Università degli Studi di Udine and Power Line Communications Lab

Tutorial at EUSIPCO 2012 ‐ August 27, 2012 Advances in Power Line Communications and Application to the Andrea M. Tonello

Wireless and Power Line Communications Lab University of Udine, Italy

[email protected] www.diegm.uniud.it/tonello

© A. M. Tonello 2012. This material is for the tutorial use only. It cannot be copied and/or distributed without author’s permission. Introduction

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 2 Fare clic perAndrea modificare M. Tonello lo stile del titolo

Andrea M. Tonello Milan Udine Aggregate professor at Univ. of Udine Vice‐chair IEEE TC‐PLC Venice Steering committee member IEEE ISPLC Rome  University of Udine: 17.000 students (ranked in the top‐ten)  WiPLi Lab 15 members, part of the Department of Electrical, Mechanical and Management Engineering (150+ members)  Activities: Wireless and Power Line Communications . Communication theory and signal processing . System and protocol design . Measurements and emulation . RF and base band prototyping . Home networking, smart grid, vehicular communications  Projects: several EU FP5‐FP7 and industrial projects

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 3 Fare clic perAcknowledgment modificare lo stile del titolo

 A. Tonello acknowledges the work of his PhD students: –M. Antoniali, S. D’Alessandro, F. Versolatto

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 4 Fare clic per modificareContents lo1 stile del titolo

 Introduction of the speaker  Acknowledgment  Power line communications and Smart Grids (p. 8) . History and application scenarios of PLC . Application and role of PLC in the Smart Grid  Channel characterization (p.21) . Bands and coupling . In‐home channel . Outdoor LV/MV channel . Effect of circuit discontinuity elements  Can we model the channel ? (p.39) . Top‐down modeling approach . Bottom‐up modeling approach  MIMO channel: multiple‐input multiple‐output (p.52)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 5 Fare clic per modificareContents lo2 stile del titolo

 Noise characterization (p. 56) . Background noise . Impulsive noise  Common noise model in the literature (p. 67)  Physical layer techniques (p. 69) . Single carrier modulation (FSK), multicarrier modulation, adaptation, and performance increase . Possible capacity increases from extended bandwidth and MIMO . Other modulation schemes: Impulsive UWB  Cooperative algorithms (p. 95) . Relaying and flooding  Media access techniques (p. 111) . Scheduling in linear periodically time variant (LPTV) channels

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 6 Fare clic per modificareContents lo3 stile del titolo

 Systems, standards and MAC details (p. 116) . Summary of systems and standards . Status of standardization . MAC in narrowband systems . MAC in broadband systems  Conclusions and evolution of PLC (p. 138)  References (p. 141)  Short bio of the speaker (p. 149)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 7 Power Line Communications and Smart Grids

History and Application Scenarios of PLC

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 8 Fare clic perApplication modificare Scenarios lo stile del titolo

 Idea: exploit the power delivery network to convey data signals  Application of power line communications is ubiquitous –Broad band internet access –In‐Home –In‐Vehicle –Smart grid applications

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 9 FareSome clic Historyper modificare about PLC lo stileTechnology del titolo

 PLC exists since early 1920s –Used by power utilities for voice and data communications over HV lines. –Original solutions were based on ultra low data rate transmission (below 3 kHz) –A first generation of narrow band (NB) technologies has been then developed, most of them using FSK in Cenelec bands (say below 130 kHz) and rates in the order of some tens of kbps. –A second generation of NB modems has then been designed using multicarrier modulation (OFDM, below 500 kHz) to achieve higher rates below 1 Mbps. –In parallel, there has been a lot of activity in broad band (BB) PLC (2‐30 MHz). First generation with rates up to 10 Mbps, Second generation with rates up to 200 Mbps, Third generation with rates up to 500 Mbps and possibly above.  Development has been fostered by industry, initially, with proprietary solutions and only recently standardization has been started  Some credit in fostering interactions and disseminations can be given to – IEEE ComSoc Technical Committee on PLC (TC‐PLC) started in 2004 –International Symposium on PLC (ISPLC), started in 1997 (in Essen, Germany), and fully sponsored by IEEE from 2006. Next year will be held in Johannesburg.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 10 FareOutdoor clic per – Broad modificare Band Internetlo stile del Access titolo

INTERNET Network Operator

MV/LV MV PLC HV/MV substation station LV PLC

house MV PLC

LV PLC MV/LV

substation MV PLC building MV/LV  Itenablescustomerpremisesto LV PLC substation house access the Internet through the existing electrical infrastructure  Services –High Speed Internet connection, video on demand, voice over IP, …  Technology –Broad band PLC in the bands 2‐30 MHz  Deployments –Italy, Austria, Germany, Spain, USA, …. under development countries –Market suffers of highly penetrated xDSL services

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 11 Fare clic perHome modificare Networking lo stile del titolo

PLC  In‐Home high speed services delivered through the home gateway . Home office networking, video conferences, … ADSL . FTTH IPTV, 3D games, video streaming RLL PLC  Integration of different technologies is advisable . PLC, Wireless (WiFi), UWB, visible light communications . This objective can be realized with the use of a convergent layer where PLC provides a high speed backbone . Example 1: inter‐MAC approach developed in the EU FP7 Omega project . Example 2: convergence at network layer  Narrow band PLC for and energy management

REF. EU FP7 Omega Project. [Online]. Available: http://www.ict‐omega.eu/

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 12 Fare clic per modificareIn‐Vehicle PLClo stile del titolo

Wipli Lab team in a cruise ship measurement campaign  In‐vehicle communications via DC/AC power lines: . Alternative or redundant communication channel (e.g., to CAN bus) . Command and control of devices and sensors . Multimedia services distribution (music, video, games, etc.)  Benefits REF. A. B. Vallejo‐Mora, J. J. Sánchez‐Martínez,F.J.Cañete,J.A.Cortés,L.Díez, . Weight reduction “Characterization and Evaluation of In‐Vehicle Power Line Channels”, Proc. of IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM) 2010, Dec. 2010. . Lower the costs REF. M. Antoniali, A. M. Tonello, M. Lenardon, A. Qualizza, “Measurements and Analysis of PLC Channels in a Cruise Ship,” Proc. of Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC’11), Udine, Italy, April 3‐6, 2011. REF. M. Antoniali, A. M. Tonello, et al., “In‐car PLC Advanced Transmission Techniques,” Proc. of the 5th Biennial Workshop on Digital Signal Processing for In‐Vehicle Systems, Kiel, Germany, September 2011.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 13 Power Line Communications and Smart Grids

Application and Role of PLC in the Smart Grid

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 14 Fare clic per modificareSmart Grid lo stile del titolo

distribution generation transmission  A Smart Grid is composed by several domains – Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Customer  Intelligent and dynamic grid with – Distributed generation and storage options – Active participation by customers customer  The Smart Grid elements of each domain are from: http://smartgrid.ieee.org interconnected through two‐way communication

Convergence of Communication and Electrical Networks

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 15 Fare clic perPLC modificare in the Smart lo stileGrid del titolo

Distribution Domain INTERNET Network Operator  Monitoring and control . Fault detection, monitoring of

MV/LV MV PLC HV/MV power quality and islanding effects substation station LV PLC  Energy management

house MV PLC . Decentralized production and LV PLC MV/LV storage control

substation MV PLC building . Charging of electrical vehicles MV/LV LV PLC substation  Smart metering house . Demand side management User domain . Demand response Distribution domain . Dynamic pricing . Acquisition of user behavior  PLC provides an easy to install two way communication infrastructure User Domain  Internet access  The user domain is very important  Smart home for the penetration of SG services . Home networking . Automation and control

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 16 FareSome clic per Specific modificare Applications lo stile ofdel PLC titolo

 Monitoring and control with 2 way communications to ease the integration in the distribution grid of – Renewable energy sources (PV and wind plants) – Decentralized Storage systems (batteries and e‐cars) – Control, authentication and payment of e‐car charge  Smart metering –Home energy management systems (HEMS) –Demand response and demand management –User behavior profiles

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 17 FareSome clic per Specific modificare Applications lo stile ofdel PLC titolo

 Monitoring and control of the grid

–HV/MV lines status, faults – Islanding of micro grids – Power quality (frequency, voltage/current, harmonics) – Monitor power systems status (transformers, CBs) –Load shedding and generator control in remote areas

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 18 FareClassification clic per modificare of PLC Technologieslo stile del titolo

 Extremely Narrow Band PLC –Very low data rates (in the order of bps) for application in large grids

 Narrow Band (NB) PLC –Low data rate (up to 1 Mbps) and narrow spectrum

 Broad Band (BB) PLC –High data rate (above 10 Mbps) and large spectrum

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 19 RoleFare of clic Narrow per modificare Band and lo Broad stile delBand titolo PLC

 All these services and applications have different requirements: . Data rate, latency, robustness, energy efficiency

 It is believed that NB PLC is the right choice for SG applications. This is because: . Low data rates are required . Longer distances are covered by NB PLC signals . Cheap modems have to be deployed

 BB PLC has been designed for internet access and home networking

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 20 Channel Characterization

Bands and Coupling

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 21 Fare clic perPLC modificare Operating loBands stile del titolo

Defence Systems + FM Radio TV + Radio VHF AM Radio Amateur Radio Radio PMR/PAMR [87.5 MHz, [108 MHz, [520 kHz, 1610 kHz] [1.8 MHz, 30 MHz] [30 MHz, 87.5 MHz] 108 MHz] 240 MHz]

0 12 30 100 240 MHz

Narrowband Broadband PLC PLC

PSD equal to ‐50 dBm/Hz + Notching 1.8 30 (MHz)

FCC / ARIB extended A ‐ Band B ‐ Band C ‐ Band D ‐ Band bands (prohibited in EU) 3 9 95 125 140 148.5 500 (kHz)  Spectral masks have been defined to limit the emissions (EMC) – Cenelec: A (power utilities), B (any applications), C (home networks with CSMA), D (security applications) –Third generation broadband solutions go beyond 30 MHz (80 and even 250 MHz)

REF. IEC, CISPR/I/301/CD, Amendment 1 to CISPR 22 Ed.6.0: Addition of limits and methods of measurement for conformance testing of power line telecommunication ports intended for the connection to the mains, 2009‐07‐31.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 22 Fare clic per modificareCoupling lo stile del titolo  Coupling is necessary to remove the 50/60 Hz power signal  Capacitive coupling is often used, especially in LV

capacitor protection circuitry RF transformer  Size is an issue if used in  Inductive coupling MV/HV lines simplifies installation but has lower pass behavior

Capacitive coupling in MV lines, courtesy of RSE Inductive coupling in MV lines, courtesy of RSE

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 23 Fare clic Channelper modificare Characteristics lo stile del titolo

 The channel exhibits – Multipath propagation due to discontinuites and unmatched loads – Frequency Selective Fading – Cyclic time variations due to periodic change of the loads with the mains frequency (mostly bistatic behaviour in home networks)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 24 Channel Characterization

In‐Home Channel

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 25 FareIn ‐clicHome per Channel modificare Characterization lo stile del titolo

 Real – life residential sites – Italian in‐home scenario  Up to 100 MHz  More than 1200 links – Channel frequency response –Line impedence  Static and time variant channel acquisitions

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 26 FareA clic Look per at modificare the In‐Home lo stile Topology del titolo

In-home Grid

Main panel

 Layered tree structure from the main panel with many branches and outlets fed by derivation boxes. This is typical of EU networks.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 27 PathFare Lossclic per and modificare Phase from lo Measurements stile del titolo

Path Loss Phase 20 50

0 0

-20

-50 -40

-60

Phase (rad) -100 Path Loss (dB) Path

-80

-150 -100

-120 -200 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz)  On average  The phase is not uniformly distributed –High attenuation  The average phase is not linear at low – Frequency increasing attenuation frequencies  Strong fading effects –Average channel gain is log‐normal

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 28 Fare clic perStatistical modificare Analysis lo stile del titolo  It is important to characterize statistically the channel  We define the Root Mean Square Delay Spread as

2 DD22 D  2 PdPdPththd   ,       00   0

 We define the Coherence Bandwidth as h(t)

B2 Rf H H*0.9 fd   RB   0.9 R 0 B c 1

 We define the Average Channel Gain as H(f)

