Poisonous Plant Garden

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Poisonous Plant Garden

vetmed.illinois.edu/poisonplants/ he University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine Poisonous Plant Garden is student conceived and T operated. For over 25 years it has served to educate veterinarians, students (elementary through college), and the general public. The garden is located on the northwest corner of the College of Veterinary Medicine campus (adjacent to St. Mary’s Road). It contains over ninety species of plants native to Illinois or commonly used as ornamentals or house plants. These plants are potentially hazardous to a range of animal species including humans. The garden is managed by two students, selected yearly, and a college faculty advisor. These students provide the planning and labor required for spring planting, garden management through the summer, and then fall cleanup and transfer of many plants to the university greenhouses for overwintering. It is the student curators’ energy, dedication and enthusiasm that have been the hallmark and primary force behind the garden’s success. These students are listed below. A guided tour for students or other groups (e.g. garden clubs) may be arranged in advance.

Questions, suggestions and requests for additional information or guided tours should be directed to: Dr. Michael Biehl, Faculty Advisor (217) 244-4649 [email protected]

Poisonous Plant Garden Student Curators Founding Student Curator: Paula Bratich 1992–1993 Wendy Grethen 2004–2005 Jill Horton 2014-2015 Lynsee Melchi 1993–1994 David Curbo 2005–2006 Edward Holub 2015-2016 Laura Reynolds 1994–1995 George Langan 2006–2007 Ashley Elzerman 2016-2017 Kassie Deal 1995–1996 Bryan McGoldrick 2007–2008 Richard Hill 2017-2018 Shira Parks 1996–1997 Michael Sanborn 2008–2009 Kelly Spence 2018-2019 Jake Smiley 1997–1998 Kim Carlson 2009–2010 Paul Meade 1998–1999 Jamie Kenyon 2010–2011 Lisa Sebree 2000–2001 Maria Cotner 2011–2012 Jason Kennell 2001–2002 Rob Swinger Lindsey Preston 2002–2003 Rebecca Dieter 2012–2013 Anna Stobnicki 2003–2004 Marianne Krumdick 2013-2014 Anne Strong Important Information

DO NOT HANDLE OR CONSUME ANY PARTS OF PLANTS IN THE GARDEN. In order to keep children and pets safe, be sure they remain under adult supervision.

If a poisonous plant is consumed by a person or pet you should: 1. Obtain a sample including all parts of the plant. 2. Estimate the quantity eaten. 3. Estimate frequency and duration of exposure, and time of onset and nature of clinical signs. 4. Contact a physician or veterinarian immediately (see Additional Resources).

Note: The toxic effects of plants vary with the healthstatus, age, and species of the individual affected. Time of year, humidity, growth conditions, and growth stage, among other factors, influence a plant’s toxicity.

Website: vetmed.illinois.edu/poisonplants/

Additional Resources To Give Your Support For further information regarding potentially The progress and maintenance of the garden is poisonous plants please refer to the ASPCA primarily made possible through donations of Animal Poison Control Center website at money, seeds, plants, equipment, supplies, time aspca.org/pet-care/poison-control and advice.

If an animal has been exposed to a poison- Please make your contribution in support of the ous plant, contact the ASPCA Animal Poison garden by: Control Center at (888) 426-4435. 1. Donating online at vetmed.illinois.edu/ If the animal is experiencing significant clinical advancement/giving.html by selecting distress call the University of Illinois College of Poisonous Plant Garden Fund for your Veterinary Medicine Emergency Room at donation destination, or (217) 333-5300. 2. Sending a check with your contribution to: If a human has been exposed to a poisonous University of Illinois Foundation plant, contact the Illinois Poison Control Center Harker Hall at (800) 222-1222. 1305 West Green Street Urbana, IL 61801 Please note on the lower left of your check that it is for the UI Poisonous Plant Garden See the list of previous donors in the back of this brochure. Thank You!

