Life Cycle Assessment of Novel Building Integrated Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems Through Environmental and Energy Evaluations
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Nom/Logotip de la Universitat on s’ha llegit la tesi Life Cycle Assessment of novel Building Integrated Concentrating Photovoltaic systems through environmental and energy evaluations Karim Ali Ibrahim Menoufi Dipòsit Legal: L.309-2014 http ://hdl.handle.net/10803/131056 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. 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Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. Universitat de Lleida Departament de Medi Ambient i Ciències del sol Life Cycle Assessment of novel Building Integrated Concentrating Photovoltaic systems through environmental and energy evaluations PhD Thesis Author: Karim Ali Ibrahim Menoufi Directors: Dr. Daniel Chemisana Dr. Joan Ignasi Rosell Lleida (Spain) January 2014 Acknowledgments (Part 1/2) I would like to express my true and deep gratitude to the following persons who have made the completion of this PhD thesis possible: I would like to thank Dr. Joan Ignasi Rosell, my thesis supervisor and research project manager, for the encouragement and support, and for encouraging me to start my PhD thesis in such interesting research project. I would like to thank Dr. Daniel Chemisana, my thesis supervisor, for the continuous support, for the great scientific knowledge and experience, for the fruitful guidance, and for the true leadership. In addition, I would especially like to thank both of my supervisors, Dr. Joan Ignasi Rosell, and Dr. Daniel Chemisana, for providing me with a healthy and comfortable working environment. I would like also to thank the rest of the group members for their assistance in various occasions and for helping making CREA a place to learn and excel: Dr. Chiara Lodi, Dr. Jerome Barrau, Dr. Chryssa Lamnatou, Dr. Bahy Saad, Jordi Cipriano, Jorge Olivera, Gerard Mor, Tamara Doz, José Lopez, and Meredith Davis. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Ali Menufi, my father, and Prof. Nadia Guda, my mother, for the support throughout the years, for all the sacrifices and assurance all the way, and for encouraging me to work and continue. I would especially like to thank them for always being there whenever I needed help. I would like to thank the rest of my family members and friends (Dr. Samar Ali, Dr. AbdelHalim Menufi, Dr. Hazem El-Gamal, and many others), for their help and support in various occasions. This work has been achieved at the Applied Energy Research Centre (CREA) of the University of Lleida (Lleida, Spain) within the Department of the Environment and Soil Sciences (Applied physics section). The work has been supported by the project ENE2010-18357 under Grant reference BES-2009-028293, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). A part of this work has been achieved at the Department of Environmental Sciences of Radboud University Nijmegen (The Netherlands) within a short stay research period of three months permitted from the 15th of June 2013 until the 15th of September 2013. 2 Acknowledgments (Part 2/2) A mi querida madre, lo único valioso en mi vida. Que Dios te bendiga y bendiga tu alma. A pesar de mi dolor indescriptible y eterno, sé que la muerte no está separándonos aparte, sé que todavía estamos juntos, y sé que siempre vamos a estar juntos, querida madre. Nadia Guda Mohamed Hassan el Dabae (10 de Febrero 1956 – 19 de Diciembre 2013) To my beloved Mother, the only precious thing in my life. God bless you and bless your soul. Inspite of my indescribable and everlasting grief, I know that death is not separating us apart, I know that we are still together, and I know that we will always be together, my beloved Mother. Nadia Guda Mohamed Hassan el Dabae (10th of February 1956 – 19th of December 2013) الى أمي الحبيبة الغالية، التي هي كل شيء غالي في حياتي، بارك هللا لكي وأسكنك فسيح جناته. بالرغم من حزني اﻷبدي و الذي من المستحيل وصفه بمجرد كلمات، أعرف أن الموت لم يفرقنا، فنحن مازلنا سويا ، و سنبقى دائما سويا ، يا أمي الحبيبة الغالية. نادية جودة محمد حسن الضبع )٠١ فبراير ٠٥٩١- ٠٥ ديسمبر ٣١٠٢( 3 Abstract Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive tool for assessing the environmental impact of a product or an activity over its entire life cycle. The general aim of using LCA is to achieve sustainable systems and products through guiding the decision making process. In the regard of the renewable energy resources, the PV technology is considered as one of the cleanest energy resources, as it can be supplied for operation without environmental pollution. However, the PV technology is accompanied by impacts on the environment associated with the manufacturing processes. For this, conducting LCA studies for PV systems is an essential tool for measuring the sustainability level of a corresponding system. In this sense, and after conducting a theoretical analysis of the LCA studies of PV systems in literature within the context of energy generation, some gaps have been found. These gaps are briefly represented in the lack of variety of LCA indicators, where most of the studies are dependent on the Energy Payback Time as almost the sole environmental indicator, disregarding the use of environmental profile methods. In addition, another two gaps are observed concerning the lack of LCA studies highlighting the building integration from one side, and the use of the concentrating PV technology from another side. Hence, in this thesis, a novel contribution to the field of LCA studies of PV systems is presented. This is achieved through environmentally and energetically evaluating novel Building Integrated Concentrating Photovoltaic (BICPV) systems. The results are presented in terms of Life Cycle Impact Assessment methodologies (environmental profile), as well as the Energy Payback Time and the Energy Return Factor (Energy profile). The results, supported by sensitivity analyses and comparison to a conventional Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) system, show the significant environmental benefits that can be acquired through BICPV systems. Finally, recommendations for future work and improvements are discussed as well. 4 Resumen (Español) El Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (LCA) es una herramienta integral para evaluar el impacto ambiental de un producto o una actividad a lo largo de todo su ciclo. El objetivo general de la utilización de LCA es lograr sistemas y productos sostenibles a través de la orientación del proceso de toma de decisiones. En la relación con los recursos de energía renovable, la tecnología fotovoltaica se considerada como una de las fuentes de energía más limpias, ya que se suministra sin ninguna contaminación. Sin embargo, la tecnología fotovoltaica se acompaña de los impactos sobre el medio ambiente asociados a los procesos de fabricación. Para ello, la realización de estudios de LCA para sistemas fotovoltaicos es una herramienta esencial para medir su nivel de sostenibilidad. En este sentido, y después de la realización de un análisis teórico de los estudios de LCA de los sistemas fotovoltaicos en la literatura en el contexto de la generación de energía, se han encontrado algunas lagunas. Algunas de estas lagunas se refieren: la falta de variedad de indicadores de LCA, donde la mayoría de los estudios dependen del tiempo de retorno energético, siendo este casi el único indicador medioambiental (no se tiene en cuenta el uso de los métodos de perfil medioambiental).