1 B2 GHfdf10log | |2 10 B 1 BB21

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 29 Fare clicRelations per modificare between lo Metricsstile del titolo

 The higher the channel attenuation, the higher the delay spread  Coherence bandwidth is an hyperbolic function of the delay spread  Data from campaigns in Italy, in France, in USA, and in Spain 1 3000 2 - 100 MHz Italy 0.9 2 - 100 MHz Italy 2 - 30 MHz Italy 2500 0.8 State (Band2 - in30 MHz MHz) US ACG (dB) RMS‐DS (s) CB (kHz) 0.7 2 - 30 MHz Spain s) 2 - 100 MHz Italy  Italy (2 – 100) ‐35.752000 0.32 301

= 0.9) (kHz) 2 - 100 MHz Italy

0.6  2 - 100 MHz France 0.5 France (2 – 100) ‐ 1500 0.21 310 0.4 Italy (2 – 30) ‐32.38 0.36 226 1000

RMS-Delay Spread ( 0.3 US (suburban) (2 – 30) ‐ 48.9 0.52 ‐ 0.2 Coherence Bandwidth ( 500 0.1 Spain (2 – 30) ‐30 0.29 ‐

0 0 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Average Channel Gain (dB) RMS-Delay Spread (s)

REF. M. Tlich, A. Zeddam, F. Moulin, F. Gauthier, “Indoor Power‐Line Communications Channel Characterization Up to 100 MHz – Part II: Time Frequency Analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., 2008. REF. S. Galli, “ASimpleTwo‐Tap Statistical Model for the Power Line Channel,” Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2010. REF. F. J. Cañete, et al., “On the Statistical Properties of Indoor Power Line Channels: Measurements and Models,” Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2011. REF F. Versolatto, A. Tonello, “On the Relation Between the Geometrical Distance and Channel Statistics in In‐Home PLC Networks,” Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2012.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 30 FareNarrowband clic per modificare Channel Measurementslo stile del titolo

 Results from Italian campaign measurements (20 kHz ‐2 MHz)  Lower average attenuation than broad band

20 15

0 10

5 -20

0 -40 -5 -60 -10 Phase (rad)

Path Loss (dB) Path -80 -15

-100 -20

-120 -25

-140 -30 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 31 Channel Characterization

Outdoor LV/MV Channel

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 32 Fare clicDistribution per modificare Grid lo Topology stile del titolo

High Voltage: 110-380 kV European LV power supply grid HV/MV length ~100 km HV/MV station station Medium Voltage: 10-30 kV  LV (230/400 V) 3‐phase distribution length 5-10 km system divided in supply cells MV/LV MV/LV MV/LV substation substation substation  Each supply cell is connected to a MV/LV transformer station . 1 300 houses connected via L2 L3 branches (30 houses/branch) L1 N 9 14 . 7 LV supply cable Maximal branch length ~1 km max length 1 km 400 V L-L Asian/American LV power supply grid ell 16 230 V L-N y c s pl se  LV (125/250 V) single or split phase up ou s 0 h 30 ~ 23 30  Many MV/LV transformers 21  Smaller supply cells: few houses European LV supply grid  Maximal branch length ~100 m  Three wires (neutral grounded at the main panel) REF. “Power Line Communications – Theory and Applications for Narrowband and Broadband Communications over Power Lines,” eds. Ferreira, Lampe, Newbury, Swart, Wiley & Sons. Ltd., 2010. Chapter 2.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 33 FareOutdoor clic per LV modificare vs. In‐Home lo PLCstile Channel del titolo

 Comparison between OPERA (Open PLC European Research Alliance) reference channels and a typical In‐Home channel

0  In‐Home channels have high -20 frequency selectivity and -40 low attenuation -60 –Veryhigh number of branches, -80 150 m discontinuities and unmatched -100 loads -120

Path Loss (dB) Loss Path In-Home –Short cables -140 Outdoor LV  Outdoor LV channels have -160 350 m 250 m

-180 high attenuation but

-200 negligible fading 0 10 20 30 40 50 frequency (MHz) – Cable attenuation dominates REF. M. Babic et al., “OPERA Deliverable D5. Pathloss as a Function of Frequency, Distance and Network Topology for Various LV andMVEuropeanPowerlineNetworks,” 2005.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 34 Fare clic perOutdoor modificare MV Channel lo stile del titolo

 MV channels exhibit in general (but not always) lower attenuation than Outdoor LV PLC – Further investigations have to be done

 Coupling effects have also to be considered – Inductive / Capacitive coupling

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 35 MeasurementFare clic per modificare Results in MVlo stile Test del Network titolo

 Measurements in a real test network (RSE) with loop length 300 m  Three representative channels are here shown  Full statistical analysis in REF 0

-50 MS Best Border switch ... HV/MV Average Transformer Inductive coupler -100

C1 C2 (dB) Amplitude Worst (not electrical continuity) -150

G5H10R/43 G5H10R/43 100 SS1SS2 SS3 Best

SW ... 0

C8 C7C6 C5 C4 C3 -100 Average Worst

RG7H1R RG7H1R RG7H1R Phase (rad) -200 LV LV LV LV

Test network of RSE, Italy -300 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Frequency (MHz)

REF. A. Tonello, et al. “Analysis of Impulsive UWB Modulation on a Real MV Test Network,”Proc.ofIEEE Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. ISPLC’11, Apr. 2011.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 36 Channel Characterization

Effect of Circuit Discontinuity Elements

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 37 Fare Effectclic per of modificare Circuit Discontinuities lo stile del titolo

 Broadband PLC benefits of strong coupling effects at high frequencies  Broadband may also help to mitigate the low line‐impedance problem  Crossing an open switch  Cross‐phase communications  Bypass MV/LV transformer –LV Circuit‐Breaker – Industrial environment

-30

-40

-50

-60

-70

-80 Path LossPath (dB)

-90

-100 H(0)(f) H(0)(f) H(0)(f) 11 12 22 -110 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Frequency (MHz)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 38 Can We Model the Channel ?

Top‐down Modeling Approach

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 39 Fare Topclic ‐perDown modificare Statistical lo Modelingstile del titolo  The channel transfer function can be deterministically modeled according to the Multipath Propagation Model (MPM)

N p aafdK 01 i  jfd2 i  Hf A pi f  e e i1

Propagation phase shift Cable attenuation Reflection effects  IDEA: introduce the variability into the model (statistical extension)

N p: Poisson random variable with intensity Lmax

pfi : log‐normal frequency‐dependent r.v. with a random sign flip

di : Erlang random variable (uniform distribution in [0, Lmax] given Np) REF. A. Tonello, “Wide Band Impulse Modulation and Receiver Algorithms for Multiuser Power Line Communications,” EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing 2007. REF. A. Tonello, F. Versolato, B. Bejar, S. Zazo, "A Fitting Algorithm for Random Modeling the PLC Channel," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 2012 Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 40 Fare clicFitting per modificarethe Top‐Down lo stile Model del titolo

 The MPM can be fitted to the experimental measures –It requires the knowledge of the average path loss profile and the RMS delay spread of the measured channels –To catch the full variability, we define classes of channels. Each class is associated to a certain occurrence probability, and a set of parameters

0

 Examples of fitting the measures in home nets: -10 Class 9 –EU FP7 Omega project (France campaign) -20 -30

– Italian campaign (discussed before) -40

Path Loss (dB) -50

-60 A SW Generator is available at: www.diegm.uniud.it/tonello -70 Target Path Loss Class 1 REF. A. Tonello et al., “ATop‐Down Random Generator for the In‐Home -80 PLC Channel,” Proc. Global Commun. Conf. (GLOBECOM’11), Dec. 2011. 0 20 40 60 80 100 REF. A.Tonello,F.Versolatto,B.Bejar,S.Zazo,“AFittingAlgorithmfor Frequency (MHz) Random Modeling the PLC Channel“, Trans. on Power Delivery, 2012. REF. FP7Theme3ICT‐213311 OMEGA, “PLC Channel Characterization and Modeling,” Deliverable 3.2, Dec. 2008.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 41 Fare clic perAverage modificare Channel lo stileGain del titolo

20  The generated channels 10 (with the simulator) show 0 Model - French Setup the same ACG spread of -10 the measures -20 -30

 The best fit (in dB) is given -40 Model - Italian Setup by the normal distribution -50

-60  Average ACG= ‐35.59 dB Quantiles of Average Channel Gain (dB) Measured - Italy -70 (Italian case) -80 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Standard Normal Quantiles

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 42 Fare clic perRMS modificare Delay Spread lo stile del titolo

1

0.9

 Excellent fit with measured 0.8 data in terms of RMS delay 0.7 spread 0.6

0.5  The best fit is given by the 0.4 log‐normal distribution 0.3

Cumulative Distribution Function 0.2  Average RMS‐DS=0.257 s Measured - Italy 0.1 Model - Italian Setup (Italian case) Model - French Setup 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 RMS-Delay Spread (s)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 43 Fare clic perCoherence modificare Bandwidth lo stile del titolo

1  Again, good fitting of the 0.9 generator with data 0.8 0.7

 Average CB= 390 kHz 0.6

(Italian case) 0.5

0.4

0.3

Cumulative Distribution Function 0.2 Measured - Italy 0.1 Model - Italian Setup Model - French Setup 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Coherence Bandwidth ( = 0.9) (kHz)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 44 Can We Model the Channel ?

Bottom‐up Modeling Approach

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 45 Fare clicBottom per ‐modificareUp Channel lo Modeling stile del titolo

 Idea: –Use transmission line theory to determine the channel transfer function

 Requirements: – Knowledge of topology, cables and loads

 Statistical extension: – Develop a statistical model for the topology, etc.

 In the following, we consider the application to the in‐home case

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 46 InFare‐Home clic :per Bottom modificare‐Up Statistical lo stile delModeling titolo

 Random topology generation –Regular structure: the area can be divided in clusters (typically one room/cluster) –Eachcluster has a derivation box –National practices and norms can also be implemented (e.g., UK ring topology)

 Applying Trasmission Line theory, we can compute the CTF among any pair of outlets for a topology realization – Efficient method based on voltage ratio : outlets approach has been developed : derivation boxes

REF. A. Tonello, F. Versolatto, “Bottom‐up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling – Part I: Random Topology Model and Efficient Transfer Function Computation,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 891 – 898, Apr. 2011.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 47 Fare clic perTL Theory modificare Application lo stile del titolo

 From topology to graph representation  From graph representation to electrical quantities representation  TL theory approach based on efficient methods are fundamental: e.g., the voltage ratio approach (VRA), ascalar version of the ABCD method unit N unit N 1 unit 1

γN γN 1 γ1 V V V V N Z N 1 Z 1 Z 0 C N C N1 C 1 receiver port transmitter port Z  ρ Z  ρ Z  ρ BN N LN BN1 N 1 LN1 B1 1 L1 Z Z Z IN IN1 I1

x axis xN xN 1 x1 x0 V 1   f  N Hf b1 Lb b ff H fHf  V efebb  bb  b b Lb  b1

REF. A. Tonello, T. Zheng, “Bottom‐up Transfer Function Generator for Broadband PLC Statistical Channel Modeling,” Proc. of Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC’10), Apr. 2009, pp. 7‐12.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 48 Fare clicWhy per a Bottom modificare‐Up Approachlo stile del ? titolo

Cumulative Distribution Function of RMS Delay Spread Quantile-Quantile Plots of Average Channel Gain 1

0 0.8 -20

0.6 -40 CDF 0.4 -60

2 -80 A = 100 m A = 100 m2 f f 0.2 A = 200 m2 A = 200 m2 f -100 f dB Average ChannelGain quantiles A = 300 m2 A = 300 m2 f f 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 RMS Delay Spread (s) Standard Normal Quantiles  The bottom‐up approach allows the connection to physical reality (topology, distance, time variant loads …). But more complex.  This theoretical approach matches the measured metric distributions, e.g., delay spread and average channel gain.

