation, since the U.S. BY JULIEN LEBOURGEOIS government holds that violations are ultimately indefen¬ sible. Although morally sound, politically, this makes the The State Department’s annual Country Reports on reports somewhat unrealistic. Human Rights Practices could use some well-intentioned Tire human rights report typically involves the human tinkering. The reports have grown from 426 pages in rights officer at an embassy, labor, refugee, and consular 1978 to 1,701 pages in 1991. The reports cover more officers, the political counselor, the deputy chief of mission, countries than before, but the expansion more impor¬ and tire ambassador, as well as secretaries and communicators. tantly reflects the institutionalization of the human rights In Washington, even more people are involved. function. With greater time and growing expertise devoted No other annual report prepared by the State Depart¬ to the reports, they are ever more comprehensive. ment commands as many resources, measured mostly in Increasingly stringent requirements to provide examples, terms of employees’ time. The reports may have a details, and conflicting assessments also have enlarged positive impact on the behavior of some governments, them. They have unquestionably become more “full and and they have earned a reputation as a basic sourcebook. complete,” as the law requires. But comprehensiveness The impact, however, is uncertain, and the informational alone does not guarantee objectivity. In fact, it may be service the reports provide is not an essential aspect of possible to produce more useful reports with less effort U.S. human rights diplomacy. Furthermore, Congress and fewer resources. does not need such extensive reports to make informed The State Department uses its detailed instructions decisions about foreign aid and military assistance. and checklist sent to the field as well as its editing and With chronic departmental budget woes, the current clearance process as the major instruments of quality commitment of resources to the human rights reports is control and consistency. Each country report, however, probably disproportionate, as well as unnecessary for remains the product of a unique and sometimes ex¬ meeting the legal requirement. tended negotiation among embassies and department Clearly, the human rights reports need to be trimmed bureaus over content and tone. Varying degrees of down and better tailored to current needs. Some fust steps: historical awareness and substantive expertise and differ¬ • Significantly reduce the scope and length of the ent individual and bureaucratic points of view come into reports by covering only major developments, not play. Standards for evaluation can change country to static conditions. country, in ways perhaps recognizable only to those most • Work with Congress to change the annual require¬ closely involved in the preparation of a given report. ment to one less frequent, say every two or three Acute observations sometimes get homogenized into years, with special reports or testimony by the bureaucratic mush. The more ambitious the reports department stipulated if needed. become, the greater the risk of such distortions. • Expand the introductory essay to facilitate country The reports have been susceptible over time to comparisons and help sort violators into clearer faddish public and congressional preoccupations and to categories. changing Executive Branch criteria. Economic and social • Include a report on the United States to facilitate indicators of quality of life are no longer considered comparison and promote understanding of U.S. relevant. The two-year-old requirement to discuss vio¬ standards. A private panel of limited duration and lence against women—specifically practices of female mandate could be appointed for this purpose. genital mutilation—reflects current U.S. domestic con¬ • If such an innovation is overambitious or unwork¬ cerns more than evidence of a new international human able, include specific references to U.S. human rights problem. While the reports will naturally reflect rights guarantees and practices in the introductory changing times and must satisfy the needs of primary essay for the major issues under discussion. end-users, transient fashions in the definition of human • Write more of the report in Washington in order to rights and human-rights abuses are best avoided. better standardize approaches to different countries, As now presented, the reports stand pretty much on expand the conclusions and comparisons in the their own. The last paragraph of the introduction to introductory essay, and reduce the number of people, sections on each country is a short score sheet that can telegrams, and resources now involved in reaching usefully be compared to the previous year’s; the “score agreement on the final text of each country report. sheet” also identifies positive and negative trends. But the reports do not compare countries, making it hard to distinguish governments that violate rights grossly and As a desk officer in the late 1970s, Julien LeBourgeois systematically from those with less abysmal or even handled the Jamaica report. He also drafted reports positive records. The introductory essay to the Country on Sweden (1981-83) and Indonesia (1988-90).

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 33 face cultural and physical ex¬ that in most cases, harsh rheto¬ tinction unless their contact with ric gives reluctant governments the modern world is better con¬ an excuse to resist international trolled. Although some govern¬ pressure. ments are reluctant to accept Unless handled adroitly and this responsibility, international in good faith, human rights human rights organizations are issues will drive a wedge be¬ not reluctant to assert it. Amnesty tween the developed and de¬ International’s interest in the veloping worlds. Third World fate of Brazil’s Yanomami Indi¬ nations are already neivous ans—a tribe decimated by dis¬ about what they perceive as ease and the depredations of the erosion of the traditional their homeland by timber concept of state sovereignty, poachers, ranchers, and min¬ which provided them some ers—is evidence that the issue measure of protection from has entered the mainstream of outside interference. While in¬ the human rights community. ternational interest in human Environmental organizations, rights protection is legitimate, too, have expressed interest in it must keep governments fo¬ the fate of indigenous peoples, cused on human rights and not adding political urgency to the permit them to slide off the issue. Environmentalists know point by claiming that national that most indigenous groups independence is at stake. depend for their survival on Salvadoran girl their habitat; the economic de¬ Ways and means velopment of their traditional How to accomplish this? A lands is a direct and immediate threat to them. The modest beginning would include the following: first, a melding of human rights and environmental concerns is reexamination of the structure of the State Department’s a new and politically powerful development which will annual human rights report (seepage33)- The format needs ensure that the plight of many indigenous peoples is well to be revised and expanded to include these new issues. publicized throughout Europe and North America. Since much of the human rights report’s structure is legislatively mandated, such a review would probably Struggle and flight require consultation with the Congress. The last item on the emerging human rights agenda is Second, redouble U.S. efforts in multilateral human the rights of refugees and other displaced persons. Again, rights fora. Such fora are a useful means to engage the problem is not a new one; what has changed is our countries that would otherwise resist bilateral approaches understanding of it. In the past, refugee rights have been on human rights. For such fora to be effective, however, viewed largely as a humanitarian issue, acquiring a they must focus on real human rights issues. Efforts by human dimension only when the displaced persons were some Third World nations to introduce extraneous political exiles. However, the suffering inflicted on issues, such as national economic development as a refugee groups in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Central human right, or to include as fora members known America, and Africa—either through political manipula¬ human rights abusers, such as Cuba, must be resisted. tion, denial of relief supplies, or outright attack—has Finally, we must look for creative ways to express our highlighted the central human rights aspect of this willingness to help countries struggling to improve their problem. America’s own strapped resources and public human rights records—for instance, Administration of “compassion fatigue” make uncertain the U.S. ability to Justice programs that help train police and courts in continue to respond to these man-made disasters. The juvenile justice. Although such programs would have result is a growing consensus that the international only a limited impact, they would identify us diplomati¬ community must hold to account governments that cally as part of the solution and not part of the problem. provoke, countenance, and manipulate the mass dis¬ While efforts to provide protection to politically placement of human beings. marginalized and vulnerable groups is a marked expan¬ The emerging human rights agenda poses a tough sion of our traditional human rights policy, it is in keeping diplomatic challenge. The issues on the agenda reflect with its overall purpose. The history of the 1980s should deep-rooted economic, social, and political problems be evidence enough that human rights issues can be that admit of no quick fixes. Unlike political violence, ignored only at our own risk. ■ these issues also are not amenable to the customary finger-pointing and condemnation. This is not to dimin¬ Ttjomas A. Shannon is special assistant to the ambas¬ ish responsibility for human suffering, but to recognize sador at Embassy Brasilia.

34 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 MUTUAL SUSPICION

The Abduction of Dianna Ortiz

BY ANNE STEVENSON-YANG

n late 1989, American nun Dianna Ortiz was The kidnapping I abducted and tortured in Guatemala, allegedly by According to Sister Dianna's sworn statement made government security forces. According to her on January 31, 1991, the incident unfolded as follows: own account, during her roughly 24-hour ordeal In September 1987, Sister Dianna had gone to Sister Dianna was raped repeatedly, burned with Huehuetenango to begin teaching alongside two other cigarettes, and lowered, semi-conscious, into a pit full of nuns. The following September, Bishop Victor Hugo human bodies, crawling with rats. Deeply traumatized, Martinez of the diocese of San Miguel received a the Ursuline nun, who had been teaching children in the communication saying that the nuns were working town of San Miguel Acatan, Huehuetenango department, with local guerrillas, which Ortiz has denied. (Ortiz is would not speak publicly about the ordeal for more than in seclusion and was not available to be interviewed for a year. When she chose to break her this story.) Beginning in January 1989, silence, she spoke with ABC’s Diane Sister Dianna received a series of Sawyer. The resulting segment of ABC’s anonymous notes telling her to leave “PrimeTime Live” news program, aired the country, and on a trip to Guate¬ on June 6,1991, leveled explosive accu¬ mala City in July, she was grabbed by sations at the U.S. Embassy in Guate¬ a man who threatened her and re¬ mala and even hinted at U.S. complicity peated warnings to leave. More letters in the abduction. It also accused the followed, with threats of rape, mur¬ embassy’s human rights officer, Lewis der, and decapitation. Anselem, of spreading vicious minors On October 21,1989, Sister Dianna about Sister Dianna, saying she was a went to Belen Retreat Center in Antigua lesbian and had been the victim not of to take a Bible course and decide a political kidnapping but of a soured whether or not to remain in Guate¬ tryst. mala. As she sat in the garden reading Several congressional delegations her Bible at 8 o’clock on the morning have visited Guatemala to promote in¬ of November 2, a man put a hand on vestigation of the case, and Congress her shoulder and said, “Hold mi amor” Dianna Ortiz has passed amendments to foreign aid She recognized him as the man who authorization bills conditioning U.S. aid had threatened her earlier in Guate¬ to Guatemala on progress in bringing Ortiz’s assailants to mala City. With an armed companion, he forced Sister justice. The story reveals fundamental misunderstand¬ Dianna through a breach in the wall out onto the street. ings between the U.S. embassy in Guatemala and Ameri¬ The men showed her a hand grenade and said they can missionary orders there, which have exacerbated the would kill innocent people if she screamed or tried to difficulties of resolving a case that remains a key irritant flee, then they forced her onto a city bus. in U.S.-Guatemalan relations. After a half-hour ride, the kidnappers took her off

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 35 the bus and, blindfolding their captive, entered a mind. Guatemalan police obtained a court order in an waiting police car driven by a uniformed officer. They effort to get her testimony, but, in deference to the drove to a large building in which Ortiz could hear the severe trauma Ortiz had experienced, the U.S. Embassy screams of a man and woman. interceded to request that she be permitted to leave the During her torture and interrogation, Ortiz was country without submitting to further interviews. shown pictures of herself taken throughout her stay in Guatemalan government officials have publicly ridi¬ Guatemala, along with pictures of people she said she culed and denounced Sister Dianna, saying she fabri¬ did not recognize, whom she was told to identify. One cated the story to discredit the government and had photo showed her at a demonstration of teachers in voluntarily left the convent to meet a lesbian lover. Guatemala City. She was burned repeatedly with Former Defense Minister Hector Gramajo, who re¬ cigarettes—a doctor’s examination made after she cently graduated from the Kennedy School of Govern¬ returned to the United States reported 111 burns on her ment at Harvard University, has frequently repeated the back. Her assailants story of a “lesbian raped her repeatedly, tryst,” although at one beat her, and lowered point he withdrew his her into a pit full of remarks and wrote a bodies, some of which, letter of apology to she told Diane Sawyer, the Catholic church. were still twitching. The Ortiz story was Apparently, Sister described in a para¬ Dianna survived due graph in the to the intervention of a department’s 1989 man called Alejandro human rights report who, she is convinced, and, along with the was an American. In¬ murders of U.S. busi¬ terrupting the interro¬ nessman Michael V. gation, he told her DeVine and Guate¬ captors that the story malan anthropologist of the disappearance Myrna Mack and the was already on televi¬ massacre of 13 civil¬ sion news and de¬ ians at Lake Atitlan, manded that they re¬ forms the centerpiece lease Sister Dianna. of U.S. human rights According to Ortiz, he complaints against then apologized to her, Guatemala. Guate¬ saying that she had One of the threatening letters received by Sister Dianna in San Miguel mala’s military intelli¬ been warned to leave gence branch, known the country but that her kidnapping was a mistake. He as G-2, has for years been notorious for kidnapping, also said that he was struggling against communism. torturing, and killing those who oppose the govern¬ “Alejandro” took Ortiz to a gray Suzuki jeep and said he ment. Guatemala’s military operates largely free of would drive her to see a friend at the American political control. U.S. influence, too, has been strong embassy, but, recognizing a street sign, Sister Dianna in Guatemala since 1954, when the CIA helped jumped from the car when it stopped in traffic and ran sponsor a coup against the elected government. for aid. She was helped to the Maryknoll Center and The abuses caused the United States in December thence to the home of the papal nuncio in Guatemala. to suspend $2.8 million in military aid. In June, the House of Representatives passed an amendment to The aftermath the Foreign Aid Authorization Bill conditioning all aid Although she met briefly with Ambassador Thomas to Guatemala on progress in human rights, specifically Stroock, Sister Dianna was apparently too traumatized naming the Ortiz case, and the Senate passed a similar to speak. Ortiz declined to be interviewed by the U.S. amendment in July. Both bills are now in conference. Embassy and did not file a formal complaint before The Bush Administration has requested $85 million in returning to the United States on November 5, two days economic and development aid to Guatemala and after her release. Her lawyer, Paul Soreff, says such a another $2 million in military aid for fiscal year 1992- complaint is not necessary in the Guatemalan lqgal 93. system, but State Department officials seemed frustrated by that failure, indicating that it was just part of a pattern Ad hominem of reluctance on the part of the Ursuline sisters to The ABC report left a highly negative impression of pursue an investigation while clues remained fresh in the embassy’s conduct, leveling accusations of miscon-

