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Oregon Wolf Conservation and Management Plan, June 2019

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Oregon Wolf Conservation and Management Plan, June 2019 OREGON WOLF CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN OREGON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE JUNE 2019 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY June 2019 The Oregon Wolf Conservation and Management Plan (Plan) was first adopted in 2005 and updated in 2010. This update, which began in March 2016, is the result of a thorough, multi-year evaluation of the Plan and included a facilitated stakeholder process. Some of the changes contained within this Plan are general updates and reorganization of content. Other changes are more substantive in nature, and include management improvements based on information gained over years of wolf management in Oregon. In general, changes made in this Plan include: 1) updates to base information (i.e., status, population, distribution, etc.), 2) new science related to the biology and management of wolves, and 3) management improvements based on information gained through years of wolf management in Oregon. Chapter II (Wolf Conservation and Monitoring) includes detailed information on the three phases of wolf management and discusses the state’s two wolf management zones. Chapter III (Wolf as Special Status Game Mammal) is a new chapter comprised of content from the previous plan and addresses the Special Status Game Mammal definition and conditions of that definition. Chapter IV (Wolf-Livestock Conflicts) includes information on the use of non-lethal deterrents, the use of controlled take in certain situations, and expands livestock producer options for investigating potential wolf depredations of livestock. Chapter V (Wolf- Ungulate Interactions, and Interactions With Other Carnivores) addresses interactions between and impacts of wolves and other wildlife species. Chapter VI (Wolf-Human Interactions) addresses the types of wolf-human interactions and strategies for reducing negative situations. The final chapters address strategies for plan implementation and future direction and include Chapter VII: Information and Education, Chapter VIII: Reporting and Evaluation, IX: Research and Information Management, and Chapter X: Budget for Implementation. Readers should note that while some sections of earlier Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission (Commission) adopted Plans are condensed or combined in this 2019 Plan, earlier adopted Plans will continue to be made available on the ODFW wolf website at http://www.dfw.state.or.us/Wolves/index.asp. The Plan’s goal remains the same: To ensure the conservation of gray wolves as required by Oregon law while protecting the social and economic interests of all Oregonians. The 2005 Plan was originally crafted using an adaptive approach that requires periodic and formal evaluation using information gained through the actual management of wolves. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) considered the following principles while reviewing and updating the Plan. Adhere to the factors included in the 2015 delisting analysis when considering any proposed changes. Maintain conservation focus for wolves in all population phases. Maintain flexible management options of the 2005 Plan when addressing conflict as the wolf population increases. Oregon Wolf Conservation and Management Plan Page | ii Address ODFW personnel and budget limitations when evaluating future commitments. Develop an effective workload sharing program with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to monitor expanding wolf populations and address wolf-livestock conflicts in the federally listed portion of Oregon. Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) were listed as endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the state ESA when the Plan was updated in 2010. Gray wolves were establishing in northeastern Oregon at that time; today, the status of wolves in the state is more complex. In 2011, the USFWS delisted the gray wolf from the federal ESA east of Oregon Highways 395, 78, and 95 as part of the larger Northern Rocky Mountain Distinct Population Segment; wolves west of this boundary remained federally listed. In January 2015, the Oregon conservation population objective was reached in the East Wolf Management Zone. The Commission initiated a biological status review to determine if the species required continued listing under the Oregon ESA. That review led to the delisting of wolves in Oregon in November 2015. While these changes represent landmarks in the modern history of the gray wolf, this Plan strives to provide continued conservation and effective management of wolves into the future. The objectives and strategies contained within this Plan are intended to serve multiple functions into the future – they provide management guidance to address wolf-livestock conflicts, monitor wolf population and health factors, evaluate wolf interactions with native ungulate and other carnivore populations, conduct wolf-related research, and address wolf-human interactions. The Plan also identifies potential conservation threats for managers to consider when considering a number of management activities. While Oregon’s wolf population is predicted to continue to grow and expand its distribution, it is unclear at this time what the future population and specific distribution will be. This Plan contains strategies which direct ODFW to develop detailed and predictive population models which will improve understanding of potential occurrence, habitat suitability, potential wolf range, and will inform the development of future population and distribution goals. Wolves have reached Phase III population levels in eastern Oregon, but the state’s wolf population is still relatively small at this time. Wolves occur in both eastern Oregon forested areas, and the forests of the Cascade Mountains. However, the extent they will successfully expand into the Oregon coast range is undetermined. This Plan strives to provide a framework by which the management of this species may, at some point in the future, transition to a management approach similar to other wildlife in Oregon, while continuing to recognize the unique history of the species. Oregon Wolf Conservation and Management Plan Page | iii OREGON WOLF CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 A. Background ........................................................................................................ 1 B. History of Wolves in Oregon .............................................................................. 1 C. Biology and Ecology .......................................................................................... 3 D. Role of Wolves in Ecosystems ............................................................................ 3 E. Legal Status ........................................................................................................ 5 F. Wolf Plan Development and Update .................................................................. 7 II. WOLF CONSERVATION AND MONITORING ............................................................ 8 A. Wolf Distribution ................................................................................................ 8 B. Population Objectives and Management Phases ............................................ 13 C. Potential Conservation Threats ........................................................................ 19 D. Monitoring Wolf Populations ........................................................................... 28 E. Coordination with Other Governments, Agencies, and Organizations ........... 29 III. WOLVES AS SPECIAL STATUS GAME MAMMALS ................................................... 31 IV. WOLF-LIVESTOCK CONFLICTS ................................................................................. 33 A. Livestock Depredation and Other Effects ....................................................... 33 B. Working Dog and Pet Depredation ................................................................. 36 C. Tools for Minimizing Livestock Depredation ................................................. 37 D. Strategies to Address Livestock Conflict .......................................................... 44 E. Agency Response to Wolf Depredation ........................................................... 52 F. Livestock Producer Assistance ......................................................................... 54 V. WOLF-UNGULATE INTERACTIONS AND INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CARNIVORES ........................................................................................................................ 56 A. Potential Effects of Wolf Predation on Oregon’s Ungulates ........................... 56 B. Elk and Mule Deer Populations since Wolf Re-establishment ....................... 63 C. Big Game Wildlife Management Units and Management Objectives ............ 65 D. Wolf Interactions with other Carnivores – Multiple Predator Systems ........... 70 E. Strategies to Address Wolf-Ungulate Interactions ........................................... 73 VI. WOLF-HUMAN INTERACTIONS ................................................................................ 75 A. Human Safety ................................................................................................... 75 B. Interactions with the Public ............................................................................. 76 C. Hunters, Trappers and Wolves ........................................................................ 77 D. Dogs and Wolves .............................................................................................
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