REF. A. Tonello, F. Versolatto, “Bottom‐up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling – Part II: Inferring the Capacity,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2356 – 2363, Oct. 2010.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 49 Fare clicWhy per a Bottom modificare‐Up Approachlo stile del ? titolo

 The PLC channel can be time variant due to – Changes of topology – Time variant loads connected to the network  The bottom‐up approach allows to take into account these effects  Examples of time variant loads are: – AC/DC converters and chargers – Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) – Dimmers – Variant load banks – Industrial machinery – Overall “home load” changing with time

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 50 TimeFare Variant clic per Loads modificare and Effect lo stile of the del Topology titolo

 Time variance is less pronounced when the receiver is far away from the time variant load Channel acquisition 1 Channel acquisition 2

 The channel can be modeled as linear periodically time variant (LPTV) because of the periodic change of load impedances with the mains cycle (2‐state cyclic behavior) REF. F. J. Cañete, J. A. Cortés, L. Díez, and J. T. Entrambasaguas, “Analysis of the Cyclic Short‐Term Variation of Indoor Power Line Channels”, IEEE J. on Sel. Areas in Commun., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1327‐1338, Jul. 2006.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 51 MIMO Channel: Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 52 FareMIMO clic perChannel modificare Main Characteristicslo stile del titolo

 In the presence of more than two conductors, multiple input – multiple output links are available

network

transmitter transmitter receiver receiver

 The channels are strongly correlated –The ratio between the minimum and the maximum eigenvalue has been shown to be constant in frequency and equal to 0.2 on average (for in–home channels)  The noise is correlated as well –Higher correlation in the lower frequency range –P‐PE and N‐PE noises are the most correlated (more than P‐N)

REF. D. Veronesi, R. Riva, P. Bisaglia, F. Osnato, K. Afkhamie, A. Nayagam, D. Rende, L. Yonge, “Characterization of In‐Home MIMO Power Line Channels,” Proc. of Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC’11), Apr. 2011, pp. 42‐47. REF. D. Rende, A. Nayagam, K. Afkhamie, L. Yonge, R. Riva, D. Veronesi, F. Osnato, P. Bisaglia, “Noise Correlation and Its Effect on In‐home MIMO Power Line Channels,” Proc. of Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC’11), Apr. 2011, pp. 60‐65.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 53 AnFare Approach clic per to modificare MIMO Channel lo stile Generation del titolo  We combine multiple transmission line theory with the bottom‐ up approach to obtain random MIMO PLC channel responses

0 Phase-Neutral / Phase-Neutral Phase-Neutral / PE-Neutral -10 PE-Neutral / Phase-Neutral PE-Neutral / PE-Neutral

-20

-30 + -40

unit N unit N 1 unit 1 (dB)Amplitude

-50

-60

γN γN 1 γ1 Z Z Z C N C N1 C 1 receiver port -70 transmitter port 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 YB lN ρL YB lN 1 ρL YB l1 ρL N IN, N1 IN,1 1 I ,1 Frequency (MHz) Y Y Y I N IN1 I1

x axis xN xN 1 x1 x0

REF. F.Versolatto,A.M.Tonello,“A MIMO PLC Random Channel Generator and Capacity Analysis,” Proc. of Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC’11), Apr. 2011, pp. 66‐71.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 54 Fare clic perModel modificare Validation lo stile del titolo

 We have realized a T‐shaped MTL test network  We have simulated and measured the coupled insertion loss

l1 l3 0 4 Zs Direct -5 2 tx rx Y rx Vg Vg g Es -10 0 Y tx tx rx Y rx r Vr Vr r -15 -2 Yrx Direct Phase(rad) -4 -20 br 4 Yg l2 -25 br Coupled 2

Yr Insertion Loss (dB) -30 0 Ybr -35 -2 lm1  5.22 Coupled Phase (rad) Phase Coupled -40 -4 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 80 lm2  2.30 Frequency (MHz) Frequency (MHz) (a) Amplitude (b) Phase lm3  3.60 Simulated Measured  Strong matching between the measured and generated insertion loss

REF. F.Versolatto,A.M.Tonello,“An MTL Theory Approach for the Simulation of MIMO Power Line Communications Channels,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1710 – 1717, Jul. 2011.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 55 Noise Characterization

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 56 Fare clic PLCper Noisemodificare Classification lo stile del titolo

 The PLC noise comprises five components

Impulsive Noise

Periodic Background Noise Impulsive Noise Synchronous Narrowband Noise Periodic Impulsive Noise Asynchronous Colored Noise Aperiodic Impulsive Noise

channel

REF. M. Gotz, M. Rapp, K. Dostert, “Power Line Channel Characteristics and their Effect on Communication System Design,” IEEE Comm. Mag., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 78 ‐ 86, 2004.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 57 Noise Characterization

Background Noise

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 58 Fare Backgroundclic per modificare Noise Comparison lo stile del titolo

Noise PSD Comparison -90

In-Home (worst)  In‐Home PLCs experience the -100 Outdoor Low Voltage Outdoor Medium Voltage highest level of noise -110  Overhead MV background -120 noise due to corona -130 discharges PSD (dBm/Hz) -140 – The strong electric fields -150 determine the avalanche

-160 generation of free charges in the

0 10 20 30 40 50 surrounding air, which in turn Frequency (MHz) induce current pulses in the  Background noise has an exponential PSD conductors  Narrowband interference exhist REF. Noise models from : 1. T. Esmailian, F. R. Kschischang, and P. Glenn Gulak, –FM disturbances (> 87.5 MHz) “In‐Building Power Lines as High‐Speed Communication Channels: Channel Characterization –AM (< 1.6 MHz) and a Test Channel Ensemble,” Int. J. of Commun. Syst., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 381‐400, Jun. 2003 –Radio amateur (from 1.9MHz up to SHF) 2. EU OPERA Project, “Deliverable D5”, 2005.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 59 Noise Characterization

Impulsive Noise

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 60 Fare clicImpulsive per modificare Noise Components lo stile del titolo

0.15  Periodic impulsive noise 0.1 – Synchronous: components with low rate (50/100 Hz): rectifiers 0.05

– Asynchronous: components with high 0

rate (200 kHz): switching devices Amplitude (V) -0.05 – The amplitude is small with spectrum 50 -0.1 confined in frequency 40

30  Aperiodic impulsive noise 0 5 10 15 20 20 Time (ms)

– Bursty nature: on‐off and plug in‐out 10 –Less frequent, but more disruptive 0 -10 –High amplitude greater than 50 V Amplitude (V) -20

-30

-40

-50 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 Time (ms)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 61 Fare clic per modificareFurthermore… lo stile del titolo

 Appliances generate asynchronous noise components that are periodic with the mains cycle –We measured the noise by the inverters 0 Spikes of Motor 2.2 kW Motor 5.5 kW -20 asynchronous Motor 7.5 kW periodic noise Inverter 10 kW -40 Inverter 3 kW

-60

-80 Noise PSD (dBm/Hz) (dBm/Hz) PSD Noise -100

-120

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 Frequency (MHz) Measurements at the Micro‐Grid Test Lab Strathclyde, by WiPli Lab team within FP7 EU DERrI Project

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 62 Fare clic perTime modificare‐Variant Analysis lo stile del titolo

 The stationary characterization of the noise is not sufficient to get the picture of its whole complex nature

-130

-135

-140 PSD (dBV/Hz) PSD -145

0 20 5 15 10 10 5 15 0 Time interval Frequency (MHz) (ms)

short term PSD during the mains cycle REF. V. Degardin, M. Lienard, A. Zeddam, F. Gauthie, and P. Degauque, “Classification and Characterization of Impulsive Noise on Indoor Power Line Used for Data Communications,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 913 – 918, Nov. 2002. REF. J. A. Cortés, L. Diez, F. J. Cañete, and J. J. Sanchez‐Martinez, “Analysis of the indoor broadband power‐line noise scenario,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 849–858, Nov. 2010. REF. M. Katayama, T. Yamazato, and H. Okada, “A Mathematical Model of Noise in Narrowband Power‐Line Communication Systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas in Commun., vol.24, no.7, pp. 1267‐1276, Jul. 2006.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 63 FarePeriodic clic per modificareand Synchronous lo stileNoise del titolo

 Time‐frequency characterization of the noise –The noise PSD varies within the mains cycle of 20 ms  Example of synchronous noise measurement at the source –Laptop PC battery charger

2 -128  Typical rate of 100 Hz 4 -130

-132 – The synchronous periodic noise 6 is generated by the input stage 8 -134 t

an of the rectifier circuit of the t 10 -136 ns i power supply unit -138 me me 12 Ti 14 -140  Noisy devices

16 -142 –Laptop PC battery chargers -144 18 –LCD monitors, desktop PC, … -146 20 –Light dimmers 2 4 6 8 10 dBm/HZ Frequency (MHz)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 64 FarePeriodic clic per and modificare Asynchronous lo stile Noisedel titolo

 The asynchronous noise causes spectral lines in the PSD –It can be isolated from the synchronous noise components  Example of asynchronous noise measurement at the source –Flat LCD monitor

-110  The asynchronous periodic noise

-115 is generated by the switching activity of the power supplies

-120  It is concentrated below 10 MHz

-125 PSD (dBV/Hz)

-130

-135 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Frequency (MHz)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 65 Fare clicAperiodic per modificare Impulsive lo stile Noise del titolo

 The impulsive noise is generated by – plugging in/out devices 25 20 A – switching on/off devices 15

10  It is characterized by t IAT – Amplitude A 5 0 – Inter‐arrival time t IAT -5 Amplitude (V) t w – Duration tW -10

-15

-20

-25 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Time (ms)

REF. M. Zimmermann, K. Dostert, “Analysis and Modeling of Impulsive Noise in Broad‐Band PowerLline Communications,” IEEE Trans. Electromag. Compat., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 249 – 258, Feb. 2002. REF. T. Esmailian, F. R. Kschischang, and P. G. Gulak, “In‐building power lines as high‐speed communication channels: Channel characterization and a test channel ensemble,” International Journal of Communication Systems, vol. 16, pp. 381–400, 2003. REF. L. Di Bert, P. Caldera, D. Schwingshackl, and A. Tonello, “On Noise Modeling for Power Line Communications,” Proc.ofInt.Symp.onPower Line Commun. and Its App., pp. 283‐288, 2011.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 66 Common Noise Model in the Literature

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 67 Fare clicCommon per modificare PLC Noise lo stileModel del titolo

 Background noise  Two terms Gaussian

-90 Worst case –Sum of two Gaussian PDFs weighted by a Bernoulli process with -95 Best case -100 occurrence probability P

-105 22 -110 pv 10,0, PN   PNK -115   bb   [dBm/Hz] b n -120 R -125 -130  Middleton Class A -135

-140 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 –Weighted sum of Gaussian PDFs Frequency [MHz]

c dBm PSD f a b f   Ak 2 b Hz eA1 v 221 kA  pvexp  kb1    2 2  k0 k!2 1 a b c 2 k k 80 Best case ‐140 38.75 ‐0.72 Gaussian 70 A = 0.1,  = 0.001 Middlteon Worst case ‐145 53.23 ‐0.337 60 A = 0.1,  = 0.01

50 A = 1,  = 0.1 40 pdf A = 2,  = 0.1

30

20

10

0 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 Amplitude [V]

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 68 Physical Layer Techniques

Single Carrier Modulation (FSK) Multi Carrier Modulation Adaptation Performance Increase

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 69 Fare Singleclic per Carrier modificare Modulation: lo stile del FSK titolo

 Binary FSK Modulated Signal

1

1

0. 8

0. 8

0. 6

0. 4 T

0. 2 0. 6

2ES 0

-0.2

0. 4 cos 2 f t -0.4

“1” H -0.6

0. 2

-0.8

-1 T 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 “0”“1” “1” “0” “1” “0” 0

1

0. 8

-0.2

0. 6

0. 4

-0.4

0. 2

2E 0

S -0.6

-0.2

cos 2 f t -0.4 -0.8

“0” L -0.6

-0.8

-1 -1 T 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

– Modulation index: hf HL fT – Normalized cross‐correlation:   sinc 2h

– Symbol error probability in AWGN power spectral density N0: E (1  ) PQ s e  N0  M‐ary FSK

2ES “i ‐th symbol” cos 2 fti , i 0,1, , M 1 T

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 70 FareSpread clic Frequencyper modificare Shift lo Keying stile del (S‐ FSK)titolo

