Suçun Derebeyleri Demokrasiye Karşı Yeni Mafyalar

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Suçun Derebeyleri Demokrasiye Karşı Yeni Mafyalar suçun derebeyleri demokrasiye karşı yeni mafyalar çeviren: ali cevat akkoyunlu * ■■m ■K □ O Ğ A N ■ KİTAP Suçun Derebeyleri Demokrasilere Karşı Yeni Mafyalar SUÇUN DEREBEYLERİ Demokrasilere Karşı Yeni Mafyalar Orijinal adı: Les seigneurs du erime © Jean Ziegler, 1998 Yazan: Jean ZİEGLER Fransızca aslından çeviren: Ali Cevat AKKOYUNLU Türkiye için yayın hakları: © Doğan Kitapçılık AŞ Bu kitabın Türkçe yayın haklan Kesim Ajans aracılığıyla satın alınmıştır. 1. baskı / mayıs 1999 / ISBN 975-6817-05-4 Kapak tasarım ı: İnci BATUK Baskı: Şefik Matbaası Doğan Kitapçılık AŞ Hürriyet Medya Towers, 34544 Güneşli-tSTANBUL Tel. (2 12 ) 677 06 21 - 677 07 39 Faks (212) 677 07 49 Suçun Derebeyleri Demokrasilere Karşı Yeni Mafyalar Jean Ziegler Çeviren: Ali Cevat Akkoyunlu “Her birimiz, her şeyden, herkesin önünde sorumluyuz.” Fyodor Dostoyevski Oğlum Luiz Carlos Perreira’ya. 14 mayıs 1991 salı günü 21 yaşmdayken, Rio de Janeiro askerî polisine mensup bir katil taralından, Santa Rodriguez ve Mai'a Lacerda (Moro de Santa Tereza) sokaklarının kesiştiği yerde öldürüldü. 1997’de ölen dostum Jean Garcia’ya ve 1996’da ölen dostum Gilbert Baechtold’a. Teşekkür Bu kitap, genç Alman hukukçusu Uwe Mühlhoffla birlikte dört yılı aşkın süreyle yürüttüğüm ortak bir çalışmanın ürü­ nüdür. Sayısız kuramsal öneriyi, kaynakça ve belgelemeleri ona borçluyum. Onunla sürekli yapüğım tartışmaların ve bil­ gilerin karşılıklı kontrolünün benim için paha biçilmez bir de­ ğeri olmuştur. Uwe Mühlhoff, başta Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya, Brandenburg, Hamburg, Hesse eyaletlerinin Landeskriminalâmtefi (adlî po­ lis birimleri) olmak üzere Frankfurt am Main ve Köln eyaletle­ ri Polizeipraezidien (polis karakollan) ve Frankfurt an der Oder ile Leipzig adliyelerinin “örgütlü suç” bölümü çalışanlanyla görüşmeler gerçekleştirmiştir. İslamabad, Cenevre ve Viyana’daki Birleşmiş Milletler uz­ manlarının izniyle henüz yayımlanmamış olan bölgesel soruş­ turma raporlarına ulaşabildim. İtalya’da Carlo Carbone ve Marco Maglioli ciddî miktarda evrak toplamanın yanı sıra bana Calabria, Sicilya, Milano, To- rino ve Roma’da önemli kapılan açtılar. Maintal’da (Almanya) Business Crime Control Çenter yö­ neticisi Hans See bilgilerinden, ilişkilerinden ve önerilerinden yararlanabilmemi sağladı. N. Z. Rus kaynaklarının değerlendirilmesi ve çevirilmesi aşamalarında uzmanlığından yararlanabilmemizi sağladı. Juan Gasparini İspanya kaynaklan için yardımcı oldu. Internet konusundaki derin bilgisiyle Raoul Ouedraogo önemli evraklara ulaşabilmemi sağladı. Bunların yanı sıra, Cenevre’deki Birleşmiş Milletler Örgütü’nün yetkilileri bana örgütün Dokümantasyon Merkezi ve Kütüphanesi’den yarar­ lanma imkânı tanıdılar. Uzmanlıklarından yararlandığım kişiler Cenevre Üniversi­ tesi Ceza Hukuku hocası Prof. Christian-Nils Robert ile Avru­ pa Konseyi Rusya Federasyonu Kabul Komitesi Raportörü Emst Mühlemann olmuştur. Birlikte çalıştığım kişilerle birlikte beş ayrı ülkede savcılar, yargıçlar, gizli servis yetkilileri ve değişik polis örgütleriyle ay­ rıntılı görüşmeler yaptık. İsimlerini ancak özel izinlerini alabil­ diğimiz hallerde