Garden Map N St Marys Road S GARDEN ENTRANCE

shade houses Plot 1 Plot 22

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Plot 6 Plot 17 pasture fence

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Plot 10 Plot 13

Plot 11 Plot 12

Parking Lot College Buildings Plot 1 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Red Maple pollen, green or unknown constituents depression, anorexia, methemoglobin Acer rubrum, Aceraceae dried leaves hemolytic anemia, dehydration Jack-in-the-Pulpit all parts insoluble calcium oxalate crystals immediate irritation and burning of mouth, tongue, Arisaema triphyllum, Araceae histamine releasers lips, and throat; excessive salivation; difficult breathing Bittersweet Nightshade foliage and green solanine and solanidine anorexia and abdominal pain; drowsiness, dry Solanum dulcamara, berries mouth, labored breathing, nausea, and diarrhea Solanaceae Bloodroot all parts sanguinarine alkaloid severe irritation and extreme stomatitis and Sanguinaria canadensis, gastroenteritis if ingested Papaveraceae Mayapple unripe fruit, podophyllin which arrests cellular laxative effect with severe purging, vomiting, Podophyllum peltatum leaves, roots mitosis in metaphase gastroenteritis Berberidaceae

Plot 2 Plot 2 Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Jimsonweed all parts hyoscyamine, scopolamine, thirst, hyperirritability, disturbed vision, delirium, Datura stramonium atropine rapid heart beat, dry mouth, dilated pupils, colic, Solanaceae anorexia Belladonna all parts atropine, hypocyamine, dilated eyes, dry throat, rapid heart beat, Atropa belladonna scopolamine excitement Solanaceae Bull Nettle roots, berries, solanine and solanidine hypersalivation, anorexia, progressive muscle Solanum carolinense stems, leaves weakness, seizures, dilated pupils Solanaceae

Plot 3 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Scouring Rush all parts thiaminase (active in non- unthriftiness, loss of condition, staggering gait, Equisetum hyemale ruminants) rapid pulse Equistaceae Field Horsetail all parts thiaminase (active in non- unthriftiness, loss of condition, convulsions, Equisetum arvense ruminants) staggering gait, rapid pulse Equistaceae Privet fruit, bark, leaves glycoside ligustrin, saponins vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions and death in severe Ligustrum vulgare, Oleaceae cases Pokeweed all parts, esp. triterpene saponins, mitogens, initial burning in mouth, severe cramps, vomiting, Phytolacca americana roots, shoots, and glycoproteins, asparagine, oxalate diarrhea, blurred vision, excessive salivation, Phytolaccacea unripe berries weakness, seizures, coma in severe cases

Plot 4 Plant Toxic Part Toxic Principle Signs Corn Cockle all parts, githagenein, saponin gastrointestinal upset, “cheesy” discharge in mouth Agrostemma githago esp. seeds (birds), slow breathing, dizziness, weakness Caryophyllaceae Bouncing Bet all parts, saponins CNS and cardiac depression, gastrointestinal upset, Saponaria officinalis esp. seeds hemolysis if consume large quantities Caryophyllaceae Castor Bean all parts, phytotoxin ricin (one of the most burning of mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, Ricinus communis esp. seeds deadly substances known) which bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, fast weak pulse, Euphorbiaceae inhibits protein synthesis muscle twitching, fever, weakness, death Plot 5 Plant Toxic Part Toxic Principle Signs Prairie Groundsel all parts, pyrrolizidine alkaloids liver damage, dullness, staggering, abdominal pain, Senecio pauperculus esp. when young possible hepatogenous photosensitization Asteraceae Monkshood all parts, aconitine, alkaloids restlessness, salivation, nausea, vomiting, Aconitum columbianum esp. roots cardiovascular issues, respiratory paralysis, death Larkspur Delphinium tricorne Ranunculaceae Wild Parsnip all parts furocoumarins photosensitization, blistering of skin Pastinaca sativa, Apiaceae St. Johnswort all parts hypericin photosensitization, increased heart and respiration Hypericum perforatum rate, fever, diarrhea Hyperiaceae Oxalis Clover leaves contains soluble oxalates Oxalis pes-caprae

Plot 6 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Purple Foxglove all parts digitoxin, digoxin, gitoxin, and irregular heartbeat, heart block, mental confusion, Digitalis purpurea other cardiac glycosides convulsions, weakness, weight loss, death possible Scrophalariacea Lupine seed pods, foliage quinolizidine alkaloids, lupinine, vomiting, increased salivation, general distress, Lupinus sp. sparteine, anagyrine in cattle birth defects in herbivores Leguminosae (teratogen), ammodendrine (teratogen) Lambsquarters all parts nitrate, oxalate, cyanogenic headache, flushing skin, vomiting, dizziness, Chenopodium album glycosides reduced blood pressure, bloody diarrhea Chenopodiaceae Sago Palm all parts, esp seeds cycasin vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst, hemorrhagic Cycas revoluta, Cycadaceae gastroenteritis, bruising, coagulopathy, liver failure, death