 Spread FSK – Adjustment of FSK for transmission in PLC channels • Tones are now placed far from each other (usually 10 kHz)

fH –fL > 10 kHz

fL fH f •M‐FSK is suited to be combined with a spreading code (a sort of frequency hopping spread spectrum) • Congruential codes have been proposed. They specify the hopping pattern • Immunity to narrow band interference can be increased with erasure decoding of spread‐FSK – The standard IEC 61334‐5‐1 uses a form of spread FSK

REF. T. Shaub, “Spread frequency shift keying,” IEEE Trans. Commun., pp. 1056‐1064, Feb./Mar./Apr. 1994 REF. A.J.HanVinckandJ.Haring,"Coding and Modulation for Power‐Line Communications," Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2000

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 71 FareUnified clic per View modificare of MC loModulation stile del titolo

 b(k)(mN): QAM data symbols  g(k)(n): sub‐channel pulses, obtained from the modulation of a prototype pulse  N: interpolation factor N ≥ M number of sub‐channels

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 72 Fare clicCyclically per modificare Prefixed lo OFDMstile del titolo

 M tones (sub‐channels)

 Rectangular sub‐channel pulse (window) of duration N > M samples

 Cyclic prefix (CP) of length µ=N‐M samples (typically longer than the channel duration)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 73 Fare clic per modificareNotching lo stile del titolo

 It is fundamental to generate low radiations in certain parts of the spectrum, e.g., Radio amateur signals  Further notching can be done beyond 30 MHz to grant coexistence with other systems

Notching Mask -40

-50

-60 FM -70 PSD [dBm/Hz] PSD -80 917 tones out of 1536 -90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Example of spectrum mask up to 30 MHz in HPAV f [MHz]

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 74 Fare clic per modificareNotching lo stile del titolo

 It is fundamental to generate low radiations in certain parts of the spectrum, e.g., Radio amateur signals  Further notching can be done beyond 30 MHz to grant coexistence with other systems

Notching Mask -40

-50

-60 - 80 dBm/Hz FM -70 PSD [dBm/Hz] PSD -80 917 tones out of 1536 -90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Example of spectrum mask up to 30 MHz in HPAV f [MHz]

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 75 FareSpectrum clic per modificare of OFDM and lo stile PS‐OFDM del titolo

OFDM PS-OFDM 0 0

-10 -10

-20 -20

-30 -30 (dB) 2 (dB) 2 -40 -40 |G(f)| |G(f)| -50 -50

-60 -60

-70 -70

-80 -80 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 f  MT f  MT  Use a root‐raised‐cosine window (or other), to fulfill the mask with a higher number of active tones

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 76 Fare clic perPulse modificare Shaped OFDMlo stile del titolo

 It is a filter bank system with a prototype pulse equal to the window

 If no symbol overlapping exists, we obtain windowed OFDM

 It introduces a transmisison rate penalty. Overhead β=µ+α=N‐M

 The transmission rate is MM R = = NT() M++ma T

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 77 Fare clic Filterper modificare Bank Approaches lo stile del titolo

 Can we increase the sub‐channel frequency selectivity ?

. Yes, by privileging the frequency confinement

 What schemes are available ?

. Wavelet OFDM (one solution adopted by IEEE P1901) . Filtered Multitone Modulation (FMT) . Other FB approaches are also possible (see the large signal processing literature on FBs)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 78 Fare clic per Waveletmodificare OFDM lo stile del titolo

 Wavelet OFDM is a cosine modulated filter bank  It was proposed in REF1 and called DWMT  Example of spectrum

 Sub‐channels have high overlapping. Nevertheless, it is possible to construct a perfect reconstruction critically sampled filter bank  Channel distortion introduces ISI and ICI. Therefore, single tap equalization is not sufficient and multichannel equalizers may be needed

REF1. S. Sandberg, M. Tzannes, “Overlapped discrete multitone modulation for high speed copper wire communications,” IEEE JSAC, Dec. 1995. REF2. “Power Line Communications – Theory and Applications for Narrowband and Broadband Communications over Power Lines,” eds. Ferreira, Lampe, Newbury, Swart, Wiley & Sons. Ltd., 2010. Chapter 5.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 79 Fare clic per modificareFMT Basics lo stile del titolo

0

-10

-20

-30 (dB) 2 -40 |G(f)| -50

-60

-70

-80 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 f  MT  Pulses obtained from modulation of a prototype pulse . Root‐raised‐cosine . Time/Frequency confined pulses . Perfect reconctruction solutions provided that N > M REF. G. Cherubini, E. Eleftheriou, S. Olcer, “Filtered multitone modulation for very high‐speed digital subscriber lines,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Comm. 2002. REF. A. Tonello, F. Pecile, “Efficient Architectures for Multiuser FMT Systems and Application to Power Line Communications,” IEEE Trans. on Comm. 2009.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 80 Fare clic perEfficient modificare Realization lo stile del titolo

 Synthesis

. M point IDFT and Cyclic extension to MlcmMNLMLN212.. .(, ) . Pulses: PP components of order N, i.e., gnNginNi()i ( ) ( ) 0,..., N  1

. Sample with period L2  Analysis . Dual operations

 Complexity: M log2M + Lg,h (pulse length) operations/sample REF. N. Moret, A. Tonello, “Design of Orthogonal Filtered Multitone Modulation Systems and Comparison among Efficient Realizations,” EURASIP Journal on Adv. In Signal Processing, 2010.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 81 FareHow clic per to Increasemodificare Performance lo stile del ?titolo

 Increase bandwidth –up to 100 MHz or even above for BB PLC –up to 500 kHz for NB PLC  Use powerful channel coding  Perform adaptation of the transmitter parameters: –bit and power loading – adaptive scheduling (exploiting cyclic SNR variations) –cognitive use of spectrum  Use MIMO transmission

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 82 WhatFare Can clic We per Gain modificare with Increased lo stile delBandwidth titolo ?

1600 Channels Class 5 1400

1200 OFDM, 100 MHz, -50 dBm/Hz 1000

800 Rate (Mbit/s) Rate

600 OFDM,100 MHz, -80 dBm/Hz

400 -50 dBm/Hz

-80 OFDM, 30 MHz, -50 dBm/Hz

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 channel realization  4096 Tones in 100 MHz, fixed CP=5.57 us, PSD noise ‐110 dBm/Hz  PSD signal: ‐50 dBm/Hz + HPAV notching 0‐30 MHz, ‐50/‐80 dBm/Hz 30‐87.5 MHz

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 83 WhatFare Can clic We per Gain modificare with Increased lo stile delBandwidth titolo ?

1600 Channels Class 5 1400 Capacity

1200 OFDM, 100 MHz, -50 dBm/Hz 1000 margin

Capacity 800 Rate (Mbit/s) Rate

600 OFDM,100 MHz, -80 dBm/Hz margin Capacity 400 OFDM, 30 MHz, -50 dBm/Hz

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 channel realization

 4096 Tones in 100 MHz, fixed CP=5.57 us, PSD noise ‐110 dBm/Hz  PSD signal: ‐50 dBm/Hz + HPAV notching 0‐30 MHz, ‐50/‐80 dBm/Hz 30‐87.5 MHz

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 84 Fare clicAdaptive per modificare OFDM andlo stile FMT del titolo

 We can adapt the pulse shape and the overhead β = N‐M such that capacity is maximized

æöSINR(k )(b) 1 ç ÷ Rbits()b =+å log2 ç 1÷ [] / ()MT+Gb ç ÷ kKÎ ON èøç  For example, in CP‐OFDM we adapt the CP to the channel response

CP t

CP t

CP channel response t

REF. A. Tonello, S. D’Alessandro, L. Lampe, “Cyclic Prefix Design and Allocation in Bit‐Loaded OFDM over Power Line Communication Channels,” IEEE Trans. on Communications, Nov. 2010.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 85 ExampleFare clic of perPerformance: modificare System lo stile delParameters titolo

 Number of carriers: M={256,512,1024,2048,4096}

‐2  SNR Gap for Pe=10 : Γ=3.4 dB  PSD of the transmitted signal: ‐50 dBm/Hz (in 0‐100 MHz)

 PSD of the Gaussian background noise: ‐140 dBm/Hz

 Test channel response of class 5

 Average SNR at the receiver: 44, 24 or 4 dB

 Pulse‐Shaped OFDM: Raised‐cosine window

 FMT: Truncated root‐raised‐cosine pulse  Single tap equalization  Fractionally spaced sub‐channel equalization

REF. F. Pecile, A. Tonello, “On the Design of Filter Bank Systems in Power Line Channels Based on Achievable Rate,” Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2009. REF. “Power Line Communications – Theory and Applications for Narrowband and Broadband Communications over Power Lines,” eds. Ferreira, Lampe, Newbury, Swart, Wiley & Sons. Ltd., 2010. Chapter 5.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 86 AchievableFare clic per Rate modificare as a Function lo stile of N.del of titolo Tones Masked 2-100 MHz Masked 2-28 MHz Ave rage SNR=24 dB Ave rage SNR=24 dB

Pulse-Shaped OFDM Pulse-Shaped OFDM 160 FMT Equal. 1 Tap FMT Equal. 1 Tap 500 FMT FS Equal. 2 Taps FMT FS Equal. 2 Taps Target notching mask FMT FS Equal. 10 Taps FMT FS Equal. 10 Taps 140 below 30 MHz: HPAV FMT FS Equal. 20 Taps FMT FS Equal. 20 Taps 450

120

Notching Mask 400 -40

-50 100

-60

-70 350 PSD [dBm/Hz] -80 80 -90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 f [MHz] 300 Achievable [Mbit/s] Rate

Achievable [Mbit/s] Rate 60

250 40

200 20

150 0 M (Overall System Carriers) M (Overall System Carriers) 256 512 256 512 1024 2048 1024 4096 2048 4096

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 87 Fare clic perFMT modificare vs. PS‐OFDM lo stile del titolo

 The lower the SNR the higher is the advantage of FMT w.r.t. PS-OFDM

 FMT has better notching capability

 FMT achieves the maximum rate with a smaller number of tones

 Achievable rate can be used as a design metric to choose properly the number of carriers and the equalization method in the system

 Adaptation of the parameters is beneficial

 The achievable rate increases significantly using 100 MHz band (depending, however, on the transmitted PSD beyond 30 MHz)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 88 Physical Layer Techniques

Possible Capacity Increases from Extended Bandwidth and MIMO

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 89 Fare Inferringclic per modificare the Capacity lo stileIncrease del titolo

 Used power Spectral Density of the Transmitted Signal and Noise Model

-40

-60 Signal

-80

-100 PSD (dBm/Hz) -120

Noise -140

-160 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Frequency (MHz)  Real capacity of PLC channels is unknown since the channel is not just Gaussian and disturbances are not fully characterized yet

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 90 InferringFare clic the per Capacity modificare Increase lo stile (In ‐delHome titolo Case)

 Capacity can be improved with MIMO and/or Bandwidth Increase

 With MIMO (2 – 100 MHz)  With extended bandwidth (SISO)

1 1 MIMO 2 - 100 MHz 0.95 SISO 0.95 2 - 300 MHz

0.9 0.9

0.85 0.85

0.8 0.8 C-CDF C-CDF 0.75 0.75 simulated channels and measured channels 0.7 noise as in prev. slide 0.7 noise as in prev. slide 0.65 0.65

0.6 0.6 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Achievable Rate (Mbps) Achievable Rate (Mbps)

REF1. R. Hasmat, P. Pagani, T. Chonavel, “MIMO Communications for In home PLC Networks: Measurement and Results up to 100 MHz,” Proc. of ISPLC 2010. REF2. F.Versolatto,A.Tonello,"An MTL Theory Approach for the Simulation of MIMO Power Line Communication Channels,“ IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, 2010.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 91 Physical Layer Techniques

Other Modulation Schemes: Impulsive UWB

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 92 Fare clic Impulsiveper modificare UWB: lo I‐ stileUWB del titolo

