• Homework #4 Due Now, #5 Available After Class • Midterm Is Thursday Next Week! We Will Use Next Wednesday As a Review Day

Home , Kerbal Space Program

REMINDERS:

• Homework #4 due now, #5 available after class

• Midterm is Thursday next week! We will use next Wednesday as a review day.

• Sunday is probably the star party, weather permitting (hurricane(s) may dampen our chances)

• No class Tuesday

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 SPACE EXPLORATION

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 HISTORY OF SPACEFLIGHT

66 years

Wright Flyer: Apollo 11: December 17, 1903 July 20, 1969

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 EARLY SPACE PIONEERS

• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky: Russian theoretician-’rocket equation’ (1897)

• Robert Goddard: American inventor-ﬁrst liquid fueled rockets (1926)

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 TSIOLKOVSKY ROCKET EQUATION

m ∆v = v ln total e m final

• Calculates the change in velocity gained from burning fuel

• Takes into account the mass of the rocket, mass of the fuel, and velocity of rocket exhaust

• Is a consequence of Newton’s laws of Motion

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 TSIOLKOVSKY ROCKET EQUATION m ∆v = v ln total Example: Apollo Program e m final • Change in velocity required to get to Low Earth Orbit (from KSC): 9.3 km/s

• Change of velocity required to get from Low Earth Orbit to Lunar Orbit: 5.93 km/s

• Total Delta-V: 15.23 km/s

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 TSIOLKOVSKY ROCKET EQUATION m ∆v = v ln total Example: Apollo Program e m final • Exhaust Velocity of Rocketdyne F-1 Engine: ~2.58 km/s

• Exhaust Velocity of Rocketdyne J-2 Engine: ~4.13 km/s

• Average Exhaust Velocity of Saturn V (two stages of J-2, one stage of F-1): ~3.61 km/s

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 TSIOLKOVSKY ROCKET EQUATION m ∆v = v ln total Example: Apollo Program e m final • Calculate ratio of Mtotal/Mﬁnal:

• exp(15.23/3.61) = M/m

• M/m = 67.7 (theoretical)

• Saturn V Mass: ~3,000,000 kg at launch; ~45,000 kg at Moon

• Ratio = ~66.7 (actual, approximate)

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 THE GERMANS

• Herman Oberth-popularized the idea of space ﬂight to the public

• Wernher von Braun-developed U.S. rockets that took us to the moon

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 THE V2 ROCKET

• First manmade object to enter space

• Passed the Karman line (100 km high)

• First spaceﬂight: June 1944

• Captured by western Allies, who conducted tests throughout the 1950s

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 SPACE RACE: EARLY DAYS

• Sputnik: launched 4 October 1957, orbited for 3 months, broadcast radio signals

• American rocket program had many failures. Explorer 1 was the ﬁrst satellite (1 February 1958)

• NASA founded in 1958 to head American space race

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 NASA

• Founded in 1958 to lead the U.S. space race

• Civilian government agency, but closely related to military at ﬁrst

• Responsible for many advances in technology: computers, cameras, even LEDs are from NASA

• Gets <0.5% of the total budget

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 EARLY U.S. ROCKET FAILURES

• Video:

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13qeX98tAS8

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 SPACE RACE: GAGARIN

• Yuri Gagarin became the ﬁrst man in space on 12 April 1961

• Orbited Earth once, taking 108 minutes in spacecraft Vostok 1

• Landed separately from the spacecraft, ejecting and parachuting down

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 MERCURY PROGRAM

• Six launches (planned seven)

• Single occupants, the Mercury 7 (one did not ﬂy)

• First launched 5 May 1961, less than a month after Vostok 1

• Two suborbital, four orbital ﬂights

• Alan Shepard: ﬁrst American in space

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 GEMINI PROGRAM

• Successor to the Mercury program, carried two astronauts on each ﬂight

• Developed technology for Apollo

• Sixteen astronauts ﬂew on ten separate missions, 13 were new astronauts

• Milestones: first American spacewalk, first rendezvous, first orbital docking

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 APOLLO PROGRAM

• President Kennedy set goal: land man on Moon and bring him back by end of decade (1960s)

• First Moon landing: Apollo 11, 20 July 1969

• Six landings achieved-12 men landed on Moon between 1968 and 1972

• Returned 842 pounds of lunar material to Earth

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 APOLLO MISSION

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 APOLLO VIDEOS

• We choose to go to the Moon: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=ouRbkBAOGEw