36 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 duct squarely at embassy staff. . [Alfter Dianna Ortiz Church and state collapsed, weeping,” said Diane Sawyer, “the American Statements by members of human rights groups and embassy reacted in a way that was strange, if not missionary orders not directly involved in the case contradictory. The American ambassador went to see suggest that, at a minimum, they believe U.S. govern¬ her to express his personal concern, but, according to ment officials lack understanding and sympathy for sources in Washington, and here [in Guatemala] as missionaries in Guatemala.- well, a member of his staff, the human rights officer, a “This case is just the most recent example of mistrust man named Lew Anselem, started spreading rumors between missionaries and their embassies in Central about her—and pretty vicious rumors. America,” said Lee Miller, of the Washington-based “Several sources told us that Anselem had told them Religious Task Force on Central America, whose orga¬ Sister Dianna Ortiz was a lesbian. And before long, nization has been monitoring the case. “Our embassy Guatemalan officials were saying similar things in people must know how abysmal the human rights public.” situation is there, but they didn’t take Dianna’s disap¬ The program showed Sister Dianna saying she felt pearance seriously from the beginning, and then, when betrayed by the American embassy. Then, Diane Saw¬ the nuns didn’t trust them, they got defensive instead yer continued, “The American embassy refused to talk of understanding their position.” with us about the mysterious Alejandro or the rumors Sister Frances Wilhelm, Ortiz’s superior with the about Dianna. Lew Anselem refused, too, though he’s Ursulines in Maple Mount, Kentucky, cited as a source denied to other people that he said those things. of misunderstanding the perception of religious orders Nevertheless, embassy officials have told members of abroad that the church and not the U.S. government is Congress they still question her story.” their sponsor and representative. “It would seem that in State officials have publicly questioned details of the the beginning, the differences between the mission of case, since discrepancies exist between different affi¬ the church and that of the embassy created the difficulties davits filed by Sister Dianna. in communicating,” said Sister Frances. “It is most “It’s hard to know exactly what constitute the facts” natural for a nun to go to her own church officials for in the case, said U. S. Embassy Public Affairs Officer Jim protection rather than to her embassy, strange as it may Carroll. “We have several different affidavits from Sister seem to state officials.” Dianna’s lawyer, and they are slightly different.” Lew “[The embassy] pressed and pressed and pressed us Anselem did not respond to requests to be interviewed to let them talk with Dianna, but she was in no for this story. condition to talk with anyone,” she said. According to Soreff, the lawyer for Dianna Ortiz, the Michael Ratner, a lawyer with the Center for Consti¬ ABC broadcast was the first time he or Dianna had tutional Rights in New York City, who is part of Ortiz’s heard that Anselem had started the “lesbianism” rumor. legal team, said he believed that, at the outset, the Department officials vigorously deny that anyone in the embassy was fearful of disturbing bilateral relations and American embassy started the story and, in a letter to thus did not vigorously pursue an investigation. “The ABC on June 7, Ambassador Stroock asked for a United States doesn’t have that much interest in upsetting retraction, saying that the embassy had answered every its relations with the Guatemalan military, and this [the one of ABC’s questions during lengthy interviews kidnapping] was clearly a military operation,” Ratner before the broadcast. Asked whether the ambassador said. had refused to answer any questions, Walter Porges, Embassy officials counter that they were eager to vice president of the news division at ABC, commented look for clues. But they were also extremely sensitive only, “Ambassador Stroock answered no questions on to Dianna’s emotional state and kept her well-being the record.” foremost in mind in the hours following her reappear¬ “Our report was carefully researched and reported ance. and would not have been broadcast if we did not think it was fair and balanced,” said Porges. Searching for Dianna On-the-record comments were “the only thing that Interviews and documents relating to the case sug¬ didn’t happen—and they [ABC] were offered written gest that State Department officials believe the conduct statements as well,” said Deputy Assistant Secretary for of the Ursulines in Guatemala City immediately follow¬ Central America Joseph Sullivan. “But like most shows ing Sister Dianna’s release frustrated their attempts to of this nature, they pick and choose and characterize as begin a thorough investigation. According to the State they choose.” Department’s internal chronology of the case, Dianna’s While the program intimated that the embassy had 8 a.m. abduction was discovered when she did not not vigorously prosecuted the Ortiz case, Paul Soreff appear for a Bible class at 10 a.m., and her belongings called Stroock a “shining light” in human rights in the were found in the retreat garden. At 12:30 p.m. Sister area and said, “We are not suggesting that the U.S. Darlene Chmielewski telephoned consular officer Phyllis embassy was involved. . . . We are very pleased with Speck to report the disappearance. Sister Darlene, a everything the embassy has done to help in this case.” Franciscan who had been teaching with Sister Dianna

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 37 in San Miguel, said that she would come to the embassy providing medical assistance, escorting her to the that afternoon to make a detailed report, but at 5:20 she ambassador’s residence, and arranging transportation called again to say she had been detained and could not home, were rebuffed; the Ursulines say Ortiz had all the go until the next morning. help she needed, including medical attention. Department officials found the delay puzzling. But On November 5, Sister Dianna flew to Kentucky. A the Ursulines say that embassy staff told them the case judge was appointed in Antigua to investigate the case, would not be investigated until Dianna had been but Interior Minister Morales on March 12, 1990 de¬ missing for 24 hours. When Sister Darlene offered to go clared the case closed, concluding that it was a “self¬ to the embassy, she was told it would not be necessary. kidnapping.” This signaled to them that the embassy would not be a Sister Dianna’s case is currently proceeding on three strong ally in the search for Dianna fronts in Guatemala. After many false that day. starts, President Jorge Serrano has At 9 p.m. on the night of the According to a press account, appointed a widely respected spe¬ disappearance, the embassy duty of¬ cial prosecutor, Fernando Linares, ficer received a call from the State former President Vinicio who is being assisted by American Department Operations Center about investigator Carl West (also now the case, and the duty officer con¬ Cerezo admitted that investigating the murder of U.S. ferred with the deputy chief of mis¬ businessman Michael DeVine). Ad¬ sion and consul general. After tele¬ “Guatemalan security ditionally, Adjunct Human Rights phoning the Posada de Belen retreat Ombudsman Marie Eugenia de Si¬ center, from which Dianna had disap¬ institutions” were responsible erra is conducting an investigation. peared, Speck, the consular officer, In the courts, jurisdiction has been and the human rights officer, Anselem, for the crime. transferred to Guatemala City’s Court went to Maryknoll House for a two- of Fifth Instance. hour meeting on the case. Speck In the United States, Sister Dianna offered to begin calling hospitals and has filed a $10 million lawsuit against morgues. At Maryknoll, Father Daniel General Gramajo, the former defense Jensen said the papal nuncio had minister, for slander and, in his capac¬ arranged a meeting the next morning between 8 and 9 ity as commander of the army and its intelligence arm, G- a.m. with Interior Minister Villatoro Morales. But when 2, for assault and battery. The case has been further Anselem arrived at Maryknoll House at 7:30 the next clouded by a report published July 21 in Mexico’s “Siglo morning to accompany Father Jensen to the Interior Veintiuno” that Vinicio Cerezo, who was Guatemalan Ministry, he was kept outside and told they must all go president at the time of the kidnapping, admitted that to the papal nuncio to obtain a letter of introduction and “Guatemalan security institutions were responsible for then to pick up the archdiocese’s attorney. The embassy the kidnapping of the nun Dianna Ortiz.” officers were peiplexed by the delay; the State chronol¬ Human rights groups agree that the Ortiz case is ogy notes that while waiting for the papal nuncio’s letter, atypical in Guatemala only because Sister Dianna is Father Jensen made jokes and discussed shopping alive. Her testimony would seem to provide an oppor¬ opportunities. tunity to find the perpetrators of the crime, including The group arrived at 8:50 for the appointment with the mysterious “Alejandro.” The moral clarity of the Morales, whom they saw on his way out. A few minutes case makes it a natural rallying point for human rights into their talk with police officials, the group from groups and the church, which have cooperated in Maryknoll House received a telephone call saying promoting legislation on U.S. aid to Guatemala. Never¬ Dianna had returned. Two hours later the embassy had theless, misunderstandings have continued to roil re¬ already received a congressional inquiry about the sentment against the U.S. Embassy in Guatemala on the Ortiz case. The office of Representative Ted Weiss (D- part of some supporters of Ortiz who see U.S. represen¬ NY) was among those that were aware of the disap¬ tatives abroad as tainted by earlier covert government pearance. Weiss aide Miles Lackey called the embassy’s operations in the region. These feelings may have been conduct immediately following Sister Dianna’s disap¬ aggravated by the ABC news report, which portrayed pearance “mixed,” but he stressed Ambassador Stroock’s the U.S. embassy as unwilling to cooperate. The strong record in human rights. concerned groups say they are putting aside past The State Department chronology suggests that over differences to work together on the investigation, the next two days, the embassy staff was repeatedly however, and the Ortiz case promises to remain key to hampered in efforts to pursue the case. Sister Dianna U.S.-Guatemalan relations until real progress has been made no statement directly to embassy officials or to made in the investigation. ■ the police, a statement written in the third person and in Spanish was provided to the embassy by the papal Anne Stevenson-Yang is editor of the Foreign Service nuncio. Most of the embassy’s offers to help Oitiz, by Journal.

38 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 IDEOLOGICAL mRRIOR

Setting an Agenda in Human Rights: An Inter¬ view with Michael Novak

BY JOHN HARTER

he Foreign Service can help provide Harter: What does the phrase “human rights” mean an “ideologicaledge in human rights” in practical terms today? Novak: It means that citizens may not be tortured, forced says Ambassador Michael Novak, to violate their conscience, or compelled to say what they JL who served as U.S. representative to don’t mean. It means they have a right to speak out, to take the United Nations Human Rights Commission in part in civil life, and to state their own views. Those rights cannot be abridged, and any government that seeks to the earfy 1980s. In this intennew, Novak, currently at abridge those rights to that extent is illegitimate and may lose the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) in Washington, the consent of its citizens—with the expectation that other examines the new prominence accorded human rights nations will support their efforts to seek redress. during the 1980s and the reforms adopted by some Harter: Clearly the first 10 amendments to the U.S. regimes. Novak believes that Foreign Service officers Constitution represent a substantial portion of what you must be better trained to participate in the “war of mean by human rights . . . ideas. ’’Novak developed some of these themes at a talk Novak: And I’m reluctant to multiply those rights at the Foreign Service Club in December 1990. The much further. We shouldn’t use the word “rights” profli¬ gately, so that it loses its value. interview, conducted by retired Foreign Service officer John Harter, has been edited for length. Harter: Do you see any connection between respect for human rights and economic development? John Harter: Can you clarify what you mean by Novak: Absolutely! An important capacity of the “human rights”? human being is the capacity to be creative in the Michael Novak: There are two routes to understand¬ production of goods and services—a capacity that is at ing human rights: through religion and through philoso¬ the heart of economic development. Pope John Paul II phers like John Locke in England and James Madison in has recognized that capacity as a fundamental right as the United States. The religious argument was that God deep as the right to liberty of conscience. made every human being—not just Christians andjews— The people of Eastern Europe see quite clearly today in his image, capable of reflection and choice and that to that they won’t be satisfied with democracy unless they honor this image is to honor God, and to defile it is to are pan of a dynamic, growing economy. They won’t be insult God. The philosophers argued that every human happy solely to vote every two to four years unless they being fears torture, fearing that under torture, he could be see improvement in their daily lives. made to go against his own will; and therefore a regime must be created in which torture is not legitimate. Harter: But why does the extension of human rights