 For low data rate: Impulsive UWB

PSD of the Transmitted Signal and Noise -70

-80

. Gaussian monocycle D=50‐200 ns, -90 Signal Tf = 2 us, R = 0.5 Mpulses/s. -100 . Symbol energy is spread in frequency by -110

the monocycle (frequency diversity) PSD (dBm/Hz) -120 In-Home Noise . The monocycle is spread in time via a -130 binary code (time diversity) -140 -150 0 20 40 60 80 100 . Coexistence with broadband systems is Frequency (MHz) possible due to the low PSD and high processing gain REF. A. Tonello, “Wideband Impulse Modulation and Receiver Algorithms for Multiuser Power Line Communications,” EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2007, pp. 1‐14.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 93 FareComparison clic per modificare of I‐UWB withlo stile NB del‐OFDM titolo  I‐PLC may be suitable also for outdoor communications –Same transmitted power: higher data rates with I‐UWB than NB‐OFDM –Same data rate: very low transmitted PSD with I‐UWB G3 Bandwidth = 54.7 kHz, PRIME Bandwidth = 46.9 kHz (here, only G3 because they perform similarly)

-40 MV Scenario O-LV Scenario 1 -60 0.9 -80 Transmitted Signal

-100 Broadband MV Noise 0.8 Broadband O-LV Noise -120 0.7 PSD (dBm/Hz) -140 AVG RATE 3.9 kbit/s 0.6 -160 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Frequency (MHz) 0.5 -20 CDF 0.4

-40 0.3 AVG RATE 114.8 kbit/s Narrowband Noise -60 0.2

Power Gain PSD (dBm/Hz) -80 0.1 with Equal Target Capacity Equal Target Capacity Power Constraint 0 -100 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 PSD (dBm/Hz) PSD (dBm/Hz) Frequency (kHz) max max

REF. A. Tonello, et al. “Comparison of Narrow‐Band OFDM PLC Solutions and I‐UWB Modulation over Distribution Grids,” Proc. Of IEEE Smart Grid Communications Conference, Oct. 2011.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 94 Cooperative Algorithms

Relaying and Flooding

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 95 Fare Relayclic per and modificare Flooding loTechniques stile del titolo

 Relaying (well studied in the wireless context) –Decode and Forward – Amplify and Forward – Opportunistic Protocols  Flooding

REF. J. Laneman, D. Tse, and G. Wornell, “Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks: Efficient Protocols and Outage Behavior,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 50, no. 12, pp. 3062–3080, 2004. REF. D. Gunduz and E. Erkip, “Opportunistic Cooperation by Dynamic Resource Allocation,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1446–1454, Apr. 2007. REF. A. M. Tonello, F. Versolatto, S. D’Alessandro “Opportunistic Relaying in In‐Home PLC Networks,” Proc. of IEEE GLOBECOM 2010, Miami, Florida, USA, Dec. 2010. REF. S. D’Alessandro, A. Tonello, F. Versolatto, “Power Savings with Opportunistic Decode and Forward over In‐Home PLC Networks,” Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2011, Udine, Italy, Apr. 2011.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 96 Fare clic perDirect modificare Transmission lo stile del titolo

Cx,y: Capacity of the link (x,y)

CSR, CR,D

CSD,

0 t Tf time •The source (S) transmits its data to the destination (D) during

all the time slot whose duration is Tf •The relay is silent

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 97 Fare clicDecode per modificare & Forward lo stile (1/2) del titolo

Cx,y: Capacity of the link (x,y)

CSR, CR,D

CSD,

0 t Tf time • During the first part of the time slot the source (S) transmits its data to both the destination (D) and the relay (R) •The relay is silent

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 98 Fare clicDecode per modificare & Forward lo stile (2/2) del titolo

Cx,y: Capacity of the link (x,y)

CSR, CR,D

CSD,

0 t Tf time • During the second part of the time slot the relay transmits its data to the destination (D) using an independent codebook •The source is silent

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 99 Fare clicAmplify per modificare & Forward lo stile (1/2) del titolo

Cx,y: Capacity of the link (x,y)

CSR, CR,D

CSD,

0 Tf /2 Tf time • During the first part of the time slot the source (S) transmits its data to both the destination (D) and the relay (R) •The relay is silent

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 100 Fare clicAmplify per modificare & Forward lo stile (2/2) del titolo

Cx,y: Capacity of the link (x,y)

CSR, CR,D

CSD,

0 Tf /2 Tf time • During the second part of the time slot the relay amplifies and forwards the data received from the source (S) to the destination (D) •The source is silent

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 101 OpportunisticFare clic per DF modificare (ODF): Capacity lo stile Improvements del titolo

 ODF uses the relay whenever it allows for capacity improvements w.r.t. the direct transmission. Its capacity is:

CtODF max CCt DT , DF   where

CDF t  mint CS ,R , t CSRD,,D 1 tC 

CC DT S, D CPRD,  

* CPSR,   tCt arg max DF   t[0,1]

CPSD,  

0 t * 1 t

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 102 OpportunisticFare clic per AF modificare (OAF): Capacity lo stile Improvements del titolo

 OAF uses the relay whenever it allows for capacity improvements w.r.t. the direct transmission. Its capacity is:

CCCOAF max DT , AF  where

1 kk  CPDTSDTSD log2, 1   MT kK ON 1 PPkkkk       CPlog 1 SAF,, SR RAF RD kk  AF  2,kk  kk  SAF SD 2MT kK 1PP ON SAF,, SR RAF RD 2 k  Gch, XY  k  XY k Pnoise. Y

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 103 FareApplication clic per ofmodificare Relay in Home lo stile Networks del titolo

MAIN PANEL CIRCUIT BREAKER DERIVATION BOX D OUTLET

S

REF. A. M. Tonello, F. Versolatto, “Bottom‐Up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling – Part I: Random Topology Model and Efficient Transfer Function Computation,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 26, n. 2, 2011.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 104 Fare clic perRelay modificare Configurations lo stile del titolo

MAIN PANEL CIRCUIT BREAKER DERIVATION BOX D OUTLET RELAY

S

 Source Derivation Box (SDB) The relay is located in the derivation box that feeds the source node.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 105 Fare clic perRelay modificare Configurations lo stile del titolo

MAIN PANEL CIRCUIT BREAKER DERIVATION BOX D OUTLET RELAY

S

 Main Panel Single Sub‐Topology (MPS) The relay is located immediately after the CB of the main panel.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 106 NumericalFare clic per Results: modificare Simulation lo stile Parameters del titolo

Parameter Value Flat Area U(100 ‐ 300) m2 Cluster Area U(15 ‐ 45) m2 Average Outlet / Area 0.5 outlets / m2 Probability of Open loads 0.3 Sample Frequency (1/T) 37.5 MHz M 1536 1/(MT) 24.414 kHz Considered Band (1‐28) MHz Transmitted PSD limit ‐50 dBm/Hz Noise PSD (‐110) dBm/Hz

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 107 NumericalFare clic per Results: modificare Capacity lo stile Improvements del titolo

Noise PSDODF = -110 [dBm/Hz] Noise PSDOAF = -110 [dBm/Hz] 1 1 Source Derivation Box Source Derivation Box 0.98 Main Panel 0.98 Main Panel 0.96 Direct Transmission 0.96 Direct Transmission

0.94 0.94

0.92 0.92

0.9 0.9

CCDF(C) 0.88 CCDF(C) 0.88

0.86 0.86 0.84 @0.8 0.84 @0.8 0.82 Gain:177% 0.82 Gain:61% 0.8 0.8 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 C [Mbit/s] C [Mbit/s] CCDF of capacity using ODF and OAF with the relay located according to the considered configurations. For the DT configuration, no relay is connected to the network.

REF. S. D’Alessandro, A. Tonello, “On Rate Improvements and Power Saving with Opportunistic Relaying in Home Power Line Networks,” submitted to EURASIP JASP, 2012.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 108 FareFlooding clic per formodificare Large Scale lo stile Networks del titolo

 Multi‐hop communication protocol  Suitable for command and control applications with large number of nodes, e.g., lightning systems  Network nodes forward the received packets altruistically

G E F  A sends a broadcast packet that D is received by B, C, and G

C  Nodes B, C, G forward the packet that will be now received B A also by D, E, F

REF. G. Bumiller, L. Lampe, H. Hrasnica, “Power Line Communication Network for Large‐Scale Control and Automation Systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 48, no. 4, April 2010.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 109 Fare clicFlooding: per modificare Considerations lo stile del titolo

 Pros  Cons –No routing overhead – Redundant transmissions – Robust against network changes – Loop cycles – Shortest path always used –Waste of energy for many retransmissions  Improvements – In highly populated networks, only a subset of nodes are allowed to retransmit – Counters for packets (number of retransmissions) – MAC protocol based on hybrid TDMA‐CSMA/CA – The master broadcasts a network‐wide TDMA frame – Within each TDMA frame there are contention free and contention based time slots

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 110 Media Access Techniques

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 111 Fare clic per modificareMAC Aspects lo stile del titolo

 The media access scheme depends on the application and type of data traffic – Metering, sensor network, QoS traffic (audio/video),… – Throughput but also latency are important

 Contention free and contention based schemes are used in PLC –CSMA/CA (hidden node problem) –Dynamic TDMA (some overhead is required) –Network synchronization can exploit the mains cycle – Scheduling of resources can exploit SNR cyclic behavior

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 112 Media Access Techniques

Scheduling in Linear Periodically Time Variant (LPTV) Channels

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 113 Optimal Time Slot over LPTV Channels

CCo User 1 User 4

User 2 User 3

 The Central Coordinator (CCo) manages the channel access in a TDMA fashion  We consider the downlink case  The CCo sends training sequences to the users that estimate the periodic time variant SINR experienced in a mains cycle  We want to compute the optimal slot duration, scheduling, and bit loading

REF. A. M. Tonello, J. A. Cortés, S. D’Alessandro, “Optimal Time Slot Design in an OFDM‐TDMA System over Power‐Line Time‐Variant Channels,” Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2009, Dresden, Mar. 2009.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 114 Optimal Scheduling

The optimal time slot scheduling and duration can be found maximizing the aggregate rate (AR)

NNUTS1 us, u ARNRNITS = max  s ITS    us10 NU subject to  us,  1 NITS : OFDM symbols in a time slot u1 T : OFDM symbol duration  0 sN 0,...,TS 1, and  u NNTS11p TS Example: 4‐users optimal slot us, RN u RN u sITS sITS (423 OFDM symbols in a main cycle) ss00100 uN 1,..., 60 U

40 α(u,s) : binary coefficient equal to one if slot s is assigned to user u, zero otherwise 20 p(u) : weighting factor.

Aggregate Rate [Mbit/s] 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 NITS

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 115 Systems, Standards and MAC Details

Summary of Systems and Standards

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 116 Fare clic per Protocolmodificare Stacks lo stile del titolo

 PLC specifications and standards typically cover layer 1 and 2 (PHY and MAC)  Network layer and above, up to application: –is specified by other standards, e.g., AMR (IEC 61334‐4‐32) –convergent layers are under investigation, e.g., from IPv4 to IPv6 and/or protocols for certain applications

Application

SG application IP dependent

PLC MAC

PLC PHY

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 117 NarrowFare clic Band per modificare PLC Systems lo andstile Standardsdel titolo

Meters PRIME UPB & G.Hnem IEEE HomePlug PowerLine Konnex CEBus Universal More G3‐PLC C&C Intelligent ITU‐T 9955 P1901.2 PLC bus (Enel, Metering Endesa) Command NB NB Home Automation and Automatic Meter Reading standard standard Control Proprietary EN50090 Single carrier Multicarrier Standard EN13321‐1 HomePlug Prime Proprietary Proprietary EIA‐600 Proprietary Open ERDF ITU IEEE body ISO/IEC Consortium Alliance Low data rate: Meter data rate: 14543 Project some kbits/s hundred ofCENELEC kbits/sCENELEC CENELEC CENELEC CENELEC A CENELEC A C A, B,C,D A, B,C,D Spectrum CENELEC C CENELEC B CENELEC B CENELEC A CENELEC A FCC ARIB FCC ARIB FCC FCC FCC

DCSK OFDM OFDM OFDM Spread differential D8PSK Modulation BPSK S‐FSK PPM PPM BPSK DQPSK QPSK ‐ Spectrum code shift DQPSK DBPSK 16‐QAM keying DBPSK

50 or 60 0.6 to 7.5 Up to 4800 34 to up to 1 Bit‐rate 2.4 kbps 1.2 kbps 8.5 kbps 240 bps 128 kbps ‐ bps kbps bps 240 kbps Mbps

