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Bank of Corruption and Criminal Incompetence Der Zusammenbruch Der BCCI

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Bank of Corruption and Criminal Incompetence Der Zusammenbruch Der BCCI LESSONS LEARNED Bank of Corruption and Criminal Incompetence Der Zusammenbruch der BCCI Der Chef des CIA bezeichnete die Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) einmal als „Bank of Crooks and Criminals“. Das Nachrichtenmagazin TIME nannte sie „die schmutzigste aller Banken“. In Bankenkreisen wurde das Geldhaus häufig als „Bank of Corruption and Criminal Incompetence“ bezeichnet. Wie auch immer: wenn man die Liste der Kunden überfliegt, wird einem schnell klar, dass bei der BCCI jeder über ein Konto verfügte, der in den großen Dunkel- meister-Geschäften dieser Welt einen Namen hatte: von Escobar über Noriega, das Medellin-Kartell, den Opiumkönig Khun Sa, der CIA bis zu Qadeer Khan, dem Vater der islamischen Atombombe. Die Bank war vor allem eine Annah- Autor mestelle für die Gelder der Drogenmafia und der diversen Terrornetzwerke auf Frank Romeike diesem Planeten. Sie operierte in 73 Ländern und verwaltete Gelder in Höhe ist Herausgeber der RISK- von etwa 30 Milliarden US-Dollar. Ursprünglich geplant war das Institut mit NEWS und Gründer und Initiator von RiskNET, seinem intransparenten Beteiligungsgeflecht auch als Gegengewicht zu den dem führenden deutsch- sprachigen Internetportal Investmentbanken an der Wall Street. Bekannt war die BCCI unter anderem für rund um das Thema Risiko- ihre „Politik der Blankokredite“. management. Direktor der BCCI war lange Zeit Khalid bin United Bank in Pakistan. In nur knapp zehn Jah- Mahfouz, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) und ren stieg die Bank zum zweitgrößten Geldhaus Haupteigentümer der National Commercial Bank des Landes auf. Diese rasante Geschwindigkeit (NCB), des bedeutendsten Geldinstituts Saudi- basierte im Wesentlichen auf einem Fundament Arabiens. Im Jahr 1999 entdeckten US-Behörden von sehr guten persönlichen und politischen auffällige Transfers von Geldern in Höhe von ge- Kontakten – weltweit. So wurde beispielsweise schätzten zwei Milliarden US-Dollar zu „karitati- der ehemalige Premierminister Chundrigar zum ven“ Unternehmen, die Osama Bin Laden nahe Vorstandsvorsitzenden der Bank ernannt, der standen. Eine Schwester von Khalid bin Mahfouz wiederum ein enger Vertrauter des amtierenden soll mit dem Terrorfürsten verheiratet sein. Die Premierministers Ayub Khan war. Die Vision Abe- Familie Bin Mahfouz besitzt weltweit ein Impe- dis war die Gründung einer global tätigen Bank, rium aus Beteiligungen von insgesamt etwa 760 die in allen Wirtschaftsbereichen tätig ist und Firmen, darunter Banken, Pharma- sowie Tele- ihren Stammsitz in einem Dritte-Welt-Land hat. kommunikationsunternehmen. Der Finanzmogul hat einen luxuriösen Zweitwohnsitz in Houston, Im Jahr 1972 gründete Abedi schließlich die Texas und auch die Familie Bush gehörte zu „Bank of Credit and Commerce“. Der Hauptsitz seinen Kunden. Doch nun der Reihe nach … des Instituts lag in Luxemburg und auf den Cayman-Inseln. 20 Prozent des Startkapitals von Die Ursprünge 2,5 Millionen US-Dollar finanzierte die Bank of America. Die Hälfte der 100 Millionen US-Dollar Agha Hasan Abedi, ein charismatischer und rei- Anfangsdepositen begab der Scheich von Abu cher Einwanderer aus Indien, gründete 1958 die Dhabi. Und überhaupt ist der unaufhaltsame RISKNEWS 04/04 53 Sichtweise von Abedi Aufstieg der BCCI eng verbunden mit Scheich gen reaktiviert und die pakistanischen Agenten zu Gesetzen: „The only laws that are Zayed al-Nahayan, dem Emir von Abu Dhabi. waren die „Augen und Ohren“ der Anti-Terror- permanent are the laws of Sandbänke und Korallenriffe boten den Piraten Koalition. In diesem Zusammenhang gibt es eine nature. Everything else is noch im 19. Jahrhundert günstige Operations- weitere interessante Parallele: Prinz Turki al- flexible. We can always work in and around the möglichkeiten, weshalb die Küste vor Abu Dhabi Faisal al-Saud (ehemaliger Chef des saudischen laws. The laws change.“ auch als Piratenküste bekannt ist. Außerdem galt Geheimdienstes) und Sultan bin Abdul Asis al- Abu Dhabi als eine der ärmsten und rückstän- Saud (saudischer Luftfahrt- und Verteidigungs- Abu Dhabi ist – neben digsten Gebiete der Welt. Erst durch die Ent- minister) unterstützten die saudische Königsfa- Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Fujairah, Umm al-Qainwain deckung riesiger Ölvorräte fand das Scheichtum milie, die CIA und die ISI beim Krieg zwischen und Ras al-Khaimah – eines den Weg zum Wohlstand. Während im Jahr 1960 1979 und 1989 gegen die sowjetischen Truppen der sieben Scheichtümer die Staatseinnahmen etwa eine Millionen Euro in Afghanistan. In einem Bericht des Pariser An- der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate. betrugen, sah die Rechnung zehn Jahre später walts Jean-Charles Brisard tauchen zudem viele mit