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 39 encourage economic development? Novak: I do. His eloquence evoked echoes all around Novak: New wealth comes from invention and dis¬ the world. There was ample evidence of that when he covery, not by taking from others. It doesn’t come from went to Poland a year after his presidency and to the dividing the pie up a little differently, but from imagining Soviet Union. He said things that made people think, and producing new things—this requires rights to per¬ “You know, that’s right!” But it’s not enough to have sonal enterprise, personal initiative, and economic cre¬ pieces of paper with human rights written on them: you ativity, not to mention private property. have to have institutions that guarantee due process to protect these rights. Harter: Who gets credit for the U.S. emphasis on It was the threat of military force that convinced human rights? Marcos that he would have to leave the Philippines, for Novak: Prodded by Senator “Scoop" Jackson, after his example; and it was the withholding of aid to the Chilean inauguration, President Carter gave some eloquent military that put great pressure and embarrassment on speeches on [human rights] at Notre Dame and else¬ Pinochet, especially when some very hard-nosed Ameri¬ where. . . . Jimmy Carter really did put human rights in can ambassadors made it plain to Pinochet that we the consciousness of U.S. foreign-policy makers. He weren’t kidding. I believe President Reagan was personally named Patt Derian assistant secretary for Human Rights, concerned about developments in those two countries, and, after some resistance and confusion in the Depart¬ and others. ment of State, it went forward. Harter: Can you think of two or three countries in Harter: That was the origin of the department’s which there has been significant improvement in dealing annual reports on human rights? with human rights in recent years? Novak: Yes, the annual reports began at that time. Novak: That has been the case in most of Latin They have been getting better, year by year, and they America— Latin Americans now live under regimes that have had an impact! When I was the U.S. representative are much more democratic. They may be imperfectly to the U.N. Human Rights Commission in Geneva, I saw democratic, in that they don’t all have good, independent the delegations of other countries line up when those judiciaries, for example, but at least they elect congresses and books arrived in the third week of the session. Evety presidents, and their governments change from party to party. delegate would immediately turn to the pages on his own Human rights are tetter protected than they were under the country, and each and every one of them took quite many military dictatorships of the late 1970s. seriously every word. There was some complaint from senators that the Harter: What were the reasons for those improve¬ Carter Administration gave too much emphasis to dec¬ ments? larations and too little to follow-up. It sometimes seemed Novak: The improvements came about when ordi¬ that they let the perfect be the enemy of the good... We nary people realized that the anti-democratic tendencies saw what happened in Iran and Nicaragua, for example, of both the left and the right are dangerous. I remember as examples of going from bad to worse, because of an vividly an argument I heard in Chile in the early 1980s: inadequate grasp of all the factors at stake. I heard some socialists speak about democracy as a bourgeois illusion, and I heard some of the Pinochet Harter: What was the response of the Reagan Admin¬ people say democracy would never work in Chile. istration to those issues? Well, just a few years later, those same socialists still Novak: The Reagan Administration, bending over said democracy is a bourgeois illusion, but they added backward to be bipartisan in this area, chose such that it sure beats being tortured or thrown in prison! And persons as Jeane Kirkpatrick, Richard Schifter, and Elliott those same Pinochet supporters said, “I didn’t mean that Abrams, who had grown up in the Humphrey-Moynihan- this torture should be permitted. I’m not prepared to Jackson wing of the Democratic Party—Democrats who support that.” In election after election, throughout Latin had long been concerned about the practical implemen¬ America, majorities have chosen governments that op¬ tation of human rights. With this group, the emphasis pose the left and the right. They voted against the swiftly went from talking about human rights to encour¬ generals and the extremists whenever they had a chance— aging democratic institutions that would secure human and they voted for liberal government and economic rights. By 1990, 15 former military dictatorships (chiefly growth. in Latin America) had taken some steps—sometimes only partial, but quite considerable in other cases—in the Harter: What do you think of the UN Declaration of direction of democracy. Democracy took root in the Human Rights? Philippines and even began to be a battle cry in the Soviet Novak: Oh, I think that was an enonnous achieve¬ Union, not to mention Eastern Europe. ment. The political and civil rights sections are basically derived from the U.S. experience, and they closely follow Harter: Do you feel President Reagan bad a personal our own Bill of Rights. It was an enormous achievement interest in those developments? to make those principles the common law of nations.

40 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 Harter: But has it had an impact on events? times behind the scenes—people were released from Novak: Oh, there’s no question about that. It was prison. We had reason to believe that certain disappear¬ obvious to me at the Helsinki talks in 1986 that even then ances which might have happened did not happen, the Yugoslavs, Czechoslovaks, and Hungarians, for ex¬ because of the pressure brought to bear. The drive for ample, Communists though they were, would have voted human rights contributed to the developments that later with the West if they could have, time and time again. But took place in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. they had to toe the line. Before 1982, believe it or not, the Human Rights Commis¬ sion had never voted to condemn human rights abuses Harter: What did you think of the UN Human Rights in those countries. The Helsinki Agreement set standards Commission? for Eastern Europe, and that helped in Geneva.... If you Novak: I had never been involved with the U.S. change the way people think, their behavior will change, Foreign Service before the 1980s, and at first I didn’t want and that puts great pressure on politicians. So I think to go. But one day just after the inauguration of President debates and resolutions in the UN Human Rights Com¬ Reagan, Jeane Kirkpatrick came up to me in the AEI mission—and the Helsinki process—put pressure on dining room. She had been asked to be U.S. representa¬ governments. The Helsinki Monitors, Amnesty Interna¬ tive to the United Nations, and she asked me if I would tional, and other organizations like that help mobilize a go to Geneva. She thought I could articulate what the constituency for change around tire world. United States stands for as a nation founded by people who wanted freedom to exercise their rights. She wanted Harter: Do you think the Department of State is us to call attention to the fact that we would condone no optimally equipped, institutionally and also in terms of abuse of human rights anywhere in the world. So she specializedpersonnel, forgiving appropriate attention to persuaded me. human rights? When I got to Geneva, at my first meeting as the U.S. Novak: Increasingly so. If there is a weakness in the representative to the Human Rights Commission, I was Department of State, in my view, it is that people who are shocked at the way everybody attacked Israel. Given all attracted to the Foreign Service are more interested in the countries in the world that abuse human rights, it did practicing diplomacy than they are in the ideological not seem to me that Israel was an appropriate focus. The work that is a necessary prerequisite to the effective invective and the mood were so ugly that I wrote a private practice of diplomacy. They tend to be mostly intelligent and letter to Jeane, saying, “I feel like a rat drowning in the idealistic people, but after they enter the Foreign Service, their sewers of Constantinople! Why did you send me here?” daily routine usually involves them in a lot of non-idealistic She still teases me about that. work. They have taken a real interest in die human rights reports, however, and every year diose reports are receiving Harter: Did you drown? more attention—they are more detailed and they command Novak: No, we fought back! We started to speak as more support throughout the foreign policy establishment. directly and clearly as possible, and we laid down markers on But that kind of work runs counter to the basic tendencies of where we stood. On my fust night in Geneva, a group of die diplomatic service, where you’re usually trying to clean up Western Europeans and others invited me to dinner, and they the debris left by controversy. I think the department needs all looked at me as though I had green hair. I realized then an ideological edge, perhaps in the fonn of a cadre of highly that I was the first Reaganaut in captivity, and they were all competent people whose job it is to think institutionally about eager to hear what I had to say. long-range trends and ideas that may prevail 10 years All the questions were directed at me, and, finally, I from now. said, “Look, a great nation is like an aircraft carrier—it changes policies very slowly, only a few degrees at a Harter: Do you mean we need a strong policy plan¬ time. Our briefing book was prepared by the Carter ning operation? Administration, but we’ll rarely deviate from it. Our Novak: Yes, we do, but I was thinking of something policy on human rights will be amazingly consistent, even more abstract and perhaps more ambitious than because our national ideals are consistent.” However, I that... I think we need people in the Department of State said, there may be one difference: the Carter Administra¬ who are removed from the everyday world of foreign tion would give very eloquent and ringing speeches, and affairs to advance an agenda that mixes idealism with then sometimes end up voting in a weaker way. “On the realism. Furthermore, in the world as it is, propaganda other hand,” I said, “we will try to align our votes exactly has become a major form of political power, and it seems with our speeches.” to me that Foreign Service officers are generally not well trained in either generating or combating effective pro¬ Harter: So you feel the Human Rights Commission paganda. They tend to agree too much, even with their accomplishes useful results? avowed adversaries. But when it’s adverse propaganda, Novak: Yes, I think so, especially when the Carter and you have to be more aggressive and knock it down Reagan Administrations concentrated on actions, not immediately. In short, I would like to see the Department words. As a direct result of concerted activities—some¬ of State develop better training in the war of ideas. ■

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The Strategists THE COMMANDERS By Bob Woodtvard, Simon and Schuster, 1991, $24.95 hardcover

Reviewed by David Jones The Commanders is clearly the political insider book of the year. Written in Woodward’s character¬ istic breathless, race-horse style, The Commanders has more the feel of a Tom Clancey novel than of classic political commentary. Nevertheless, the volume is an intensely serious effort devoted to Woodward’s self-professed objec¬ tive of examining the workings of the Pentagon and the military in policy formation. Commanders gives the reader a two-for-one value. Though it was originally designed to examine military influence and interaction with senior administration figures during the Panama Just Cause in¬ tervention, the Gulf crisis blew up one whose recollection has faded. action. Other principals are unfocused before Woodward completed the study. There are the required tidbits of per¬ (President Bush), vindictive (Cheney), Consequently, he expanded his effort sonality (Cheney flunking out of Yale driven (Scowcroft), or self-serving to embrace the U.S. response to with youthful drunken-driving con¬ (Baker). In judging the book, however, Saddam’s Kuwait invasion. victions, Saudi Ambassador Bandar’s a senior State official told me to watch Woodward explores the relation¬ penchant for pursuing various private “who was not talking” and that the ships among President Bush, Secretar¬ and sometimes conflicting projects). book was “written across the river”— ies Cheney and Baker, Chairman of the There are revelations of decoded inter¬ i.e., through conversations with De¬ Joint Chiefs of Staff Powell, and National cepts of Noriega conversations and partment of Defense officials, both Security Council Adviser Scowcroft intimations of the same about Iraqi military and civilian, with virtually no during these crises. He salts the text communications designed to infuriate State participation. As a consequence, with anecdotes and commentary at¬ the National Security Agency. There the diplomatic elements of both Panama tributed to a wide variety of senior are extensively reconstructed accounts and the Gulf are all but omitted. There military and civilian officials, effectively of key meetings between the president is virtually no mention of the painstak¬ creating a plausible sense of the story and top advisers, between senior fig¬ ing diplomatic efforts to build UN behind media headlines and the mo¬ ures such as Cheney and Powell, and support, to create the military and tivations driving high-level decision¬ the Joint Chiefs and their military col¬ economic coalition, to cement Soviet making. leagues. support, to manage Israeli restraint, At the minimum, The Commanders Woodward’s hero is clearly Powell. secure Turkish and Syrian participa¬ provides a solid, military-oriented, He is portrayed as balanced, percep¬ tion, etc. chronologically precise recounting of tive, firm, and, in the Gulf, inclined to At the end of the account, the the Panama and Gulf actions for any¬ favor the embargo rather than military reader must decide whether plausibil-