CSMA/CA MAC ND CSMA CSMA/CD CSMA/CD ‐ CSMA/CA ‐ CSMA/CA CSMA/CA ‐ TDMA

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 118 FareBroadband clic per PLCmodificare Systems lo and stile Standards del titolo

ITU-T G.hn HomePlug AV HP Green PHY HD-PLC IEEE P1901 ITU-T G.9960

HomePlug HomePlug High Definition PLC Standard body IEEE ITU Consortium Consortium Alliance

PLC, Coax, phone line: Multicarrier up to 100 MHz (BB) 2-28 Spectrum 2-28 MHz 2-28 MHz 2/4-28 MHz PLC: 100-200 MHz (PB) 2-60 MHz data rate: Coax: up to 100 MHz Over 200 Mbits/s (PB, Fc=0.35-2.45 GHz) OFDM (HPAV) (3072 tones) OFDM Wavelet OFDM Bit-loading OFDM Modulation (1536 tones) (512 tones) Up to 4096- (up to 4096 tones) OFDM Bit-loading Bit-loading QAM Bit-loading & (1536 tones) Up to 1024-QAM Up to 16-PAM W-OFDM Up to 4096-QAM QPSK Coding Convolutional, RS, Convolutional, (HD-PLC) Turbo codes LDPC (1024 tones) LDPC Bit-loading Up to 32-PAM >200 Mbps Bit-rate 200 Mbit/s 3.8-9.8 Mbit/s 190 Mbit/s 540 Mbit/s Up to 1Gbps TDMA- MAC TDMA-CSMA/CA CSMA/CA TDMA-CSMA/CA TDMA-CSMA/CA CSMA/CA

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 119 Systems, Standards and MAC Details

Status of Standardization

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 120 FareStandards: clic per IEEEmodificare P1901 loand stile ITU del‐T G.hntitolo

 IEEE P1901 covers both indoor (in‐home) and outdoor PLC (last mile) – Two frequency bands . 2‐30 MHz: rate up to 200 Mbit/s. 2‐60 MHz: rate up to 545 Mbit/s – PHY 1: Pulse shaped OFDM with turbo coding (from HPAV) – PHY 2: Wavelet OFDM with RS/CC and LDPC (from Panasonic HD‐PLC) – MAC: TDMA for QoS traffic and CSMA for best effort traffic. Coexistence mechanism for the two PHYs (IPP, inter PHY protocol)  ITU‐T G.9960 (G.hn) –PHY and MAC for in‐Home devices that use power line, coax, and phone lines – Frequency bands • 2‐50 MHz (optional 50‐200 MHz): rate up to 1 Gbit/s – PHY: scalable windowed OFDM (2048 tones for PLC) – MAC layer: TDMA for QoS traffic, CSMA for best effort traffic – Coexistence with IEEE P1901 devices but not interoperability

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 121 Standards:Fare clic per IEEE modificare P1901.2 loand stile ITU del G.hnem titolo

 IEEE P1901.2: to be ratified in 2012 – Narrow band (less than 500 kHz) PLC standard for both AC and DC lines . low voltage indoor/outdoor, as well as medium voltage in both urban and in long distance (multi‐kilometer) rural communications – Operating in the Cenelec and FCC bands (up to 500 kHz) –Scalable data rates up to 500 kbps depending on the requirements –It addresses communication for: •Grid to utility meter, management of local energy generation devices •Electric vehicle to charging station •In‐home networking for command‐and‐control  ITU‐T G. hnem: ratified in Dec. 2011 –MAC & PHY for in‐home energy management, and LV metering – Operating in the Cenelec and FCC bands (up to 500 kHz) up to 1 Mbps

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 122 Systems, Standards and MAC Details

MAC in Narrowband Systems

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 123 Fare clic per MACmodificare in NB‐ loPLC stile del titolo

 We consider, as examples, the MAC specified in the NB‐PLC systems: – PRIME (power line intelligent metering) – G3‐PLC (for meter reading) – ITU G.hnem

 G3‐PLC and PRIME have been used as baseline for standardization in the working group IEEE P1901.2 and also in ITU G.hnem

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 124 Fare clicPRIME per modificare MAC: Definitions lo stile del titolo

 The subnetwork is a tree with two kind of nodes

– Service Node . Can be either a leaf or in a branch point . In Terminal state it can send its own data . In Switch state it forwards data – Base Node . It is the root of the tree . It assigns the network identifier to the Service Nodes . It manages the channel allocation in contention free periods

 Each node has a MAC address (48 bits)

REF. PRIME Alliance Technical Working Group, “Draft Standard for PoweRline Intelligent Metering Evolution,” R1.3E.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 125 PRIME MAC: Address Resolution

A: Base  At the first step, only the Base node S=(0,0) has an address S=(Sub Net ID, Local Net (node) ID)

B: TerminalSwitch C: Terminal D: Terminal  B: Disconnected C: Disconnected D: Disconnected Nodes B, C, D ask for addresses to T=(0,1) S=(1,0)S=(1,0) T=(0,2) T=(0,3) the Base node A  A assigns the address

E: Terminal F: Terminal E: Disconnected F: Disconnected T(1,1) T(1,2)  E, F are not visible from A but are visible from B.  B asks A to have a switch node identifier too  B becomes a switch node  B assigns the network ID to E and F

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 126 FarePRIME: clic MAC per modificare Frame and lo Channel stile del Access titolo

B B Shared Contention Period (SCP) (Optional) Contention Free Period (CFP) 1 2

 Beacon reserved to the Switch Node  Beacon reserved to the Base Node

 Each Beacon contains information on the SCP and CFP  SCP: based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)  The nodes contend to occupy the channel  Priority mechanisms are provided  CFP: based on TDMA where the slot are assigned by the Base Node  In both SCP and CFP, the packets go always through the Base Node  It is possible to establish direct connections for “peer to peer” communication

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 127 Fare clic per modificareG3‐PLC MAC lo stile del titolo

 Based on the contention access scheme of IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee)  Two types of devices: – Private Area Network (PAN) Coordinator (typically, the concentrator) . It performs device discovery – Reduced Function Devices (RFD) . Represented by meters  Distributed access procedure (peer to peer communication is possible)  Two priority levels are possible: high and low priority  64 bit address (extended address) used to join the network by the node  The address is reduced to 16 bit (short PAN address) once the node joins REF. ERDF, “PLC G3 MAC Specifications,” online at: http://www.maxim‐ic.com/products/powerline/pdfs/G3‐PLC‐MAC‐ Layer‐Specification.pdfthe network via the PAN REF. IEEE 802.15.4 Working Group, “Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low‐Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs),” 2006.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 128 FareG3 clic‐PLC per MAC: modificare Network lo Architecture stile del titolo

 The PAN Coordinator defines PAN‐ID+node 3 address the network ID

 Each RFD node asks the PAN Coordinator for a beacon with PAN‐ID+node 2 address the ID to join the network PAN Coordinator PAN‐ID+node 1 address  The PAN Coordinator has the complete list of the network nodes  Other PANs can be established

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 129 Fare clicG3 ‐perPLC modificareMAC: Channel lo stile Access del titolo

 The channel access is based on CSMA/CA

 Communication from the coordinator to the devices is done under a polling procedure initiated by the device who asks the coordinator to transmit pending data

 Communication from the devices to the coordinator is done using CSMA/CA. The coordinator receiver is always on

 Note that the network devices are not synchronized at all (unslotted scheme)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 130 Fare clic perITU modificare‐T G.hnem lo MAC stile del titolo

 Similar to the G3‐PLC MAC –Basedon IEEE 802.15.4 (CSMA/CA)  Four priority levels are offered –The fourth is reserved for emergency signals  The network is split in domains (LV networks) – Each domain is managed by a Domain Manager (DM) that acts as a data concentrator –DMscan be connected to the utility head‐end through DSL or wireless –Inter‐domain bridges are provided for communication between nodes belonging to different domains –More DMs are managed by a Global Master (GM) to reduce inter‐ domain interference

REF. V.Oksman,J.Zhang,“G.hnem: The new ITU‐T Standard on Narrowband PLC Technology,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49. no. 12, Dec. 2011.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 131 Systems, Standards and MAC Details

MAC in Broadband Systems

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 132 Fare clic per MACmodificare in BB‐ PLClo stile del titolo

 We consider the MAC specified in the BB‐PLC systems:

– IEEE P1901 – ITU G.HN

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 133 Fare clic perIEEE modificare P1901 MAClo stile del titolo

 Twokindofnodes –LocalAdministrator(BSS): first node that joins the network . Network setup, synchronization, coordination – Station “slave” (SS)  Nodes are identified by MAC addresses  Multiple BSS can be located in the same network  Channel Access –CSMA/CA for best effort traffic . 7 levels of priority are provided –TDMA for QoS  Two PHY layers coexist thanks to the inter PHY protocol (IPP)

REF. M. Rahman, et al. “Medium Access Control for Power Line Communications: An Overview of the IEEE 1901 and ITU‐T G.hn Standards,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49, no. 6, June, 2011. REF. S. Galli, O. Logvinov, “Recent Developments in the Standardization of Power Line Communications within the IEEE,” IEEE Commun. Mag., July 2008.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 134 IEEEFare P1901: clic per MAC modificare Frame and lo stileChannel del titolo Access

Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5

Beacon Contention Period (CP) Contention Free Period (CFP) Region

AC line 50/60Hz

 Beacons are sent by the BSS to provide info on CP and CFP periods  Nodes are synchronized with the AC line  Stations can contend the channel using CSMA/CA  Slots assigned by BSS to stations (TDMA)

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 135 Fare clic perITU modificare‐T G.hn MAC lo stile del titolo

 Two kind of nodes – Domain Manager (DM): first node that joins the network . Network setup, synchronization, coordination – Station “slave” (SS)  Nodes are identified by MAC addresses  Channel Access –CSMA/CA for best effort traffic . 4 levels of priority are provided –TDMA for QoS

REF. M. Rahman, et al. “Medium Access Control for Power Line Communications: An Overview of the IEEE 1901 and ITU‐T G.hn Standards,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 49, no. 6, June, 2011.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 136 ITUFare‐T G.hn: clic per MAC modificare Frame and lo stileChannel del titolo Access

TXOP MAP STXOP TXOP TXOP TXOP

AC line 50/60Hz

 Medium Access Plan (MAP) – Describes TXOP and STXOP of next cycle/cycles  Transmission Opportunities (TXOP) –Contentionfree TDMA access scheduled by the DM  Shared Transmission Opportunities (STXOP) – Contention based access (CSMA/CA) –STXOP is divided into time slots –Onlysome nodes can contend for a certain time slot

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 137 Conclusions and Evolution of PLC

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 138 Fare clic per modificareConclusions lo stile del titolo

 PLC technology has reached a certain maturity –The in‐home BB market is significantly increasing –PLC will play an important role in the SG (both NB and BB PLC)  Importance of definition of applications and requirements in the SG (many domains) –Smart metering is probably the killer application in the short term  Coexistence of technologies is fundamental  Standardization needs to be completed for mass deployment

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 139 Fare clic per modificareEvolution lo stile del titolo

 New applications  EMC, coexistence/interoperability mechanisms also with other technologies  Advances at the PHY, e.g., . filter bank modulation, MIMO, optimal channel coding, mitigation of interference and impulsive noise….  Advances at the MAC, e.g., . adaptation and applicable resource allocation algorithms, cooperative techniques, …  New grid topologies, new cables, and possible new bandwidths might come out  PLC network synchronization  Routing with PLC technology

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 140 References

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 141 Fare clicUseful per modificare Information lo Sourcestile del titolo

 PLC DocSearch ( http://www.isplc.org/docsearch/ ) – links to papers published in IEEE journals and conferences since 1986, in Wiley, Elsevier, and Hindawi journals (likely incomplete) – full text papers contained in the proceedings of ISPLC, the International Symposium on Power Line Communications, from 1997 to 2004 (those proceedings were not published by the IEEE) – full text papers contained in the proceedings of WSPLC, the Workshop on Power Line Communications, from 2008

 Best Readings on Power Line Communications (http://www.comsoc.org/best‐readings ) –a collection of selected books, articles, and papers on PLC.