kullanabildik: birçoğu ise, kolaylıkla anlaşıla­ bilecek nedenlerle, isimlerinin gizli tutulmasını tercih etti. Yi­ ne de hepsi, büyük bir İnsanî cömertlikle, derin bilgilerinden yararlanmamıza, böylelikle de görüşlerimizi ve araştırmaları­ mızın sonuçlarını gözden geçirmemize imkân verdiler. Bu araştırmanın ilk yazılışı Catherine Lorenz, Arlette Sallin ve daha sonraki aşamalar, Dominique Miollan ve Mireille De- maria tarafından gerçekleştirildi. Sabine İbach ve Mohrbooks Ajansı projemizi ilk gününden itibaren desteklediler. Erica Deuber-Pauli, Richard Labeviere ve Jean-Claude Guillebaud’nun bilinçli tavsiyelerinden çok yaralandım. Hepsine burada teşekkür ediyorum. J. Z. Cenevre, ocak 1998. Önsöz Avrupa üzerinde bir hayalet: örgütlü suç. iki yüzyıldan be­ ri kıtamızda, özgürce kabul edilmiş kurallarla yönetilen de­ mokratik toplumlar yaşıyor. Bugün bu toplumlar örgütlü su­ çun babalan tarafından yok edilme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya. Suç örgütleri, kapitalist üretim biçiminin en ileri aşamasını ve özünü oluştururlar ve günümüz kapitalist toplumunu yöne­ tenlerin dokunulmazlığından beslenirler. Finans piyasalarının küreselleşmesi hukuk devletini ve bü devletin egemenliğini, tepki gösterme gücünü zayıflatıyor. Neoliberal ideoloji, birleşen piyasalan yasal kılarak, hatta -daha da ileri gidip- “doğal” sa­ yarak yasalara kara çalıyor, toplumun ortak iradesini zayıflatı­ yor ve bireylerin geleceklerine sahip olmalarına engel oluyor. Büyük “babalar” maskeyle dolaşırlar, gün ışığına çıkmak­ tan nefret ederler: onların dünyası alacakaranlıktır. Mahke­ melerde görülmeleri nadirdir, yalanlarım yakalayabilen yargıç yok gibidir. Sayılı birkaç kişi dışında gerçek adlarım bilen yok­ tur. Kısaca suratları olmayan insanlardır. Birçok değişik kimlikle genellikle çok dürüst görünen ba­ zen de çok saygın bir hayat sürerler. Kendi elleriyle kimseyi öldürmedikleri gibi, emirleri altında­ ki binlerce tetikçiyle de hiç konuşmazlar. Gölgede kalarak muazzam imparatorluklar yönetirler: esrar perdesiyle örtül­ müş bir bilmece gibi yaşarlar. Ancak yaşarlar! İzleri, cesetler kaldırıldıktan sonra geride kalan kanlı zeminde görülebilir. Varlıkları, şüphelinin korku dolu gözlerinden ya da hâkim karşısında tannsal elebaşının adım vermemekte direnen zanlının sinirliliğinden anlaşılabilir. Onlara yaklaşabilmek, ayak seslerini duyabilmek için ne yapılabilir? Gece olunca ortaya saldıkları kaygılar, son ve et­ kileyici darbeyi vurmak için kullandıkları yollar nasıl bilinebi­ lir? Çalışma tarzları ve stratejileri nasıl belirlenebilir? Çalışma arkadaşlarımla birlikte Avrupa’daki, Asya’daki (Pakistan) ve ABD’deki birçok polis kaynağına ulaştık, rapor­ larım inceledik. Özellikle Alman Bundeskriminalamt (cinayet masası), İsviçre Federal Polisi’nin Landeskriminalâmtefi (ci­ nayet masası), FransızTRACFİN1 ve İtalyan Guardia diFinan- za’sı (malî polis) bunlar arasında sayılması gereken kuruluş­ lardır. Avrupa’nın üst düzey polislerinin büyük bir bölümü etkile­ yici tecrübelerini ve bilgilerini bize aktarırken, korku ve ümit­ lerini bizlerle paylaşmaktan çekinmediler. Kriminoloji konusunda uzmanlaşmış özel dergiler, üniver­ sitelerin ceza hukuku bölümleri, hukukçu ve polis birlikleri­ nin sık sık düzenledikleri sadece davetiyeyle katılınabilen uluslararası