SEPTF.MBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 43 BOOKS ity equals accuracy and whether based on research on the spot and Behr is right, and how to live with versimilitude equals precision. For me, interviews with persons such as the the resultant guilt is a struggle for each the conclusion lies in a trivial point: helicopter plot who took the such individual today. How the trau¬ Woodward’s characterization of Army Ceausescus off the roof, the worker matized population can find the vigor Chief of Staff Carl Vuono as “happy- whom they forced to drive them to and self-reliance to create a free soci¬ go-lucky.” While General Vuono is what they thought would be safety, ety is Romania’s most critical problem. neither dour nor melancholy, in his and the major who was their chief To date, the people of Romania and intensity of purpose and dedication he jailer. their leaders have opted for minimal was is “happy-go-lucky” as an Abrams The bulk of the book is a detailed change and minimal risk. Most former tank. description of Ceausescu’s rise to officials and regulations are still in power, the nature of his regime, and place. So are the old habits—avoiding David Jones is a Senior Foreign Service the historical context within which this responsibility, avoiding risk, working officer. took place. The author traces the de¬ the system to one’s advantage rather velopment of Ceausescu from than trying to change it. As a result, the uneducated, stammering youth to economy is spiraling downward, and The End of the First Act skilful political manipulator to flattery¬ popular malaise is increasing. Whether Kiss THE HAND YOU CANNOT BITE: seeking autocrat. He steers a careful this will reach a flash point and what its course among the exaggerated ac¬ results will be are difficult questions. It THE RISE AND FAIL OF THE counts of both Ceausescu’s sycophants is disturbing that neo-fascists are doing CEAUSESCUS and his enemies and gives us a bal¬ well. By Edward Behr, Random House, anced and useful biography. He re¬ Behr calls the Ceausescus’ execu¬ 1991, $22.50 hardcover counts accurately how Ceausescu en¬ tion “the end of the first act of a gory joyed a certain popularity among Ro¬ melodrama likely to continue for years Reviewed by Roger Kirk manians in the late 1960s, how power . . . Unmentioned but ubiquitous, they Many readers will remember the accentuated his bad qualities, and how continued to cast their shadow over television pictures of the Romanian he was hated by virtually all his sub¬ Romania.” The reviewer is optimistic revolution at Christmastime in 1989— jects by 1989- The revolution came, in enough to feel that the melodrama will Ceausescu’s panic when his speech part, because “by the mid-1980s, the have a relatively happy ending—but it Ceausescus were commit¬ will take a decade to play out. One of the most interesting aspects of this ting the ultimate, unforgivable gangsters’ Roger Kirk, who currently teaches at hook is the author’s discussion of the effect error: they were no longer the Georgetown University School of looking after their own.” Foreign Service, served as U.S. of the Ceausescu regime on its subjects. He One of the most inter¬ ambassador to Romania.from November points out that Ceausescu’s was not a esting aspects of this book 1985 to July 1989. is the author’s discussion “bloody dictatorship.”Although its victims, of the effect of the Islamic Primer Ceausescu regime on its like those of the Soviet gulag or the Nazi subjects. He points out that A HISTORY OF THE ARAB PEOPLES By Albert Hourani, The Belknap Press concentration camps, were “hideously Ceausescu’s was not a “bloody dictatorship.” Al¬ of Harvard University Press, 1991, traumatized, the dathage done to indi¬ though its victims, like $24.95 hardcover those of the Soviet gulag or viduals was mostly psychological and not the Nazi concentration Reviewed by David Fredrick physical. ” camps, were “hideously This excellent and readable history traumatized, the damage is useful for apprentices, journeyman, done to individuals was and master craftsmen who work with was interrupted by catcalls, his hasty mostly psychological and not physi¬ and for the Arab world. To read it is to departure from Bucharest, the joyful cal.” Behr notes that everyone had to get the kind of broad overview and fraternization of the army and the make moral compromises to get ahead, perspective offered in Western civili¬ people, then shooting in the streets, even to exist. “All the things that zation textbooks. Hourani sketches and finally the bodies of the executed achievers elsewhere take for granted— out 12 centuries of diversity with en¬ dictator and his wife. The first chapter promotion, comfortable apartments, a thusiasm and clarity. His work is ap¬ of Behr’s book is a fascinating account living wage... could only be obtained propriate for both serious students and of these last days of the Ceausescus, in return for the loss of one’s soul.” casually curious readers. Citizens of

44 • FOREIGN SERVICE IOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 Elkader, Iowa will find a few pages on We have seen this principle operate in appreciated by Arabs. It also helps us their town’s patron, the Algerian warrior Arab societies where small groups to understand the shifting sands of Abd el-Qadir. He points out that in 1492, forcefully eject leaders. Could not the alliances in the Middle East. The 1991 the Americas opened up to Spain, just as principle of “kharijism” serve Spain expelled the Arabs and Jews. equally well as a philo¬ I have often wondered what pro¬ sophical basis for demo¬ Education of the Arab masses is treated as if it cratic processes? duced the Shi’ites, the Sunnis, and the were the unfinished business of colonizing Ismailis. Hourani lays out quite clearly We Americans don’t the descendants of the Prophet know a great deal about powers. Little is said about women’s rights or Mohammed and the political, economic, the Arab, Islamic world. and social reasons for the schisms in Hourani gives us a lot of democratic institutions. It’s obvious that basics, such as “... there is Islam. He explores thoroughly how Hourani is disturbed by such factors, but he Islam became the unifying force for a supreme God who re¬ peoples in much of the world and veals Himself in some form does little to examine the societal origins of generated the strong language of Arabic for human beings. For that swept out many ancient languages. Christians, the revelation is such fundamental challenges now facing the Hourani introduces interesting top¬ that of a person, and the Arab world. ics such as “Kharijism,” probably well basic theological question known to some scholars but less so to in the early centuries was other people. It is a belief that the head that of the relationship of this person alliance between Egypt and Syria might of the community (the imam) who with God; for Muslims, the revelation have been surprising to some in the shows himself unworthy should be re¬ is a book, and the problem of the status context of the last decade but was all of moved. “Kharijism” was well suited to of the Book is therefore fundamental.” a piece in Hourani’s oudine. His de¬ the needs of loose collections of tribal Some Arabs believe that Westerners scriptions of the persistent enmity be¬ groups living in secluded places who have a limited perspective about the tween Iran and Iraq and the ancient might need a leader or arbitrator from Arab world. Hourani helps us to un¬ discord that finally blew Lebanon into time to time but did not want him to derstand this history and gives us a pieces are also illuminating. have permanent and organized power. deeper perspective, which is always Education of the Arab masses is THE BEAUTY CENTER BEAUTY SUPPLIES & SERVICE HUNDREDS OF MAJOR BRANDS TO CHOOSE FROM... AT DISCOUNT PRICES! NEXXUS, PAUL MITCHELL, SEBASTIAN/SYSTEMA, REDKEN, GOLDWELL, KMS, AVEDA, SUKESHA, JOICO, SCRUPLES, OPTIMUM, WAVE NOUVEAU, LEISURE CURL, CREAM OF NATURE, GENTILLE, HAWAIIAN SILKY, AFFIRM, DONNIES, SOF-N-FREE, ISOPLUS, B&B, POSNER, LOTTABODY, REVLON, LUSTERS, SOFT SHEEN, TCB, NEW ERA, CLAIROL, APHOGEE, LOREAL, KENRA, TRESSEME, LA COUPE, FERMODYL, ZOTOS, ALL WAYS, LE KAIR, PRECISE, SUPERNAIL, IBD, ORLY, OPI, ALPHA 9, GENA, PRE-CON, OSTER, WAHL, ANDIS, BELSON, PLIMATIC, ETC...

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SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 45 BOOKS treated as if it were the unfinished Cross-cultural understanding is the and deeper appreciation and under¬ business of colonizing powers. Little is foundation of peace. Hourani’s book is standing of the Arab peoples and na¬ said about women’s rights or demo¬ a significant contribution to such under¬ tions so central to world political and cratic institutions. It’s obvious that standing, confirmed by its rise to the economic stability. Hourani is disturbed by such factors, New York Tinted list of non-fiction best¬ but he does little to examine the societal sellers. It can be the backbone in Arab David Fredrick, a Foreign Service officer origins of such fundamental challenges studies programs and a key source for with the Agency for International now facing the Arab world. His assess¬ persons going to live and work in the Development, has served in Thailand, ments are limited to suggesting that Arab world. It is must reading for West¬ Senegal Zaire, the Yemen Arab Republic, conditions are caused by factors outside erners seeking (or needing) broader and Morocco. the control of Arab societies and, as such, cannot be influenced by Arab leaders. Can it be that Arab nations are passive victims of fate and Western Revolutionary Espionage rule, the pageantiy of war rested in no machinations (oil, trade, crusades, etc.)? small part on a hidden substmcture of SECRET NEW ENGLAND: SPIES OF THE Have not Arabs made much history, just intelligence-gathering, espionage, and as they have been made by history? AMERICAN REVOIITION covert activity that historians long over¬ What happened to some chunks of Edited by Edmund R Thompson, looked but which, as much as battles, Arab history, such as Mindinao in the Bookcrafters, Chelsea, Michigan, 1991, determined the outcome of the revolu¬ Philippines, Arab slave traders in central $13-95 softcover tion. Africa, and the Arab-Islamic influence in Eleven authors, four of them with central Asia? This can be forgiven, but it Reviewed by Smith Simpson PhDs and one a professor of law, all takes time, just as it has taken us Ameri¬ Before the cause of the American formerly connected with the CIA, Army cans a long time to face up to our role Revolution could be tmmpeted it had to intelligence or counter-intelligence, or in the winning of the West from the be whispered. With covert operations otherwise specialists in intelligence American Indians and in other capers. ushering in overt resistance to British subjects, have contributed to this collec- Put Your Most Valuable Asset In Our Hands. Amemberofthe IT] Sears Financial Network UU

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46 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 tion of essays on how secret operations a ” school of writing, accompanied ship,” “professional training," “relations figured in our successful rebellion against by a private P.O. box number to send with Congress,” “the visa function,” and British rule. They make an interesting for a copy. As for serious attempts, in many more. In retrospect, the central and readable addition to the literature 1983 Georgetown University’s Institute importance of Assistant Secretary for on that aiming point in our history. The for the Study of Diplomacy published Consular Affairs Barbara Watson strikes most compact and sharply focused of The Consular Dimension of Diplomacy, this reviewer, who was cutting his con¬ the essays is that of G.J.A. O’Toole on a symposium edited by the late Martin sular teeth in Manila during her tenure. Benjamin Franklin’s remarkable service F. Herz. In 1990, Charles Smart Kennedy’s It was Watson, who served as assistant as U.S. minister to France. O’Toole is a superb 7he American Consul: A History secretary from 1977 to 1980, who began former chief of the Problem Analysis of the United States Consular Service renovating the consular function from Branch of the CIA, and his essay is 1776-1914 was published. Now comes what was considered a department evidently a distillation of the research The U.S. Consul at Work, by Kennedy backwater to a forward-looking activity. that went into his 1989 novel, Poor and William D. Morgan. Its heightened importance and visibility Richard’s Game. Morgan and Kennedy are former have continued under Watson’s succes¬ Americans are not enamored of es¬ Foreign Service officers, and Kennedy is sors. This transformation required a pionage and covert activities, and it director of the Foreign Affairs Oral His¬ change of attitude on the department's seems clear not only from the foreword tory Program at Georgetown Univer¬ part as well as within the bureau itself. of the book but also from its sponsor¬ sity. They have collaborated in this It was spurred on, in part, by congres¬ ship by the Association of Former Intel¬ collection of oral history interviews with sional concern over the protection of ligence Officers that an objective of the both retired and active consular officers. Americans abroad. book is to persuade Americans that The result is a book that can be read Anyone who was condemned to the such things are not so alien to their both as a first-hand account of the old, pre-Congen Rosslyn consular train¬ nature as many suppose. But these development of the consular function ing at the Foreign Service Institute will activities within one’s own territory to since the 1950s and as a useful guide, read the accounts of Willard Devlin, gain one’s own independence are hardly particularly for newly minted consular Elizabeth Raspolic, and Betty Swope comparable to their projection abroad managers. with a rueful smile of remembrance. into other people’s countries. Nor is The book is topically divided into The relentless drone of the lecturer and employing them in war the same as chapters as diverse as “consular leader¬ the blur of Foreign Affairs Manual cita- employing them in peace. It may be that George Washington can be character¬ ized as “an acute spymaster and a wily practitioner of deceptive operations,” We concentrate on but George as general and George as only ONE thing ... president of the United States must play Managing your property. by different sets of rules. If fonner intelligence officers and their associates PROFESSIONAL can tackle those issues, they will come PROPERTY closer to joining the issues that trouble the American people. MANAGEMENT OF NORTHERN A retired Foreign Service officer, Smith VIRGINIA INC. Simpson is author of Anatomy of the State Department, The Crisis in American Join our growing number of Diplomacy, and other books. owners from Athens to Zaire who trust the management of their properties to PPM. Pro¬ The ‘People’ People fessional service with a per¬ THE U.S. CONSUL AT WORK sonal touch. By William D. Morgan and Charles Discounts on appliances Stuart Kennedy, Greenwood Press, and more! Monthly comput¬ 1990, $45 hardcover ed! erized statements.

Reviewed by William H. Barked 5105K Backtick Rd. Annandale, VA 22003 There has been an unfortunate 703/642-3010 dearth of literature on the history and 11325 Seven Locks Road Suite 217 importance of American consuls and Potomac, MD 20854 their contribution to U.S. interests 301/983-2323 abroad. There have been a few vanity We also service Montgomery County, Maryland press attempts, usually of the “Tales of

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 47 congressman, because he BOOKS was not assigned a first- class cabin. Finally, the section on tions seemed purposely designed to shipping and seamen re¬ dampen the spirit and initiative of eager flects the antiquated (al¬ officers. Nothing reflects the renovation most non-existent) role of the consular function in the last 15 the consular officer plays years so much as the approach to today in this most tradi¬ training. The establishment of Congen tional of consular activi¬ Rosslyn represented the turning point in ties. It consists of two the professional program for consular anecdotes by the authors. officers. Until recently, the FAM Field leadership, management tech¬ citations on shipping and niques, junior officer development, and seamen were couched in relations with the other sections of the language as archaic as embassy are all covered from the per¬ the activity itself. I still spectives of the officers interviewed. remember reading that Particularly compelling is Diane Dillard’s destitute mariners were account of the bombing of the Ameri¬ to be placed in wann can Embassy in Beirut on April 18,1983, Consular Officer Robert Sorensen hands out an quarters “located away from the scenes just six months after her arrival as consul information sheet on emigration procedures of vice.” It is good that the consular outside the U. S. Embassy in Moscow. general. It is a tragic tale well told and a function has moved ahead, but a nostal¬ superb example of selfless devotion to gic imagination prefers to see that cita¬ duty and leadership under fire. Dean those who have been involved with the tion remain unchanged. ■ Dizikes’s account of the evacuation by evacuation of American citizens. There ship of some 500 American citizens is heroism and pettiness: one of those William H. Barkell is a Foreign Service from Cairo to Nicosia during the 1973 involved volunteers to do anything, officer in the Office of Freely Associated Yom Kippur War will resonate with while another threatens to write his State Affairs (EAP/FAS).