• Slo-Mo Launch: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=DKtVpvzUF1Y

• Apollo 8 earthrise: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Edzxppp81cQ

• Apollo 11 Landing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=piQ6r- cJUVI

• First Step: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtwSgvstl8c

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 APOLLO VIDEOS

• Gravity test: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C5_dOEyAfk

• Being on the moon is apparently fun: http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=wo3-fuYKWB4

• Moon roving: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bLH11- DbqM

• Leaving the Moon:https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=FOV8xLGnUks

• Astronaut Twinkletoes: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=ZP7AVBdJYOg

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 APOLLO VIDEOS

• Hammer Throwing on the Moon: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Vdr_gj20Gc4

• Kicking rocks: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppvlzyeIkog

• Apollo 17 Lunar approach: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Ok1Vz_c-388

• Leaving: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XlGis35Epvs

• Saying Goodbye: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=pTmZGSU4Hm8

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 SPACE SHUTTLE

• Planned as early as the late 1960s

• Mostly reusable vehicle-supposed to cut costs

• Flew 135 missions between 1981 and 2011

• 355 different astronauts ﬂew on the ﬁve shuttles

• Proposed 30-50 launches per year. Actually 3-4.

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

• Size of a football ﬁeld!

• Main partners: USA, Russia, Japan, European Union, Canada

• Studies long term effects of weightlessness

• First step towards building huge structures in space

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 ISS VIDEOS

• Wet washcloth: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8TssbmY- GM

• Views of Earth: http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=joyULDVeABw

• Food in space! http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=2vio09T-8qA

• ISS Tour: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iY2b2APouQA

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 ROBOTIC MISSIONS

• More than 1000 missions to Earth orbit and every planet in the solar system

• Ranges from weather satellites to Mars rovers, space telescopes to the Voyager probes

• Fill a number of roles that are too risky or expensive for human exploration

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 PRIVATE SPACE FLIGHT

• In the past decade, private companies have begun launching spacecraft

• ‘Space tourists’ have visited the ISS

• Some companies plan to sell seats on ﬂights

• In the future, spaceﬂight may replace airplanes

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 FUTURE PLANNED MISSIONS

• Many plans to colonize Moon & Mars have been proposed

• President Obama has announced plans to capture and study a small asteroid

• Many space telescopes (e.g. JWST) and robotic Mars missions already planned and in development

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 FUTURE SPACEFLIGHT

• NASA ‘plans’ to visit an asteroid in the 2020s, and land people on Mars in the 2030s

• Several private companies, including Mars One, SpaceX, and Mars Foundation have released plans to visit Mars in the next 20-30 years

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 OPINION POLL

• If given the chance, would you leave Earth on a one-way trip to colonize Mars, never to return?

• (A) Yes

• (B) No

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 FAR FUTURE

• NASA is constantly working on alternate propulsion methods

• They have produced designs for a ‘Warp-Ship’ (like in Star Trek)

• The most recent development is a ‘quantum vacuum plasma thruster’ called the Cannae drive

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 Wednesday, August 6, 2014 Wednesday, August 6, 2014 Wednesday, August 6, 2014 Wednesday, August 6, 2014 CLASS ACTIVITY

• Break into three groups.

• In each group, plan one of the following missions:

• 1) The moon: set up a permanent colony on the moon

• 2) Mars: send a manned mission to Mars

• 3) Europa: send a probe to investigate Europa’s subsurface ocean

• Recall: the more stuff you bring, the more difﬁcult (and expensive!) the mission

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 MISSION FACTS:

• Moon: trip time: 3 days. Some water available on moon. Low gravity. No protective atmosphere. Easy communication with Earth.

• Mars: trip time: 6-9 months (one-way). Water and fuel available from processing soil/atmosphere. Small atmosphere, no protection. Earth communication takes 3-22 minutes (depending on orbit).

• Europa: trip time: 5 years (one way). Planet is covered by thick shell of ice. Ocean below is always in darkness, no solar power. High level of radiation from Jupiter. Over two hours to communicate.

Wednesday, August 6, 2014 THE KERBAL SPACE PROGRAM

• Fun game that really helps get the ideas of scale and orbital mechanics into your head

• Gives a good idea of how to plan and execute space missions without being too detail-oriented (and difﬁcult)

• Numbers aren’t to scale: everything is smaller

Wednesday, August 6, 2014