kolokyumlarda Fransız polis müfettişleri, Scot- land Yard yetkilileri, Karabinyere yöneticileri, FBI uzmanlan ya da Alman başmüfettişleri çoğu kez şaşırtıcı bir açıklıkla, görevlerinin güçlüklerinden söz ettiler. Adlî evraklar konusunda değişik zorluklarla karşılaştık: Fransa, Almanya, İsviçre ve Avusturya’da belirli kayıtlan gö­ rebilmek için hiyerarşik düzeni izleyerek dilekçe vermemiz ge­ rekti; buna karşılık aynı yargıcın hem soruşturmayı yürüttü­ ğü hem de duruşmaya savcı olarak katıldığı İtalya’da söz ko­ nusu evrakın fotokopilerini çekmek için bir zabıt kâtibinin ya­ zılı izni yeterli oldu. Bütün bu araştırmalarda milletvekili kimliğimden çok ya­ rarlandım. Hem Avrupa Parlamentosu, hem de ulusal parla­ 1 Yeraltı Finans Şebekelerine Karşı İşlem ve Bilgilerin Değerlendirilmesi anlamındaki. Traitement des renseignements et action contre les circuits financiers clandestins’in kısalt­ ması. mentolar ilginç değerlendirmelerle sonuçlanan soruşturmalar yürütmektedir. İtalyan Meclisi’nin Antimafya Komisyonu gibi bu parlamentoların bünyelerinde kurulmuş, yetkili uzmanla­ rın çalıştığı ihtisas komisyonlarının yayımladıkları raporlar çok zengin bir kaynak oluşturuyor. Bu kaynaklara örnek ola­ rak Fransa Ulusal Meclisi’nin 1993’te yayımladığı komisyon raporunu gösterebiliriz. Avrupa çapında yayın yapan -Time Magazine încorporated, Der Spiegel ve Süddeutsche Zeitung, Le Monde, El Pais ve Ti­ mes gibi- zengin ve zengin olduğu kadar da ilginç arşivlere sa­ hip kuruluşlardaki bilgiler araştırmamız sırasında çok yararlı oldu; bu arşivlere abone olduk ve yoğun biçimde kullandık. Ben ve çalışma arkadaşlarım kısıtlı cesaret sahibi müteva­ zı sosyologlar olarak, korkusuz araştırmacı gazetecilik yap­ mak iddiasını taşımadık. Türk büyükbabalar,2 Hayber Geçi- di’nin Peştu derebeyleri ya da Rus Vor v zakone'yle3 mülakat yapmayı aklımızdan bile geçirmedik. Suç örgütlerinin men­ suplarıyla tanışmayı ve hazırladığımız soru formlarım onlara dağıtmayı ya da daha ileri giderek aralarına karışıp aktif göz­ lemlerde bulunmayı düşünmedik. Bütün bunlar söz konusu bile olmadı. Sosyologların klasik alan çalışmasını yapamaz­ dık; çünkü hayatta kalmak istiyorduk. Kitabımızın birinci bölümü piyasaların küreselleşmesiyle bir taraftan ulus devletin gerilemesi, diğer taraftan da örgütlü suçun gelişmesi arasındaki ilişkilerin araştırılmasına ayrıldı. İkinci ve üçüncü bölümlerde Doğu Avrupa komünizminin yıkıntılarından doğan suç örgütlerinin çalışma ve saldın şekil­ leri, örneklere dayanılarak incelendi. Rus, Ukraynalı, Çeçen, Rumen, Kazak derebeyleri Avrupa’nın demokratik toplumla- nnın karşı karşıya kalacakları en yakın tehlikeyi oluşturuyor. En meşhur şiirlerinden birinde Baudelaire “Seni hiç kızgınlık ve nefret duymadan öldüreceğim, tıpkı bir kasap gibi" der. Bu say­ falarda karşılaşacağımız boyarların4 çoğu büyük birer kasaptır. Uluslararası finans dünyasının örgütlü suç şebekeleri ta­ rafından ele geçirilmesi, kitabımızın dördüncü bölümünde, 2 Büyükbaba: Türk örgütlü suç şebekelerinin en tepesindeki yönetici. 3 Vor v zakone: Rusya’nın en eski suç örgütü babalarının “yasa hırsızları” anlamını taşıyan resmî adı. 4 Boyar: eski Rus soylusu, (ç.n.) Ağa Haşan Abedi’nin sahibi olduğu ve Time dergisi tarafından “dünyanın
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