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48 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAt • SEPTEMBER 1991 Now America’s most experienced overseas mover is an approved Department of State contractor.

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Note: The Foreign Service Journal is indebted to Foreign Service Officer Peter Eicherfor this historic despatch and explanatory note.

THE ERUPTION OF KRAKAm.

The eruption of Krakatoa on August day passed, it grew gradually darker; of the eruption was the Java coast 26, 1883, was one of the most violent at about 9 o’clock a.m. it commenced bordering on the Straits of Sunda, . . . and celebrated volcanic eruptions in to rain ashes slightly; in an hour this it has been completely altered in ap¬ history. In this despatch, the U.S. con¬ had increased to such an extent that it pearance and entirely not one stone sul in Batavia (now Jakarta), Stewart resembled a heavy snow storm, and by remains on another. . . . Most of the Hatfield Jr., reports to Assistant Secre¬ 11:30 a.m. Batavia was in as utter inhabitants have perished, the entire tary of State John Davis on his experi¬ darkness as night, which continued coast facing the Straits has been swept ence during the eruption and on its until about 1:30 p.m., when the atmo¬ clean and where last week there were devastating results. sphere slowly cleared. The fall of ashes villages, buildings, fields, etc., there is is stated to have amounted to 5 centi¬ at present a veritable dismal swamp of Batavia, 1st September 1883 meters, or, say, 2 inches. mud and water. Smaller places situated Business was, of course, entirely on the coast . . . actually no longer Sir, suspended—at about noon a tidal wave exist. reached this city, the water rising be¬ The island of Krakatoa has disap¬ On Saturday afternoon, the 26th, tween 8 and 10 feet and flooding the peared and the sea covers that place loud reports similar to the discharge of lower town, sending . . . small river now, but between Krakatoa and heavy artillery in our immediate vicinity craft generally into confusion, and Sebessie Island 16 new formations astonished Batavia; it was soon under¬ landing many of them in the streets have appeared and a sort of reef bearing stood that these and on the roadways. . . . Several five active craters. sounds issued steamers were in danger and in¬ The western part of the province of from the volcano creased the confusion by Bantam (Java) is quite a desert being on Krakatoa Is¬ covered with ashes and land, situated in mud. Trees and all veg¬ Sunda Straits be¬ etation have perished, tween Java and in fact everything has Sumatra. been carried away, cattle All throughout are deprived of food and the night of the the outlook is certainly 26th, these re¬ disheartening for that ports, which were district. Full details have tremendous, con¬ so far not been received tinued, gradually as everything is natu¬ lessening, how¬ rally in confusion, but ever, as day drew navigation of the Straits near, but when I is certainly dangerous state that the gas on account of the street lamps, and those in private firing distress guns. changes and the fact that the light¬ houses, were extinguished and that The diy dock . . . has been carried houses have been destroyed. doors, windows, and even houses were away, the last seen of it was 4 miles off I have the honor to be, veiy respect¬ shaken by the concussions caused by the coast. . . . Ashes fell at Surabaya in fully, your obedient servant, a volcano situated 90 miles away as the Java, and Penang, in the Malacca Pen¬ crow flies, the force of the explosions insula, and in Singapore, the reports can be better appreciated. were heard. Morning at last arrived, but as the The section which felt the full force S. HATFIELD

50 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 AF S A ♦ INI E W

IG investigations: What are your rights? by Turna R. Lewis GeneralPhoto by Fan Yang Counsel Staff members in the Offices of the Inspector General (OIG) of State and A.I.D. have been using threatening and illegitimate tactics in investigations of individual em¬ ployees. The OIGs, responsible for tracking down waste, fraud, abuse, From right to left, former AFSA President Ted Wilkinson, Xenia Wilkinson, and mismanagement, investigate in¬ Bruce Laingen, and current AFSA President Hume Horan talk with Secretary dividuals for such infractions as Baker at AFSA’s Fourth of July party in the State Department. fraud in travel vouchers and allow¬ District of Columbia, chaired by In a non-custodial interview, the ances, based on an employee re¬ Senator James Sasser (D-TN), con¬ IG does not have to inform an em¬ quest or anonymous information. ducted a study of complaints by ployee that he or she is the focus Investigative methods employed federal and private sector of an investigation. Initially, the IG by some IG staff serve no other whistleblowers. The resulting draft may not have identified the subject purpose than to intimidate employ¬ investigative report, “The Inspector or scope of an investigation, and ees. Employees have recounted to General System,” issued in July an employee may be a witness. AFSA some of the particularly egre¬ 1990, details myriad examples of However, IG advice to the con¬ gious problems: IG ineffectiveness, including lack trary, the subject of this sort of in¬ • Employees have been denied of objectivity in conducting investi¬ terview does have rights. An their right to consult with coun¬ gations, refusal to investigate legiti¬ employee who has a reasonable be¬ sel before being interviewed by mate complaints, witness and lief that the interview may lead to IG inspectors, or to have coun¬ whistleblower intimidation, and im¬ disciplinary and/or adverse action sel present at IG interviews; properly conducted investigations. has the following rights: • Employees have been denied ac¬ One of the most disturbing aspects • to consult with an attorney or cess to IG reports and forced to of the report is its documentation representative before and during file a Freedom of Information that IGs have disclosed the identity an IG interview; Act to obtain IG reports of their of whistleblowers. • to have an attorney or represen¬ own investigations, which were Anyone notified that an IG inves¬ tative review any statement be¬ referred to another office for dis¬ tigator wants to talk with him or fore signing it; ciplinary and/or adverse action; her should contact AFSA and/or pri¬ • to be informed before the IG in¬ • Employees have been arrested vate counsel before the interview. terview begins of these rights by IG staff even though they The interview may be a custodial and that information provided were fully cooperating with an one, in which the employee is by the employee during the investigation and their where¬ physically detained, or, most likely, course of the interview may be abouts were known to IG staff. non-custodial, meaning that the em¬ used in administrative, civil Unfortunately, negative accounts ployee is free to leave the inter¬ and/or criminal action against of IG procedures and practices are view at any time. An employee the employee. not unique to Foreign Service em¬ should never submit to a custodial Employees interviewed are re¬ ployees. The Subcommittee on Gen¬ interview without a criminal attor¬ quired to answer questions specific¬ eral Services, Federalism, and the ney present. ally related to their official duties.

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 51 N E S

Refusal to answer such questions rent—a Brookings Institution study may be the basis for terminating suggested 1,500 to 3,000 warheads employment. might be enough. Maynes also be¬ lieves that the United States should move to a “no first use” of nuclear AFSA to A.I.D.: weapons posture, since the ratio¬ Unfair nale for rejecting such a position by Mark W. Smith was that the United States faced a Legal Assistant foe with conventional superiority. AFSA has filed an unfair labor In the economic field, State and practice charge against A.I.D., claim¬ other agencies should give equal ing that by compelling employees weight to geoeconomics along to sign audit representation letters, with geopolitics. The world is the agency has changed work pro¬ Charles William Maynes likely to see three trading blocs, cedures without negotiating with A foreign policy the effect softened by the globaliza¬ tion of finance. AFSA. prescription: The letters attest that the signer, Finally, Maynes suggested to the best of his or her knowl¬ Letting go of the greater concentration on this hemi¬ edge, has provided all relevant in¬ sphere, citing William Colby’s state¬ formation to the investigators and status quo ment that the threat of illegal knows of no “irregularities” in the by Richard Thompson immigrants was greater than the project, as well as providing other Coordinator, Professional Issues danger of nuclear missiles. A total restructuring of U.S. for¬ broad assurances. Close to home AFSA questions the letters’ use, eign policy is needed for the post During the discussion period, since an employee who inadver¬ Cold War period, according to Maynes elaborated on this theme, tently provides wrong information Charles William Maynes, the editor saying that some of the U.S. re¬ could be left open to disciplinary of Foreign Policy. Speaking to a sources currently devoted to the action or even criminal prosecu¬ Foreign Service Club audience July Middle East and military-base coun¬ tion. The agency has provided no 30, Maynes characterized adminis¬ tries should be freed for develop¬ written assurances that employees tration policy as a “cautious cling¬ ment efforts in Latin America, “so who sign will be immune from ing to the status quo.” people can make a living without such actions. The A.I.D. general The spectacular failure of Soviet moving here.” counsel’s office expressed similar communism, coupled with genera¬ tional change in the Soviet Union, He agreed the biggest threat to concerns to the OIG in meetings the United States is at home, but earlier this year. mean that Soviet foreign policy has added that some resources are still Although the agency claims the been permanently transformed, needed for foreign affairs. If the letters are voluntary, employees Maynes said. In response, U.S. for¬ United States wants to retain a lead¬ may feel pressured to sign them. eign policy should be restructured, beginning with a sharp cut in ing role in Europe, it must provide Without a letter, no positive com¬ funding commensurate with that ments can appear in an audit re¬ NATO-related expenditures that level of responsibility. For exam¬ port. Furthermore, the audit report would leave only a token force in ple, the United States has let the would note a refusal to sign an Europe, along with prepositioned European Community take the lead¬ audit representation letter, so a re¬ equipment. ing role in reconstructing Eastern fusal could be interpreted as an in¬ Maynes urged the United States Europe, which will have long-term dication of incompetence or guilt to seek multilateral solutions to in¬ consequences for the U.S. position. and could be mentioned in an em¬ ternational problems, including In response to a question about ployee evaluation report. making stand-by armed forces avail¬ controlling “second-tier” arms sup¬ AFSA has asked the Foreign Ser¬ able to the UN Security council. The tradition that superpowers not pliers, Maynes noted that even the vice Labor Relations Board to Soviet Union, as well as second- block use of these letters while it serve on peacekeeping forces tier suppliers such as China and considers our unfair labor practice should be revised to permit their North Korea, badly need hard cur¬ claim. In the meantime, AFSA has selective participation. rency and will sell weapons if they requested information from A.I.D. New vision is also needed in do not have other options. He as¬ in preparation for negotiations. arms control. The United States should begin thinking of what is serted that President Bush made a necessary for a minimum deter¬ big mistake after the Gulf War in

52 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 N E S

not trying a moratorium on arms War era does not necessarily af¬ sales. fect U.S. interests, citing the lack of A.I.D.’s survival Maynes defended the administra¬ major power involvement in Yugo¬ course tion decision to continue granting slavia, as it suffers incipient frag¬ by Priscilla Del Bosque Most Favored Nation status to mentation. Ethiopia is a similar A.I.D. Vice President China, on the ground that the example. A profound, difficult, and im¬ United States must preserve its rela¬ A transcript of the talk is avail¬ mediate challenge confronts all tionship with this potentially threat¬ able from AFSA. Contact Dick A.I.D. employees: the future of ening country. Maynes noted that Thompson, at 338-4045. A.I.D.’s role in development. What regional instability in the post Cold happens to A.I.D. will affect the shaping of foreign aid policies. The agency’s fate will also affect the AFSA Election Results outcome of today’s unprecedented opportunities throughout the world

STATE AID USIA RETIRED COM. AGR. TOTAL5 for lasting economic and demo¬ cratic change. If A.I.D. is unable to

PRESIDENT Horan 926 239 75 1358 3 5 2,606 meet these challenges successfully, Write-in 22 2 9 33 the very survival of the agency is

VICE PRES. Kirbv 613 155 50 1044 2 4 1,868 at stake. Milton 333 73 19 287 1 1 714 I believe that A.I.D.’s Foreign Write-in 7 7 Service—its people, its strengths,

A.I.D. VICE PRES. Del Bosque 752 241 65 1188 3 4 2,253 and its values—can help the Write-in 2 7 1 10 agency meet the challenges, and USIA VICE PRES. Hensgcn 737 204 76 1166 3 4 2,190 that AFSA can help. Write-in 4 1 5 The fundamental problems fac¬ RETIREE VICE PRES. Beers 374 95 24 632 2 2 1,129 ing the agency today can be Schmitz 525 137 45 748 1 3 1,459 summed up in two words: leader¬ Write-in 3 1 4 ship crisis. The agency is unable to SECRETARY Jones 886 246 72 1294 3 5 2,506 assert forcefully and effectively an Write-in 8 1 9 agenda for development. It is un¬ TREASURER Huggins 844 235 72 1275 3 5 2,434 able to put forth and defend a cred¬ Write-in 8 2 1 11 ible claim on greater resources to STATE REPS Barrv 809 809 further U.S. interests in bringing to Delly 731 731 successful fruition the dramatic Gallagher 572 572 post-Cold War movements for dem¬ Naland 468 468 ocratic and economic development; Perry 802 802 it is unable to respond adequately Reioux 742 742 to the people’s aspirations for a bet¬ Write-in 12 12 ter life, for more pluralistic sys¬ RETIREE REPS Bvrne 1250 1,250 tems, and for greater economic Harter 630 630 opportunities. 1,142 Newberry 1142 Resource crunch Norland 1158 1,158 Schneider 1113 1,113 The leadership crisis is mani¬ Write-in 8 8 fested in the perception that