 IEEE Communications Society Technical Committee on Power Line Communications (http://cms.comsoc.org/eprise/main/SiteGen/TC_PLC/Content/Home.html ) –a good gateway to PLC research world

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 142 Fare clicReferences per modificare from WiPli lo stile Lab del 1 titolo

Channel Characterization and Modeling 1) A. Tonello, F. Versolatto, B. Bejar, S. Zazo, “A Fitting Algorithm for Random Modeling the PLC Channel“, Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 27, no. 3, 2012. 2) F. Versolatto, A. M. Tonello, "On the Relation Between Geometrical Distance and Channel Statistics in In‐Home PLC Networks," in Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2012,Beijing, China, March 27‐30, 2012. 3) A. Tonello et al., “A Top‐Down Random Generator for the In‐Home PLC Channel,” Proc. Global Commun. Conf. (GLOBECOM’11), Dec. 2011. 4) F. Versolatto, and A. Tonello, “An MTL Theory Approach for the Simulation of MIMO Power Line Communication Channels,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 1710‐1717, Jul. 2011. 5) A .Tonello, and F. Versolatto, “Bottom‐Up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling ‐ Part I: Random Topology Model and Efficient Transfer Function Computation,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 891‐898, Apr. 2011. 6) M. Antoniali, A. Tonello, M. Lenardon, and A. Qualizza, “Measurements and Analysis of PLC Channels in a Cruise Ship,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 102‐107, Apr. 3‐6, 2011, Udine, Italy. Best Paper Award. 7) F. Versolatto, and A. Tonello, “A MIMO PLC Random Channel Generator and Capacity Analysis,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 66‐71, Apr. 3‐6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 8) L. Di Bert, P. Caldera, D. Schwingshackl, A. M. Tonello, " On Noise Modeling for Power Line Communications," in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011,Udine,Italy,April3‐6, 2011. 9) A. Tonello, and F. Versolatto, “Bottom‐Up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling ‐ Part II: Inferring the Statistics,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 2356‐2363, Oct. 2010. 10) F. Versolatto, and A. Tonello, “Analysis of the PLC Channel Statistics Using a Bottom‐Up Random Simulator,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC’ 2010, pp. 236‐241, Mar. 28‐31, 2010, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Best Paper Award. 11) A. Tonello, and F. Versolatto, “New Results on Top‐down and Bottom‐up Statistical PLC Channel Modeling,” in Proc. Third Workshop on Power Line Communications (WSPLC 09) pp. 11‐14, Oct. 1‐2, 2009, Udine, Italy. 12) P. Pagani, M. Tlich, A. Zeddam, A. Tonello, F. Pecile, S. D'Alessandro, G. Mijic, and K. Kriznar, “PLC Channel Transfer Function Models for the OMEGAICTProject,”in Proc. ICT Mobile Summit 2009, June 2009, Santander, Spain. 13) A. Tonello, and T. Zheng, “Bottom‐Up Transfer Function Generator for Broadband PLC Statistical Channel Modeling,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2009,pp.7‐12, Mar. 29 – Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. Multicarrier Modulation and Resource Allocation 1) S. D’Alessandro, A. Tonello, “On Rate Improvements and Power Saving with Opportunistic Relaying in Home Power Line Networks,” subm. to EURASIP Journ. Adv. In Signal Process. 2012. 2) A. Tonello, S. D’Alessandro, F. Versolatto, and C. Tornelli, “Comparison of Narrow‐Band OFDM PLC Solutions and I‐UWB Modulation over Distribution Networks,” in Proc. Smart Grid Commun. Conf. (SmartGridComm’11),Oct.17‐20, 2011, Bruxelles, Belgium. 3) A. Tonello, M. Antoniali, F. Versolatto, and S. D’Alessandro, “In‐car PLC Advanced Transmission Techniques,” in Proc. of the 5th Biennial Workshop on Digital Signal Processing for In‐Vehicle Systems, Kiel, Germany, Sep. 2011. 4) S. D’Alessandro, A. Tonello, and L. Lampe, “Adaptive Pulse‐Shaped OFDM with Application to In‐Home Power Line Communications”, Springer Journal on Telecommunication Systems, Jan. 2011. 5) S. D'Alessandro, A. Tonello, and F. Versolatto, “Power Savings with Opportunistic Decode and Forward over In‐Home PLC Networks,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 176‐181, Apr. 3‐6, 2011. Udine, Italy.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 143 Fare clicReferences per modificare from WiPli lo stile Lab del 2 titolo

6) A. Tonello, F. Versolatto, and C. Tornelli, “Analysis of Impulsive UWB Modulation on a Real MV Test Network,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 11,pp.18‐23, Apr. 3‐6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 7) S. Weiss, N. Moret, A. P. Millar, A. M. Tonello, R. Stewart, "Initial Results on an MMSE Precoding and Equalisation Approach to MIMO PLC Channels,“ in Proc. IIEEE SPLC 2011, Udine, Italy, April 3‐6, 2011. 8) A. Tonello, F. Versolatto, and S. D'Alessandro, “Opportunistic Relaying in In‐Home PLC Networks,” in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf. (GLOBECOM’10), December 6‐10, 2010, Miami, USA. 9) A. Tonello, S. D’Alessandro, and L. Lampe, “Cyclic Prefix Design and Allocation in Bit‐Loaded OFDM over Power Line Communication Channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 58, no. 11, pp.3265‐3276, Nov. 2010. 10) S. D'Alessandro, A. Tonello, and L. Lampe, “On Power Allocation in Adaptive Cyclic Prefix OFDM,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2010, pp. 183‐188, Mar. 28‐31, 2010, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. 11) A. Tonello, and F. Pecile, “Efficient Architectures for Multiuser FMT Systems and Application to Power Line Communications," IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. 57, no. 5, pp.1275‐1279, May 2009. 12) F. Pecile, and A. Tonello, “On the Design of Filter Bank Systems in Power Line Channels Based on Achievable Rate,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2009, pp. 228‐232, Mar. 29 – Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. 13) S. D'Alessandro, A. Tonello, and L. Lampe, “Bit‐Loading Algorithms for OFDM with Adaptive Cyclic Prefix Lenght in PLC Channels,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2009, pp. 177‐ 181, Mar. 29 – Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. 14) A. Tonello, J. A. Cortés Arrabal, and S. D'Alessandro, “Time Slot Design in an OFDM‐TDMA System over Power‐Line Time‐variant Channels,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2009, pp. 41‐46, Mar. 29 – Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. 15) A. Tonello, S. D’Alessandro, and L. Lampe, “Bit, Tone and Cyclic Prefix Allocation in OFDM with Application to In‐Home PLC,” Proc. IEEE (IFIP) Wireless Days (WD’08), pp. 24, 27, Nov. 23‐27, 2008, Dubai, UAE. 16) A. Tonello, and F. Pecile, “A Filtered Multitone Modulation Modem for Multiuser Power Line Communications with an Efficient Implementation,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2007, pp.155‐160, Mar. 26‐28, 2007, Pisa, Italy. 17) J. A. Cortés, A. Tonello, and L. Diez, “Comparative Analysis of Pilot‐based Channel Estimators for DMT Systems over Indoor Power‐line Channels,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2007, pp. 372‐377, Mar. 26‐28, 2007, Pisa, Italy. Ultra Wide Band 1) A. M. Tonello, S. D'Alessandro, F. Versolatto, C. Tornelli, "Comparison of Narrow‐Band OFDM PLC Solutions and I‐UWB Modulation over Distribution Grids," Proc. of IEEE SMARTGRIDCOMM 2011, Brussels, Belgium, September 2011. 2) F. Versolatto, A. M. Tonello, M. Girotto, C. Tornelli, "Performance of Practical Receiver Schemes for Impulsive UWB Modulation on a Real MV Power Line Network," Proc. of IEEE ICUWB 2011, Bologna, Italy, Sept. 14‐16, 2011. 3) A. M. Tonello, F. Versolatto, C. Tornelli, "Analysis of Impulsive UWB Modulation on a Real MV Test Network," Proc. of ISPLC 2011, Udine, Italy, April 3‐6, 2011. 4) A. Tonello, and N. Palermo, “Soft Detection with Synchronization and Channel Estimation from Hard Quantized Inputs in Impulsive UWB Power Line Communications” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Ultra‐Wideband (ICUWB’09), pp.560‐564, Sep. 9‐11, 2009, Vancouver, Canada. 5) A. Tonello, “Wide Band Impulse Modulation and Receiver Algorithms for Multiuser Power Line Communications,” EURASIP J. on Advances in Signal Processing ‐ Special Issue on "Advanced Signal Processing and Computational Intelligence Techniques for Power Line Communications”, Volume 2007, art. id. 96747, pp. 1‐14, 2007. EURASIP 2007. Best Paper Award.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 144 Fare clicReferences per modificare from WiPli lo stile Lab del 3 titolo

6) A. Tonello, and F. Pecile, “Synchronization for Multiuser Wide Band Impulse Modulation Systems in Power Line Channels with Unstationary Noise,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2007, pp. 150‐154, Mar. 26‐28, 2007, Pisa, Italy. 7) A. Tonello, “A Wide Band Modem Based on Impulse Modulation and Frequency Domain Signal Processing for Powerline Communication,” in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf. (GLOBECOM’06), pp.1‐6, Nov. 27 – Dec. 1, 2006, San Francisco, CA, US. 8) G. Mathisen, and A. Tonello, “WIRENET: An Experimental System for In‐House Powerline Communication,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2006, pp. 137‐142, Mar. 26‐29, 2006, Orlando, FL, US. 9) A. Tonello, “An Impulse Modulation Based PLC System with Frequency Domain Receiver Processing,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2005, pp. 241‐245, Apr. 6‐8, 2005, Vancouver, Canada. 10) A. Tonello, R. Rinaldo, and M. Bellin, “Synchronization and Channel Estimation for Wide Band Impulse Modulation over Power Line Channels,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2004, pp. 206‐210, Mar. 31 – Apr. 2, Zaragoza, Spain. 11) A. Tonello, R. Rinaldo, and L. Scarel, “Detection Algorithms for Wide Band Impulse Modulation Based Systems over Power Line Channels,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2004, pp. 367‐371, Mar. 31 – Apr. 2, Zaragoza, Spain.

Other: Smart Grid, Smart Home, In‐Vehicle

1) L. Di Bert, S. D'Alessandro, A. M. Tonello, "An Interconnection Approach and Performance Tests for In‐home PLC Networks," Proc. of IEEE ISPLC 2012,Beijing, China, March 27‐30, 2012. 2) A. M. Tonello, M. Antoniali, F. Versolatto, S. D'Alessandro, "Power Line Communications for In‐car Application: Advanced Transmission Techniques," Proc. of the 5th Biennial Workshop on Digital Signal Processing for In‐Vehicle Systems, Kiel, Germany, Sept. 2011. 3) A. Tonello, P. Siohan, A. Zeddam, and X. Mongaboure, “Challenges for 1 Gbps Power Line Communications in Home Networks,” in Proc. IEEE Personal Indoor Mobile Radio Commun. Symp. (PIMRC’08), pp.1‐6, Sep. 14‐19, 2008, Cannes, France. 4) R. Bernardini, M. Durigon, R. Rinaldo, A. Tonello, and A. Vitali, “Robust Transmission of Multimedia Data over Power‐lines,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2005,pp.295‐299, Apr. 6‐8, 2005, Vancouver, Canada.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 145 Fare clic perOther modificare References lo stile 1 del titolo

PLC , Smart Grids, and Broad Coverage 1) S. Galli, A. Scaglione, Z. Wang, “For the Grid and Through the Grid: The Role of Power Line Communications in the Smart Grid,” Proc. of IEEE, vol.99, no.6, pp.998‐ 1027, June 2011. 2) “Power Line Communications – Theory and Applications for Narrowband and Broadband Communications over Power Lines,” eds. Ferreira, Lampe, Newbury, Swart, Wiley & Sons. Ltd., 2010. 3) Special issue on “Power Line Communications for Automation Networks and Smart Grid”, IEEE Commun. Mag., Dec. 2011.