etwa 350 Millionen Euro schon ganz anders bekannte Namen im Zusammenhang mit der aus. Heute beträgt das Bruttoinlandsprodukt Finanzierung des Terrornetzwerks Al-Qaida auf. (BIP) der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate etwa Ein großer Teil des Geldes für die Finanzierung 80 Milliarden US-Dollar. Sie zählen damit zu den des internationalen Terrors soll nach aktuellen reichsten Staaten der Welt. Untersuchungen aus dem Nahen Osten stammen. Böse Stimmen behaupten sogar, dass weder die Vor diesem Hintergrund wird auch deutlich, dass Washingtoner noch die saudische Elite Interesse Scheich Zayed al-Nahayan nach interessanten an der Aufklärung dieser sprudelnden Geldquel- Anlagemöglichkeiten für sein Geld suchte und len haben. Die Hauptquelle für die finanzielle mit Abedi und der BCCI einen Partner fand. Versorgung des Al-Qaida-Netzwerkes stellt im Bereits im Jahr 1967 hatte Abedi durch die Fi- Wesentlichen die „Zakat“, die Almosengabe im nanzierung pakistanischer Gastarbeiter in Abu Islam. Der Zakat (oder Zakah) ist eine im Islam Dhabi erste Kontakte zum Scheich Zayed al- von den Gläubigen nach den Vorschriften des Nahayan aufgebaut. Koran zu zahlende Armenabgabe. Er ist eine der fünf Säulen des Islam, d. h. sie zählt zu den Aufbau eines weltweiten Glaubenspflichten jedes Muslims. In den Jahren Kontakt- und Bestechungsnetzes als zwischen 1992 und 2002 soll Al-Qaida „Spen- Geschäftsgrundlage dengelder“ zwischen 300 und 500 Millionen Dollar von reichen Geschäftsleuten und Bankiers Die wichtigsten Kunden der BCCI waren die erhalten haben. US-Senator Jack Blum: Terroristen, Drogenhändler, Zuhälter und Geheim- „The problem that we are dienste auf diesem Globus. Ein etwa 1500 Köpfe In diesem Zusammenhang spielt auch das in- all having in dealing with this bank is that . it had starkes „schwarzes Netzwerk“, so genannte „En- formelle Geldtransfersystem, das man „hawala“ 3,000 criminal customers forcers“, sorgten für das Eintreiben offener For- nennt und das zu einer erfolgreichen Schatten- and every one of those 3,000 criminal customers is derungen. Manchmal musste hierbei auch mit wirtschaft führte, eine besondere Rolle. Hawala a page 1 story. So if you Mord, Entführung oder Erpressung nachgeholfen ist nicht das einzige informelle Geldüberweisungs- pick up one of [BCCI's] werden. Das Fundament des schwarzen Netz- system: in Pakistan und Afghanistan kennt man accounts you could find financing from nuclear werks bildete der pakistanische Geheimdienst ein archaisches Transfersystem mit dem Namen weapons, gun running, ISI (Inter Services Intelligence). Pate der ISI war „hundi“, in China wird das „Fei-ch’ein“-System narcotics dealing, and you will find all manner and über einen langen Zeitraum – insbesondere wäh- („fliegendes Geld“) genutzt. Bei solchen Systemen means of crime around rend der Phase des Kalten Kriegs – der amerika- werden kleine oder große Summen per Telefon the world in the records of this bank.“ nische Geheimdienst CIA (Central Intelligence mit Hilfe eines vereinbarten Codeworts transfe- Agency). Gemeinsam bauten die Amerikaner und riert. Ein solcher Code kann beispielsweise lau- Pakistani die Mudschahidin auf, die Glaubens- ten: „Gib' 34 Meter Wolle an M-23“. „Meter“ Abdur Sakhia, früherer krieger, die im über zehn Jahre währenden Gue- steht dabei für 1.000 und „Wolle“ für die Wäh- BCCI-Chef in den USA: rillakrieg in Afghanistan die sowjetische Armee rungseinheit, etwa Rupien. Eine solche Anwei- „We knew that the money that we would be getting in zum Rückzug zwangen. Gleichzeitig förderten der sung kann problemlos in einen größeren Text Colombia would be drug CIA und der pakistanische Geheimdienst den oder in ein Telefongespräch eingebettet werden, money. We knew that all the dollar deposits we would Mohnanbau sowie den Opiumhandel. Basierend ohne dabei aufzufallen. So werden weder schrift- be getting would be auf Aussagen des vormaligen pakistanischen Pre- liche noch elektronische Spuren hinterlassen. Alle drug money.“ mierministers Benazir Bhutto warben ISI und CIA Beteiligten gleichen dann in der Regel monatlich Hunderttausend fanatische Gotteskrieger aus 40 ihre Konten aus – ebenfalls ohne dass dies schrift- muslimischen Staaten an. Auch der Aufbau der lich oder elektronisch dokumentiert würde. Ob- Taliban geht auf das Konto der ISI. Insbesondere wohl Hawala heute in den meisten Ländern per im jüngsten Krieg gegen Al-Qaida und die Tali- Gesetz verboten wurde, ist dieses archaische 54 RISKNEWS 04/04 ban wurden die vorhandenen CIA-ISI-Verbindun- Überweisungssystem lebendig wie nie. So konnte LESSONS LEARNED man vor kurzem in der Tagespresse lesen, dass Einzelfällen zu. Das Netzwerk der Bank bestand von den insgesamt 6 Milliarden US-Dollar, die vor allem aus reichen Privatpersonen, Zentral- innerhalb eines Jahres nach Pakistan transferiert bankchefs und Regierungsmitgliedern, die BCCI wurden, nur 1,6 Milliarden US-Dollar den Weg indirekt halfen,
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