A.I.D. REPS McKinney 188 188 A.I.D.’s resources are declining and Zak 221 221 will continue to decline. The crisis Write-in 5 5 is reflected in the unquestioned ac¬

USIA REP Hale 51 51 ceptance at many levels that this Write-in 1 1 resource crunch is unavoidable

AGR REP Hamby 5 5 and inevitable. Because of this per¬ Write-in ception, A.I.D.’s leadership role in

COMMERCE Write-in 2 2 development is being eroded: it is

BYLAWS-GENERAL yes 900 236 51 1286 3 5 2,481 looking for ways to do fewer

no 67 18 1 84 0 0 170 things with fewer resources and at

BYLAWS-DUES yes 584 160 39 1042 2 5 1,832

no 392 96 13 327 1 0 829

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 53 the same time, it is expected to be more accountable for results. Did you know . . . I question this perception and • that if you pay over $50 for travel arrangements by cash or personal its underlying logic. I believe that credit card you will not be reimbursed by the department unless you today A.I.D. should be an expand¬ have prior approval from tire Government Accounting Office (GAO)? To ing agency, not for the sake of ex¬ avoid this costly hassle, use the department’s transportation requests if pansion but because today’s ever possible. The great deal you could get by using your credit card for changing world offers unprece¬ a free upgrade may end up costing you the entire fare. dented opportunities for greater world prosperity, greater global co¬ operation, greater chances for de¬ mocracy and peace. If the Foreign Service and AFSA AFSA’s role But too many of us—from the are to play an active role in the fu¬ AFSA, through the A.I.D. Stand¬ top to the bottom—accept the be¬ ture direction of the agency, sev¬ ing Committee, can take the lead lief that A.I.D. will shrink, will do eral factors are necessary before in organizing this effort. But with¬ less, and that this is unavoidable constructive action can be taken: out your participation AFSA can do and irreversible. Even AFSA, as the • We need to seek a constructive very little. We have a difficult representative of the Foreign Ser¬ dialogue with A.I.D. manage¬ challenge before us; we also have vice, has been blindsided by the ef¬ ment about the future of A.I.D.; an exciting opportunity to fects of this crisis. While AFSA’s • We need to agree on an agenda strengthen A.I.D. and its leadership intentions have been good—to for the dialogue with manage¬ role in development and to de¬ spread more equitably the sacri¬ ment; fices derived from budgetary com¬ • We need to agree on an agenda velop a more productive Foreign pression—the net effect has been for a dialogue with congres¬ Service with increased operating re¬ to undermine cohesion. AFSA sional committees, providing in¬ sources to do the job demanded of needs to push for an incentive sys¬ sights into the complexities of it. AFSA is not just elected represen¬ tem that enables individual excel¬ development work; tatives; it is all of us. We need not just your dues, we need your physi¬ lence, a system that permits the • We need to agree to avoid add¬ retention of capable and proven se¬ ing to the distorted negative cal and intellectual support. nior managers and the upward image of A.I.D. and its manage¬ These remarks are excerpted from a speech Del Bosque delivered movement of talent from the lower ment of foreign aid programs; ranks. If A.I.D. were expanding, • Finally, we need to agree that at a special A.I.D. AFSA meeting on the question of spreading the sacri¬ undertaking this effort is import¬ August 6. fices would not be an issue. ant and worth the energy and ef¬ fort. Legislative Issues Aid bill: over the The conference between the compensation for Americans hired House and Senate on the A.I.D. by embassies while living abroad; first hurdle bill will be in September, but Presi¬ to amend the Foreign Service Act Rick Weiss dent Bush has threatened to veto to give EEO grievants a choice of Congressional Liaison the measure because of its family going through EEO or regular griev¬ The foreign aid authorization leg¬ planning provisions. If Bush signs ance procedures; and to provide islation was approved by an unex¬ the bill, it will be the first authoriza¬ State Department personnel with pectedly large and bipartisan tion bill for A.I.D. since 1985. compensation for the loss of prop¬ Senate vote of 74 to 18, following On the appropriations front, the erty while posted overseas. The a similar solid House vote last A.I.D. FY 92 bill has been passed State Department is to report back month. Both votes reversed related by the House, but the Senate has to Congress with a plan to provide policies against funding interna¬ not yet marked up its version. additional compensation for such tional family-planning programs Floor action is likely in September. losses, over and above current lim¬ that include abortion information. The State/USIA authorization bill its of $40,000. The Senate authorized $14 billion has been passed by both the State Appropriation Bill for foreign aid to a score of coun¬ House and the Senate. The Senate The Senate passed the State and tries, with the largest single included amendments to encourage related agencies FY 92 appropria¬ amount, $3 billion, going to Israel. language training; to provide equal tion bill on July 31- The Senate fol-

54 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 N E W S lowed the Hollings subcommittee’s Department’s holding down pay • Arab and Israel Provisions: provisions: increases for U.S. citizens The committee wants to take a • Funding: A funding level abroad, while providing large in¬ stand against the Arab countries some $42 million below the bud¬ creases to its foreign national that maintain an economic boy¬ get request and $14 million work force. The committee cott of Israel and against the below the House-passed budget. wants to see overseas pay in¬ Arab demand that passports not • DOSTN: No additional funding creases absorbed and offset show visits to Israel. Provisions for the Department of State Tele¬ against other programs. would require State to use anti¬ communications Network • Moscow embassy: A recom¬ boycott certification procedures (DOSTN) and a recommenda¬ mendation of $130 million, “to that are similar to those used by tion that the remainder of the be made available until ex¬ the Arab League to enforce the $15 million funded in prior pended” for Moscow embassy boycott and to stop issuing du¬ years be applied to State sala¬ reconstruction and security. Al¬ plicate passports (“Israel-only” ries and expenses. The lack of though the House bill would passports). funding reflects the committee’s allow State to proceed with its • UN: The appropriation for inter¬ reservations concerning this pro¬ “top hat” proposal, the Senate national organizations includes posed worldwide telecommuni¬ committee provides funding 20 percent of the arrearage pay¬ cations system. It believes State only for full reconstruction or ments, dependent upon prog¬ may need to upgrade some of “tear down and rebuild” the ress in the employment of its telecommunications capabil- chancery building—“if there is American professionals by the ites but “sees no reason to pro¬ one overseas location where the UN and various other interna¬ ceed with DOSTN at this time.” United States must ensure secu¬ tional organizations. • FSN pay: The committee is con¬ rity, it is the capital of the So¬ cerned about the State viet Union.” From the Vice President by William A. Kirby the AFSA representative at your part in the State Standing Commit¬ I join with our new president, post and see what needs doing. If tee that meets Mondays at 12:30. Hume Horan, in expressing appreci¬ there is no AFSA rep at post, is We also need AFSA keypersons in ation for the support given to the there any reason you couldn’t take every bureau. If you’re interested Continuity and Outreach Slate. We on that responsibility? Our goal is in either of these opportunities to are all keenly aware of the respon¬ an AFSA presence at every post, contribute to a more effective orga¬ sibility you have entrusted to us however small. Let us know if nization, call me at 647-8160 for and welcome the challenge. In you’re willing. more information. reurn, we challenge you not to be If you’re in Washington, we content with simply being a mem¬ need your participation here, espe¬ ber of AFSA—although that’s cer¬ cially if you have just returned Answers to the tainly the place to begin. from overseas and can bring that I would particularly urge mem¬ “field” perspective to bear on the is¬ Foreign Service Quiz bers overseas to get in touch with sues. You should consider taking (Questions appear on page 10)

News Briefs 1. H.E. Jose Luis Fernandes Lopes of Cape Verde, since 1989. The AFSA staffer wins award: Richard Thompson, AFSA’s coordinator for dean acts as spokesman for the dip¬ Professional Issues, was one of four individuals who received the Board of lomatic corps, and he takes first Directors’ Award for Outstanding Achievement from the Public Employees place in reception lines, among Roundtable. The award “recognizes those who have generously contributed other ceremonial honors. their time and efforts to help achieve PER’s mission.” Thompson has been the AFSA representative on the board of PER since joining the AFSA staff 2. New York City more than three years ago, and for the past year has also been on the PER Executive Committee and Finance Committee. 3. To verify the diplomatic immunity of foreign diplomats for law-enforce¬ PER is a coalition of 30 professional associations (including AFSA) which ment officials. carries on activities designed to enhance understanding of the public ser¬ vice, raise the esprit de corps of public servants, and attract young people into public service careers.

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 55 Something new is cooking at the American Foreign Service Club!!

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For information/reservations call (202) 338-5730

Guest Services Foreign Service Merit Awards 1991 The AFSA\AAFSWMerit Awards recognize high school seniors who have demonstrated aca¬ demic excellence and outstanding leadership during high school. This year, the 20 merit awards are in memory of Ambassador Clifton R. Wharton. Funds for the awards are provided jointly from the American Foreign Service Association Scholarship Fund and the Association of Ameri¬ can Foreign Service Women. Following are exceipts from the award winners’ essays on the im¬ pact of the Foreign Service experience on their development.

By Michael Dailey Honor Candidate, Varsity Soccer, vi¬ ence in the world. I owe this all to Scholarships Intern olin) [the conditions I saw in Pakistan].” Rachel recalls her visit to a re¬ He will attend Columbia University. cently reunited Berlin: “This sum¬ mer I entered the S-Bahn [and peered] out at a new Berlin. . . . The grey drabness still struck me but the laughter and life of my fel¬ low passengers assuaged my first impressions of gloom. ... I felt happiness for the families reunited, and the new freedom of Berlin, Lisa Ann Bleyle, Hawaii Prepa- but I also felt a melancholy ache tory Academy, Kamuela, Hawaii, within me. . . . The walls that had Jason Robert FaiUa, Interna¬ daughter of Kathy and David once represented pure political tional School of Brussels, Brussels, Bleyle, State. (National Honor Soci¬ dreams were down, giving way to Belgium, son of Ann and Sebastian ety, judo) the realities of a capitalistic system Failla, State. (Presidential Aca¬ Lisa wrote of her experience dur¬ that the East Germans . . . had demic Achievement Award, Na¬ ing the Chinese student uprising: long idolized.” She will be attend¬ tional Honor Society, tennis) “It wasn’t until Voice of America be¬ ing Amherst College. “I was lucky enough to be fo¬ came our only link to the outside cused at a young age and to appre¬ world that I realized they (the stu¬ ciate the opportunities I had while dents) weren’t going to win. . . . living (abroad) and make the most Back in America the press asked . of them. I learned that hard work . . what had happened. I didn’t and determination have their re¬ know what to reply other than that wards.” He will attend Cornell Uni¬ people had died fighting for free¬ versity. dom of speech and a free press, things that we in America take for granted.” She will attend the Uni¬ versity of Rochester. Basit Chaudhry, Hackensack High School, Hackensack, New Jer¬ sey, son of Surraya and Iqbal Chaudhry, A.ID. (National Merit Scholar, National Honor Society, music) Basit recalls his experiences with poverty in Pakistan: “[At first] Matthew Thomas Herbert, I took the classic, ‘it isn’t my prob¬ Marshall High School, Falls Church, lem, they did it to themselves,’ Virginia, son of April and Kevin Rachel Bonkovsky, Decatur attitude. ... I used to live in my Herbert, State. (National Honor Soci¬ High School, Decatur, Georgia, own little world, concerned only ety, Most Valuable Player in cross¬ daughter of Fred and Elizabeth about myself and what would be country; ) Bonkovsky, State. (Governor’s good for me. My goal in life now Matthew recalls his initial ‘cul¬ is to, in some way, make a differ¬ ture shock’ upon returning State-