Channel Modeling 1) F. J. Cañete, J. A. Cortés, L. Díez, and L. G. Moreno, “On the Statistical Properties of Indoor Power Line Channels: Measurements and Models,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 271‐276, Apr. 3‐6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 2) A. Schwager, D. Schneider, W. Bäschlin, A. Dilly, J. Speidel, “MIMO PLC: Theory, Measurements and System Setup,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011,pp.48‐53, Apr. 3‐6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 3) D. Veronesi, R. Riva, P. Bisaglia, F. Osnato, K. Afkhamie, A. Nayagam, D. Rende, L. Yonge, “Characterization of In‐Home MIMO Power Line Channels,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 42‐47, Apr. 3‐6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 4) D. Rende, A. Nayagam, K. Afkhamie, L. Yonge, R. Riva, D. Veronesi, F. Osnato, P. Bisaglia, “Noise Correlation and Its Effect on In‐home MIMO Power Line Channels,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp. 60‐65, Apr. 3‐6 ,2011, Udine, Italy. 5) S. Galli, “A Novel Approach to the Statistical Modeling of Wireline Channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 1332‐1345, May 2011. 6) M. Tlich, A. Zeddam, A. Moulin, and F. Gauthier, “Indoor Power‐Line Communications Channel Characterization Up to 100 MHz – Part I: One‐Parameter Deterministc Model,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1392‐1401, Jul. 2008. 7) M. Tlich, A. Zeddam, A. Moulin, and F. Gauthier, “Indoor Power‐Line Communications Channel Characterization Up to 100 MHz – Part II: Time‐Frequency Analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1402‐1409, Jul. 2008. 8) F. J. Cañete, J. A. Cortés, L. Díez, and J. T. Entrambasaguas, “Analysis of the Cyclic Short‐Term Variation of Indoor Power Line Channels”, IEEE J. Sel. Areas in Commun., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1327‐1338, Jul. 2006. 9) S. Galli, and T. C. Banwell, “A Novel Approach to the Modeling of the Indoor Power Line Channel Part II: Transfer Function and Its Properties,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1869‐1878, Jun. 2005. 10) S. Galli, and T. C. Banwell, “A Novel Approach to the Modeling of the Indoor Power Line Channel Part I: Circuit Analysis and Companion Model,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 655‐663, Apr. 2005. 11) I. C. Papaleonidopoulos, C. Karagiannopoulos, N. J. Theodorou, and C. N. Capsalis, “Theoretical Transmission‐Line Study of Symmetrical Indoor Triple‐Pole Cables for Single‐Phase HF Signalling,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 646‐654, Apr. 2005. 12) T. Esmailian, F. R. Kschischang, and P. Glenn Gulak, “In‐Building Power Lines as High‐Speed Communication Channels: Channel Characterization and a Test Channel Ensemble,” Int. J. of Commun. Syst., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 381‐400, Jun. 2003. 13) M. Zimmermann, and K. Dostert, “A Multipath Model for the Powerline Channel,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 553‐559, Apr. 2002. 14) H. Phillips, “Modelling of Powerline Communication Channels,” in Proc. Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. Its App. (ISPLC’99), pp. 14‐21, Mar. 1999.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 146 Fare clic perOther modificare References lo stile 2 del titolo

Noise Modeling 1) J.A. Cortes, L. Dıez, F.J. Canete and J. Lopez, "Analysis of the Periodic Impulsive Noise Asynchronous with the Mains in Indoor PLC Channels," in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2009, pp. 26‐30, Mar. 29 – Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. 2) M. Katayama, T. Yamazato, and H. Okada, “A Mathematical Model of Noise in Narrowband Power‐Line Communication Systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas in Commun., vol.24, no.7, pp. 1267‐1276, Jul. 2006. 3) D. Benyoucef, "A New Statistical Model of the Noise Power Density Spectrum for Powerline Communication," in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2003, pp. 136‐141, Mar. 26‐28, 2003, Kyoto, Japan. 4) T. Esmailian, F. R. Kschischang, and P. Glenn Gulak, “In‐Building Power Lines as High‐Speed Communication Channels: Channel Characterization and a Test Channel Ensemble,” Int. J. of Commun. Syst., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 381‐400, Jun. 2003. 5) M. Zimmermann and K. Dostert, “An Analysis of the Broadband Noise Scenario in Powerline Networks,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2000, pp. 131‐138, Apr. 5‐7, 2000, Limerick, Ireland. 6) R. S. Blum, Y. Zhang, B. M. Sadler, and R. J. Kozick, “On the Approximation of Correlated Non‐Gaussian Noise Pdfs Using Gaussian Mixture Models,” in Proc. 1st Conference on the Applications of Heavy Tailed Distributions in Economics, Engineering and Statistics, Washington DC, USA, June 1999. 7) D. Middleton, “Canonical and Quasi‐Canonical Probability Models of Class A Interference,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 25, no.2, pp.76‐106, May 1983. 8) D. Middleton, “Canonical Non‐Gaussian Noise Models: Their Implications for Measurement and for Prediction of Receiver Performance,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 21, no. 3, pp.209‐220, Aug. 1979. 9) D. Middleton, “Statistical‐Physical Models of Electro‐Magnetic Interference,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol 19, no.3, pp.106‐127, Aug. 1977.

Physical Layer 1) V. Oksman, and S. Galli, “G.hn: The New ITU‐T Home Networking Standard,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 138‐145, Oct. 2009. 2) S. Galli, “Advanced Signal Processing for PLCs: Wavelet‐OFDM,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2008, pp. 187‐192, Apr. 2‐4, 2008, Jeju Island, Korea. 3) G. Cherubini, E. Eleftheriou, and S. Olcer, “Filtered Multitone Modulation for Very High‐Speed Digital Subscriber Lines,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas in Commun., vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1016‐1028, Jun. 2002. 4) J. Campello, “Optimal Discrete Bit‐Loading for Multicarrier Modulation Systems,” in Proc. Int. Symp. Inf. Theory (ISIT’98), pp. 193, Aug. 16‐21, 1998, Cambridge, UK. 5) S. Sandberg, and M. Tzannes, “Overlapped Discrete Multitone Modulation for High Speed Copper Wire Communications,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.,vol.13,no. 9, pp. 1571‐1585, Dec. 1995. 6) I. Kalet, “The Multitone Channel,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 37, pp. 119–124, Feb. 1989. 7) S. Weinstein and P. Ebert, “Data Transmission by Frequency‐Division Multiplexing Using the Discrete Fourier Transform,” IEEE Trans. Commun. Technol., vol. 19, pp. 628 – 634, May 1971.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 147 Fare clic perOther modificare References lo stile 3 del titolo

MAC, Resource Allocation and Cooperative Schemes 1) Y. Ohtomo, K. Kobayashi, and M. Katayama, “An Access Control Method Using Repeaters for Multipoint Cyclic Data Gathering Over a PLC Network,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2011, pp.376‐381, Apr. 3‐6, 2011, Udine, Italy. 2) G. Bumiller, L. Lampe, and H. Hrasnica “Power Line Communication Network for Large‐Scale Control and Automation Systems,” IEEE Commun. Mag.,vol.48,no. 4, Apr. 2010. 3) N. Sawada, T. Yamazato, and M. Katayama, “Bit and Power Allocation for Power‐Line Communications under Nonwhite and Cyclostationary Noise Environment,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. on Power Line Commun. and Its App. (ISPLC’09), pp. 307‐312, Mar. 29 – Apr. 1, 2009, Dresden, Germany. 4) G. Kramer, I. Maric, and R. Yates, “Cooperative Communications,” Foundation and Trends in Networking, 2007 5) D. Gunduz and E. Erkip, “Opportunistic Cooperation by Dynamic Resource Allocation,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Comm., pp. 1446–1454, Apr. 2007. 6) L. Lampe, R. Schober and S. Yiu, “Distributed Space‐Time Block Coding for Multihop TransmissioninPowerLineCommunicationNetworks,”IEEE J. on Sel. Areas in Commun., vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1389–1400, Jul. 2006. 7) J. Laneman, D. Tse, and G. Wornell, “Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Networks: Efficient Protocols and Outage Behavior,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory,vol.50,no. 12, pp. 3062–3080, Dec. 2004. PLC Standards 1) M. Rahman, et al., “Medium Access Control for Power Line Communications: An Overview of the IEEE 1901 and ITU‐T G.hn Standards,” IEEE Commun. Mag.,vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 183‐191, Jun. 2011. 2) HomePlug Powerline Alliance, “Home Plug Green PHY – The Standard For In‐Home Smart Grid Powerline Communications”, v. 1.0, Jun. 2010. 3) V. Oksman and S. Galli, “G.hn: The New ITU‐T Home Networking Standard,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 138‐145, Oct. 2009. 4) KNX Association, “KNX System Specifications ‐ Architecture”, v. 3.0, Jun. 2009. 5) HomePlug Powerline Alliance, “HomePlug Command & Control (C&C) Overview White Paper,” Sep. 2008. 6) HomePlug Powerline Alliance, “HomePlug AV System Specifications,” Version 1.0.09. Feb. 2007. 7) S. Galli and V. Loginov, “Recent Developments in the Standardization of Power Line Communications within the IEEE”, IEEE Comm. Mag.,vol.46,no.4,pp.64‐71, Jul. 2008. 8) Unversal Powerline Bus, “The UPB System Description”, v. 1.4, Apr. 2007. 9) S. Katar, B. Mashburn, K. Afkhamie, H. Latchman, and R. Newman, “Channel Adaptation based on Cyclo‐Stationary Noise Characteristics in PLC Systems,” in Proc. IEEE ISPLC 2006, pp. 16‐21, Mar. 26‐29, 2006, Orlando, FL, US. 10) OPERA Specification – Part 1: Technology, v1.0, 31/01/06, WP SSWG 11) ERDF, “PLC G3 MAC Specifications,” [online]. Available: www.maxim.com 12) IEEE 802.15.4 Working Group, “Part 14.4: Wireless MAC and PHY Layer Specifications for Low‐Rate Wireless PAN,” 2006. 13) PRIME Alliance Technical Working Group, “Draft Standard for Powerline Intelligent Metering Evolution,” R. 1.3E. 14) Insteon, “The Details”, [online]. Available: http://www.insteon.net/pdf/insteondetails.pdf 15) G. Evans, “CEBus Demystified”, McGrow‐Hill, 2001. 16) X10, webpage, [online]. Available: http://www.eurox10.com 17) Wavenis‐OSA, “Fact sheet”, [online]. Available: http://www.wavenis‐osa.org/documents/wavenis_osa_membership_pack.zip 18) IEC, CISPR/I/301/CD, Amendment 1 to CISPR 22 Ed.6.0: Addition of limits and methods of measurement for conformance testing of power line telecommunication ports intended for the connection to the mains, 2009‐07‐31. Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 148 Short Bio of the Speaker

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 149 Fare clic perAndrea modificare M. Tonello lo stile Bio del titolo

www.diegm.uniud.it/tonello . 1996‐2002: Member of Technical Staff, and then technical Manager and Director at Bell Labs‐Lucent, Whippany NJ, USA. . 2003‐to date: Aggregate professor at the University of Udine. . PhD in Electrical Eng. from University of Padova, Italy. . Founder and chair of WiPli Lab since 2005. . Founder and CEO of WiTiKee s.r.l. . Awards: Bell‐Labs Lucent Recognition of Excellence Award 1999, Royal Academy of Engineering (UK) Distinguished Visiting Fellowship Award 2010, IEEE Vehicular Technology Society Distinguished Lecturer Award for years 2011‐12. . Paper awards: EURASIP Best Journal Paper Award 2007, IEEE ISPLC 2010 Best Student Paper Award (co‐author with F. Versolatto), IEEE ISPLC 2011 Best Student Paper Award (co‐author with. M. Antoniali, M. Lenardon and A. Qualizza), IEEE VTC 2011 Spring Best Paper Award MIMO Track (co‐author with N. Moret and S. Weiss). . IEEE positions: Vice Chair of IEEE TC‐PLC, Chair of Awards and Nominations Committee of TC‐PLC, Steering Committee Member of IEEE ISPLC. . Editorial positions: Associate editor of IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, Editor IEEE Trans. on Comm., Member of the Editorial Board of ISRN Communications and Networking. . Conference positions: Chair of WSPLC 2009, Chair of IEEE ISPLC 2011, TPC co‐chair IEEE ISPLC 2007, and several others.

Tutorial Advances in PLC –EUSIPCO 2012 A. Tonello 150