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 57 side five years ago: “I realized how ard Livingston, State. (National different my life had been from Merit Scholar Finalist, Presidential that of my peers. . . . My own Scholar Semi-Finalist, forensics) country felt foreign to me ... I Robert tells of how his overseas felt like a social pariah. . . . [Even¬ experience has increased his appre¬ tually I realized] that living abroad ciation for being an American: “My gave me a chance to see and do constant exposure to different socie¬ things none of my new friends had ties has heightened my apprecia¬ ever done. ... I had developed tion of my own . . . [and I have] a an appreciation for the diversity of new-found respect for all the ad¬ people and their cultures.” He will vantages that the United States has attend William and Mary College. to offer. . . . Although I appreciate the diversity of societies and cul¬ David Allen Moore, Milton tures around the world, and al¬ High School, Milton, Florida, son of though I have met people from all Sally and Herman E. Moore, A.I.D. over the globe, I consider, and am and State. (Eagle Scout, scuba div¬ proud to have, America as my ing) home.” He will attend Yale. David summarizes his experi¬ ence of living on three continents: “My travels abroad have given me a tremendous wealth of knowledge and experience about a large part of the world. . . . Residing among Aharon David Levy, Woodlaivn African, Hispanic, and Brazilian High School, Arlington, Virginia, peoples has broadened my appreci¬ son of Carol and Joel Levy, USIA. ation of their diverse cultures. . . . (National Merit Scholar Semi-Final¬ It makes me more aware of my ist, drama) own and encourages me to tolerate Aharon sums up his overseas ex¬ others.” He will be attending the perience quite succinctly: “What U.S. Naval Academy. my Foreign Service experience has really done is made me ‘me.’ What Colin F. McCormick, Interna¬ we are depends on what our mem¬ tional School Bangkok, Bangkok, ories are, and most of my memo¬ Thailand, son of Keith P. McCor¬ ries are from the years I spent mick, State. (National Merit Scholar overseas ... a calm Sunday after¬ noon interrupted by the hundreds- Semi-Finalist, Eagle Scout, track) “Overseas education has . . . of-centuries-old bells in Bucharest made me reflect often upon lan¬ . . a cloud of pink mist rising in guage. Many of my [Thai] friends the early morning light from a lake have been baffled by American idi¬ thousands of feet below on the oms or customs, and I have been floor of Ngorongoro Crater.” He forced to use language with preci¬ will attend Haverford College. sion and care in order to communi¬ Jessica S. Oppen, Hunter-Tan- cate effectively. I have also come nersville Central School, Tanners- to respect how difficult it is to ville, New York, daughter of Ronald work and study in a foreign lan¬ and Pamela Oppen, USIA. (Na¬ guage. Overseas education . . . has tional Merit Scholar Commenda¬ shown me how difficult agreement tion, National Honor Society, soccer) and communication between peo¬ Jessica recalls her toughest relo¬ ple of different cultures and lan¬ cation, back to Stateside: “When I guages can be, yet how vital they moved to America, I had spent are to human achievement. And it eight of my 13 years overseas. The has made me see the rewards of in- adjustment . . . taught me a lot tercultural dealings.” about myself. I was completely un¬ Robert Philip Livingston, Ja¬ prepared for the unfriendliness, karta International School, Jakarta, lack of interest, and racism, that I Indonesia, son of Judith and Rich-

58 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 encountered . . . [Overseas] you Portugal, son of Isabel and Wil¬ are accepted regardless of what liam Gelabert, A.I.D. (National you look like or where you come Honor Society, coaching, soccer) from. From this open and friendly “My Foreign Service experience environment, I went to a small [has] made me a more sociable fairly isolated school in upstate and cultured person and provided New York. . . . This change helped me with the feeling of being a citi¬ me because it forced me to be out¬ zen of the world rather than of going for the first time in my life..” one country. . . . The fact that I She will attend the State University was making friends [in Cairo] from of New York at Geneseo. Hawaii to the United Arab Emirates showed me aspects of different cul¬ Richard Sutton Snyder, Ameri¬ tures and most important of all can Embassy School, New Delhi, proved that international peace India, son of Anna and Michael and understanding are possible.” Hayden Snyder, A.I.D. (National He will attend The Rochester Insti¬ Merit Scholar Commendation, Na¬ tute of Technology. tional Honor Society, softball) Richard recalls his memories of what home means to him: “Since I was 9, I have had three homes on three different continents. . . . Now I call India home . . . yet I often Katherine C. Parker, Marshall wonder how I can feel at home High School, Ankara, Turkey, here. India is home because ... I daughter of Patricia Parker, State. see many of the same people each (National Merit Scholar Finalist, day. Many of my friends at school equestrian competition, track) are Indian, and seeing how they Kathy describes the respect she mesh East and West has provided had gained for the Korean people me with new insights into Indian while her family was stationed in culture. My memories and feelings Seoul: “I learned to appreciate Joseph Silver, McLean High will remain strong for India, but (South Korean) dedication to per¬ School, McLean, Virginia, son of home will change.” He will attend fection in all that they pursued . . . Theresa and Neil Silver, State. Stanford University. their tenets of tolerance and re¬ (Governor’s Russian Academy, cre¬ spect for others and for oneself, ative writing award, track) and commitment to improvement Joseph recounts his reacquaint¬ of the soul and mind. . . I have ance with the States after returning learned to take my time and enjoy from Russia: “Four years ago, I re¬ life every day and appreciate all turned to America. But having the small things I do. ... I have lived more than half my life over¬ become much more open-minded seas, I didn’t feel American. I and receptive to new or different didn’t feel like anybody. My two- ways.” She will attend the Univer¬ week stay at the Governor’s Rus¬ sity of California at Davis. sian Academy last summer . . . allowed me finally to come to Jennifer Anne Sommers, Mar¬ grips with my past. Cultures make shall High School, Falls Church, Vir¬ a claim on us. Once I realized that ginia, daughter of Janya and there was nothing shameful or Harvey Sommers, State. (Summa strange about my nostalgia, I felt Cum Laude, National Latin Exam, ready to be American. For too long National Honor Society, violin) I had thought of America as just an¬ Jennifer recalls her overseas ex¬ other foreign country.” He will at¬ periences: “It was fun ... to go to tend Columbia University. each others’ homes to try new foods, learn new customs, and even attempt to speak new lan¬ Jose Silva Santos, American In¬ guages! I hope Americans in the fu- ternational School-Lisbon, Lisbon,

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 59 ture will look at the world in in¬ Kimberly recalls that in Moscow: Megan Bonifer Tiedt, T.C. Wil¬ creasingly global terms. I know “Mom decided to prove to me—and liams High School, Alexandria, Vir¬ that my own international experi¬ to herself—that people are people, ginia, daughter of Pat and David ences have enabled me to under¬ whether Russian or American. . . . Tiedt, A.I.D. (National High School stand the world more fully and to Lessons learned from this crusade Crew Champion, National Honor know myself more completely.” affect my outlook to this day: Na¬ Society, tuha) She will attend Columbia University. tions quarrel with nations, not indi¬ Megan elaborates on her idea of viduals . . . Individuals must never what teamwork is: “When I am . . be judged by race, creed, color, or . deeply involved in something is nationality. The United States may, when my highest highs and lowest at times, disagree with [a country], lows come. ... [I have learned but I must judge each individual that] we depend on one another personally—one at a time.” She and must trust each other to give will attend The University of Vir¬ everything we have. First we train ginia. as individuals and then learn to co¬ operate within a group. The basis of both are really very similar—con¬ stant practice, cooperation, and con¬ Laura Elizabeth Spruce, Chur¬ trol.” She will attend the University chill High School, San Antonio, of Michigan. Texas, daughter of Judith and Wil¬ liam Spmce, State. (National Honor Society) Laura writes of her adjustments to overseas life: “Traveling from country to country ... I simply Christine Marie Tefft, West adopted the culture of the moment Springfield High School, Springfield, and did not compare it to another. Virginia, daughter of John and In England, Mom became mummy, Mariella Tefft, State. (National Merit color was spelled colour. In Scholar Commendation, Interna¬ Burma, red did not clash with tional Thespian Society) pink. ... I try to retain this open- Christine recounts meeting her mindedness even now when I live relatives in Italy: “The simple life in the United States. It is a quality of Scanno gave me a sense of Jared Duncan Von Arx, that has allowed me to experience order, custom, and routine. They re¬ Wootton High School, Rockville, the world without questioning it.” vealed to me the warm, generous, Maryland, son of Anna and Emil She will be attending the Univer¬ and friendly nature of Italians. . . . Von Arx III, State. (National Honor sity of Texas, Austin. I began to feel that part of me be¬ Society, debate, swimming) longed. ... [I] discovered that part “I learned at a young age that of me which is Italian. I felt com¬ the ‘American’ way to do things fortable in Scanno because I share was not the only one. I know that with Italians the enjoyment of the each tradition, which may seem ab¬ small wonders in life and a sense surd to Western eyes, has a distinct of family and tradition.” She will at¬ purpose. Many of my opinions are tend Georgetown University. formed by using this vast array of information which gives me an in¬ ternational influence on many of the decisions I make. There is no substitute for personal experiences, Kimberly M. Taylor, Jefferson and I consider myself lucky to High School for Science and Tech¬ have encountered so many.” nology, Alexandria, Virginia, daughter of Cornelia and Wade Taylor, State. (National Achieve¬ ment Finalist, National Merit Scholar Commendation)

60 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • SEPTEMBER 1991 SHOP IN AN AMERICAN Export ASSIGNED DRUG STORE BY MAIL! An ice cream soda is one of the Electronics, TO few items we cannot mail. Drugs, cosmetics, sundries mailed to every coun¬ Inc. EUROPE try in the world. We • Transformers PICKUP ASAABOR MERCEDES maintain permanent • Washers/Dryers BENZ AND SAVE. family prescription • Dishwashers records. SEND NO • Refrigerators SONY You’ll not only save money by MONEY — pay only after satis¬ PHILIPS taking delivery in Europe or stateside, factory receipt of order. • Air Conditioners you’ll save even more just for being in • Freezers PANASONIC the military or Diplomatic Corps. AIWA • Ranges Call or fax for details. TOSHIBA • TVs/VCRs GRUNDIG • Small appliances AKAI EuroMotorcare • Audio Equipment SHARP ASK FOR SANSUI Randy Merry International and Diplomatic Sales Mercedes Benz / Saab 7020 Arlington Road Morgan Pharmacy™ Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2996 110/220 Volt Stereo 50/50 hz - Video - T. V. - Appliances Tel. (301) 986-8800 / Telex 440155 3001 P Street, N.W. 1719ConnecticutAve., N.W. (NearDupontCtr.) FAX: (301) 986-0679 Washington, D.C. 20007 Washington, D.C. 20009 Factory Authorized Dealer FAX: (202) 337-4102 Phone (202) 232-2244 FAX (202) 265-2435

Stay in a little Business Conference corner of Washington The Tigers of Asia: VOLKSWAGEN • VOLVO ^ The Economies of Hong Kong, Soon to be the U.S.A.'s $65* Korea, largest diplomatic and Singapore military dealer ...that isn’t. & Taiwan William Christie Stay in Arlington, at the Ramada Renais¬ Of all the economic high performers of the Pacific, none is more dynamic than the Diplomatic Sales Advisor sance. Just south of the Potomac, in what countries of Hong Kong,Korea, Singapore once was part of Washington, you’ll be 10 and Taiwan. While the commercial influ¬ minutes from the monuments and museums ence of the Tigers outweighs their rela¬ by Metrorail. Yet comfortably outside the tively small geographical sizes, these Fluent in District—with all the comforts of home. economies are leaders in the development of Asia and, along with Japan, offer the French greatest opportunites in the Pacific Rim for U .S. business. and Monday Spanish September 23,1991 The Willard Hotel Washington, DC 11050 Main Street 950 North Stafford Street • Arlington, Virginia 22203 Fairfax, Virginia 22030 Telephone (703) 528-6000 • Telefax (703) 528-4386 For further information, contact: (703) 591-1820 KEI: (202) 371-0690 AFSA: (202) 338-4045 Fax: (703) 691-1531

F*L* A*G *S VOLVO NEILL 6t SHAW Factory-Set Discounts ATTORNEY AT LAW U.S. STATE • FOREIGN To Diplomats Posted GOVERN MENTAL EMPLOYMENT POLES & ACCESSORIES Stateside and Abroad LAW INCLUDING U.S. FOREIGN U.S., U.K., European, or SERVICE GRIEVANCE BOARD Overseas Specs ACTIONS * SECURITY CLEARANCE ISSUES * EEO * TAXATION AND USTOM MADE FLAGS Overseas and Domestic TAX PLANNING * ESTATE AND BANNERS FOR Deliveries PLANNING, WILLS AND TRUSTS GOVERNMENT *GOVERNMENT RELATIONS INSTITUTIONS ORGANIZATIONS JERRY GRIFFIN G. JERRY SHAW SCHOOLS DIPLOMATIC SALES SPECIALIST WILLIAM L. BRANSEORD 12 YEARS EXPERIENCE THOMAS J. O'ROURKE 202-363-1610 Over 45 years representing federal 1-800-899-1610 1231 W. Broad Street State Department Employees. Authors Falls Church, VA 22046 FAX # 202-363-1866 of "The Way of Wills," an estate Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area planning guide for federal employees. (703) 237-5020 815 Connecticut Ave., N.W., FAX: (202) 833-8082 Suite 800 4708 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 Washington, D.C. 20016 (202) 463-8400 JbDon Beyer Volvo PAX: (202) 833-8082

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We Give Coming Home? — Let Me Help You!

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CAROLYN MOONEY Linda Wilson Hurley, GR1

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i \ Realty THEODORE ARTHUR, USIA Ret. ^ CORP. Associate Broker/Property Manager

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Please send us dates. (703) 281-9782. TAX RETURNS REAL ESTATE EXECUTIVE CLUB ARLING¬ PEAKE PROPERTIES LTD.: TON AND OLD TOWN ALEX¬ Specializing in the leasing and TAX PLANNING & prepara¬ WASHINGTON, D.C. ANDRIA. Immaculate and management of your Northern tion 15 years experience. Vir¬ ARLINGTON, VA. Personalized beautifully furnished apartments Virginia home. Caring, personal ginia M. Test, CPA, 3485 relocation, short or long tenri. with full hotel services. One-, attention. Nearly 20 years of ex¬ Brittlewood Ave., Las Vegas, NV We specialize in walk-to-Metro two-bedrooms, some with dens, 89120. perience in serving the FS sales and furnished rentals. Ar¬ ail with equipped kitchens. community’s property manage¬ FREE TAX CONSULTATION lington Villas, 1-1/2 blocks from Complimentary shuttle to Metro, for overseas personnel. We pro¬ ment needs. Muriel Peake, Bro¬ Metro, luxurious studio, 1, 2, 3 Rosslyn, and Pentagon. Health ker. 1350 Beverly Rd.. Suite cess returns as received, with¬ bedroom. Fully furnished. Club and outdoor pool. Many 220B, McLean, VA 22101. (703) out delay. Preparation and rep¬ Washer/dryer, microwave, extras. Rates within your per 448-0212, FAX (703) 448-9652. resentation by enrolled agents, cable, linens. American Realty diem. Shorter or longer terms FAHEY & ASSOCIATES: avg. fee $195 includes return Group, 915 N Stafford St., Ar¬ available. Executive Clubs, 610 Professional, residential, prop¬ and TAX Trax, unique mini-fi¬ lington, VA 22203. (703) 524- Bashford Lane, Alexandria. VA nancial planning review with erty management service for 0482 or (703) 276-1200. Chil¬ 22304 (703) 739-2582, (800) Northern Virginia properties. recommendations. Full planning dren welcomed. Pets on ap¬ 535-2582. Expertise and personal attention available. Milton E. Carb, E.A., proval. AUSTIN, TEXAS: Lakeway and Barry B. De Marr, E.A.CFP, to detail are the hallmarks of BACK FOR TRAINING? homes and homesites outside of our established firm. References FINANCIAL FORECASTS, metro HOME LEAVE? D.C. TOUR? Austin on 65-mile-long Lake provided. JIM FAHEY, 9520B location 933 N. Kenmore St. We are The Washington Metro Travis. Three 18 hole golf Lee Highway, Fairfax, VA 22031 #217 Arlington, VA 22201(703) Area Short-Term Rental Special¬ courses, world of tennis center, 841-1040. (703) 691-2006, FAX (703) 691- ists. Excellent locations. Wide 400 slip marina, 4000 ft. airstrip: AFSA TAX COUNSELING: 2009. price range. In Virginia walk to contact Roy 8c Associates for in¬ WASHINGTON MANAGE¬ Problems of Tax and Finance: FSI. In D.C. and Maryland walk formation, 2300 Lohmans Cross¬ MENT SERVICES: Residential Never a charge to AFSA mem¬ to Metro. Large selection of fur¬ ing, Suite 122, Austin, TX 78734 property management is our bers for telephone guidance. nished and equipped efficien¬ (512) 263-2181. only business. Call, write or fax R.N. Bob Dussell (ex-A.I.D.). At cies, 1-bedrooms, 2-bedrooms FARA APARTMENT RENT¬ Mary Beth Otto, 2015 Q St. NW, tax work since 1937 and now and some furnished houses. ALS: Fully furnished efficiency, Washington, D.C. 20009- Tel still in practice solely to assist Many welcome pets. For bro¬ one and two bedroom apart¬ (202) 462-7212, Fax (202) 332- Foreign Service employees and chures & info: EXECUTIVE ments. One block from State 0798. their famiies. Also lecture on HOUSING CONSULTANTS, Dept. Competitive rates. Call MANOR SERVICES: Former taxes monthly at FSI in Rosslyn, INC., Short Term Rental, 7315 (202) 462-3910. Write FARA federal law enforcement agent VA. Office located across from Wisconsin Ave., Suite 1020 East, Housing, Rm 2928, Dept, of letting his 10-year residential Virginia Square Metro Station, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 951- State, Washington, DC 20520. management company expand 3601 N. Fairfax Dr., Arlington, 4111. Reserve early! Avoid dis¬ WYOMING-NEAR JACK- upon retirement. Best tenant VA 22201. (703) 841-0158. appointment! SON HOLE. Prime half-acre lot screening. Frequent property in¬ ATTORNEYS specializing in WILL YOU NEED A FULLY overlooking 18-hole champion¬ spection. Mortgages paid. Re¬ tax planning and return prepa¬ FURNISHED apartment five ship golf course in developed pairs. Close personal attention. ration for the Foreign Service minutes’ walk front FSI and community (Star Valley Ranch). We’re small but very effective. Community available for consul¬ Rosslyn subway? We have first Swimming, golf, tennis, horse¬ FS and military references. Low¬ tation on the tax implications of class efficiencies, one bed¬ back-riding, fishing and private est rates, Best service. Tersh investment decsions, business- rooms, and some two bedrooms airstrip privileges. Elizabeth Norton, Box 42429, Washing¬ related deductions, separate and penthouses in River Place. Andros Gaston. (703) 768-0532. ton, D.C. 20015, (202) 363-2990. maintenance allowances, real They are completely furnished TIRED OF CRAMPED estate purchases and rentals, including CATV, all utilities, QUARTERS while in training? HOUSESITTING home leave deductions, audits, telephone, linens, etc. Shortterm Lovely, fully furnished home; etc. Contact Susan Sanders or leases of 2+ months available. beautiful large lot; gorgeous PROFESSIONAL female Paul Clifford, CLIFFORD FARHA available for short/long term Write Foreign Service Associ¬ quiet neighborhood. Close-in,

SEPTEMBER 1991 • FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL • 67 & SANDERS, 1606 New Hamp¬ MISCELLANEOUS shire Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) 667-5111, FAX: SCHOLARSHIPS AVAILABLE. (202) 265-1474. Write EARS =111, 5429 Mapledale ATTORNEY, FORMER FOR Plaza, Dale City. VA 22193. EIGN SERVICE OFFICER: Ex¬ FINE PORTRAITS BY ANNA tensive experience with tax CLASSIFIED; WYNN. Workph.: (301)589-8330 problems peculiar to the For¬ or Home pit: (202) 537-6135. eign Service. Available for con¬ WORLD BOOK EDUCA¬ sultation, tax planning, anti large collections or individual personnel-stocks, bonds, tax- TIONAL PRODUCTS. For infor¬ preparation of returns. No valuable books and recycle free. mutual funds, money mation write: Marianne charge for telephone advice. M. them to where they are needed. management. Call COLLECT Litzenberger, sales representa¬ BRUCE H1RSHORN. BORING W.WB. O'Neill. P.O. Box 2274. worldwide (202) 857-5485, Pe¬ tive. 14709 Soft Wind Drive, N. PARROTT & FOUST, P.C.. Suite Reston VA 22091. or FAX: (703) ter de Castro. Second Vice Potomac, MD 20878, (Foreign 1), 307 Maple Avenue, West, 620-0153. Phone: (703) 860- President, Smith Barney, 1776 Service spouse). Vienna. VA 22180. Tel. (703) 0782. Eye Street. NW, Washington. HISTORIAN WANTS TO IN¬ 281-2161, FAX: (703) 281-9464. D.C. 20006. TERVIEW FSOs posted at Laos. ATTORNEYS/WILLS ROIAND S. HEARD, CPA, Cambodia. Burma, especially MAILORDER hits worked overseas arid is fa¬ Thailand. 1947-58. Call Dan FORMER FOREIGN SER¬ miliar with Foreign Service and Lineman collect (203) 933-6044. AVON for free catalog VICE OFFICER NOW PRAC¬ contract employee situations, COMBINED FEDERAL CAM¬ mailed to you, write: Stephanie TICING LAW in D.C./Maryland. computerized tax services, fi¬ PAIGN—Please pledge a dona¬ Y. Hughes, 713 Grandview general practice, estate plan¬ nancial planning, member tion on your CFC pledge card to Drive, Alexandria, VA 22305. ning. real estate, domestic. Gre¬ AICPA, Tax Division and Per¬ our worthy cause ARROW VIDEO SLIDE PROJECTOR. gory V. Powell, Furey, Doolan sonal Financial Mgmt. Division. (Americans for Restitution and Show your 35mm slides or nega¬ & Abell, 8401 Connecticut Ave.. (703) 242-8559. P.O. Box 1144 Righting Old Wrongs) founded tives on TV! Save pictures on PH-1, Chevy Chase, MD 20815. Vienna. VA. 1949 provides needy American VCR. Zcxtm Lens, colorbalance. (301) 652-6880. ENJOY PHENOMENAL IN¬ Indians crucial health care; direct Used by schools, corporations. WILLS-ESTATE PLANNING TEREST SAVINGS, pay off nil aid; programs to prevent drug X Write for quote on any type elec¬ by attorney who is a former debts years ahead of schedule, alcohol abuse; supports Tribal tronics. VHS Movies $6 to $15. Foreign Service officer. Have without: refinancing, qualify¬ Law (S: Justice anti Pride in Free catalog: Discount Video, your will reviewed and up¬ ing. appraisals, credit reports, America. ARROW is code num¬ Box 1033, Verdale, WA 99037. dated, or a new one prepared. or real estate fees. For free de¬ ber 0812 on the National list of (509) 928-7395. No charge for initial consulta¬ tails write: Sid Open 9 Laurel CFC approved charities. Thank tion. M. BRUCE HIRSHORN. Drive, Port Jefferson, NY you. Will Rodgers Jr.. Chairman. BOOKS BORING, PARROTT & FOUST, 11777. ARROW, inc., 1000 Conn. Ave. P.C.. Suite D, 307 Maple Av¬ N.W., Washington. D.C. 20036 BOOKS, BOOKS, BOOKS! enue, West, Vienna, VA 22180. HEALTH (202) 296-0685. (Please save this We have thousands in stock, do Tel.(703>281-2161, FAX (703) ad for your consideration.) special-orders daily, search for 281-9464. MENTAL HEALTH RE out-of-print books. “Free book SPECIALIZING IN SERV¬ SOURCES. A network of men¬ BED AND BREAKFAST reviews.” Visa, Discover or ING FOREIGN SERVICE OF tal health professionals with Mastercard, The Vermont Book FICERS AND THEIR FAMI- overseas experience who un¬ WASHINGTON, D.C. Enjoy Shop, 38 Main Street, LIES-Our firm can assist you in derstand the special needs and the charm and hospitality of an Middlebury, VT 05753. drafting wills and powers of at¬ circumstances of Foreign Ser¬ elegant Washington home lo¬ YOUR PERSONAL BOOK torney, administering estates, vice officers and their families. cated near Embassy Row and the STORE AWAY FROM HOME: establishing conservatorships We provide a range of services National Cathedral. Central Air, Order any U.S. book in print. and guardianships and provid¬ including individual Parking, near transportation. Store credit available. Salma¬ ing advice on real estate mat¬ psychotherapy with adults, Rates $60 to $75. (202) 333- gundi Books Ltd. 66 Main ters. Prompt response to your adolescents and children, fam¬ 7159. Street, Cold Spring, NY 10516. inquiries. CLIFFORD, FARHA & ily therapy, marriage counsel¬ ATTENTION: ALL OLD SANDERS 1606 New Hampshire ing, psychological testing, and PET MOVING SERVICES MIDDLE EAST HANDS AC¬ Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. group psychotherapy. We will TIVE AND RETIRED: There is 20009 FAX: (202) 265-1474 help you find the right mental AIR ANIMAL, “the pet mov¬ a desperate need for books on Tel: (202)667-5111. health professional from within ers” an IATA air freight for¬ the Eastern Mediterranean area our group or in the larger warder USA origin pet shipping by newly established Depart¬ INVESTMENT SERVICES Washington area community. services 4120 W. Cypress-Tampa. ments of Modern Greek, Near Kathryn A. Ford, Ph.D., (703) FL 33607. Voice 813/879-3210, East Affairs, and Middle East FORMER FSO SPECIALIZES 790-5082, Ellen F. Heyman, FAX (813) 874-6722. USA/ Studies at a number of Colleges IN PROVIDING FINANCIAL Ph.D., (703) 451-4169, Patricia Canada 1-800-635-3448. Contact and Universties. Retired ME Of¬ SERVICES for Foreign Service S. Rendahl, LCSW. (703)620- Dr. W. Wool-Veterinarian. ■ ficer will purchase small or 6228.

68 • FOKKIGX SERVICE lOL'KNAI. • SEPTEMBER 1991 Another Great Victory

Congratulations to Ian Woosnam on his victory at The Masters

International Relocation and Storage Specialists

Telephone: [703] 751-5200 Telefax: [703] 461-6400 VICTORY Telex: 1440019 VVC ALEX Serving the Washington, D.C. Area THE DIPLOMATIC ADVANTAGE.

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