Plot 7 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Elderberry all parts, ripe variety of toxins including saponins, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, nausea, Sambucus canadensis berries okay cyanogenic glycosides and tannins dizziness Caprifoliaceae Hydrangea all parts hydrangin nausea, vomiting, bloody diarrhea Hydrabgea macrophylla Hydrangeaceae Dumbcane all parts calcium oxalate crystals, proteolytic immediate irritating or burning sensation of Dieffenbachia “Exotica” enzymes which trigger release of mouth, tongue, lips, pharyngeal swelling, difficulty Araceae kinins, histamine breathing

Plot 8 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Brome seedhead if several alkaloids including ergot gangrene, decreased milk production Bromus rubens, Poaceae fungus is present alkaloids in fungal elements, nitrate Plot 9 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Azalea all parts cardiac glycoside: grayanotoxin hypersalivation, nasal discharge, vomiting, nausea, Rhododendron sp. incoordination, weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, Ericaceae coma, death Oleander all parts cardiac glycosides: oleandrin, irritation of mouth, abdominal pain, cardiac Nerium oleander oleandroside, nerioside and neriin arrhythmias, fever, vomiting, dilated pupils, Apocynaceae (similar to digitoxin) tremors followed by progressive paralysis Ryegrass seedhead if several alkaloids including ergot muscle trembling, incoordination, convulsions, Lolium perenne, Poaceae fungus is present alkaloids in fungal element, nitrate painful muscle contractions, lameness

Plot 10 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Schefflera all parts calcium oxylate crystals oral irritation, intense burning and irritation of the Schefflera actinophylla mouth, lips, tongue, excessive drooling, vomiting, Araliaceae difficulty in swallowing. Caladium all parts calcium oxylate crystals oral irritation, intense burning to mouth, Caladium bicolor gastrointestinal upset Araceae Smartweed all parts may contain toxic levels of nitrates photosensitization and contact dermatitis Polygonum spp.

Plot 11 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Poison Ivy all parts if contact oily-resin uroshiol itching, burning, and hyperemic skin, blisters, Toxicodendron radicans when broken secondary infections may occur Anacardiaceae Kentucky Coffee Tree leaves, seeds, the alkaloid cytisine, which acts intense pain, profuse diarrhea, straining, muscle Gymnocladus dioica pods like nicotine paralysis, depression, convulsions, death Leguminosae Philodendron all parts calcium oxalate crystals, oral irritation, intense burning and irritation of the Philodendron sp. proteolytic enzymes mouth, lips, tongue, excessive drooling, vomiting, Araceae difficulty in swallowing.

SE Corner Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Black Walnut wood shavings juglone, unknown constituents laminitis, toxic to fish Juglans nigra, Juglandaceae

Plot 12 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs English Ivy all parts, hederagenin which is a saponin diarrhea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, convulsions Hedera helix, Araliaceae esp. berries Ohio Buckeye seeds, leaves, the glycosidic saponin, aesculin inflammation of mucous membranes, nervousness, Aesculus glabra flowers twitching, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea Hippocastanaceae Horse Chestnut all parts the glycosidic saponin, aesculin vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, muscle trembling, Aesculus hippocastanum and a possible narcotic alkaloid respiratory paralysis, bloat, death Hippocastanaceae Creeping Charlie all parts not known, possibly colic, sweating, excess salivation, death Glechoma hederacea, Lamiaceae glechomanolide or sapogenin Plot 13 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Broccoli all parts, glucosinolates & breakdown vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, jaundice, growth Brassica oleracea, Cruciferae esp. seeds products retardation Cabbage all parts, glucosinolates and breakdown vomiting (sometimes bloody), diarrhea, liver and Brassica oleracea, Cruciferae esp. seeds products, nitrate skeletal abnormalities, goiter, anemia Cocklebur seedlings carboxyatractyloside, various vomiting, weakness, spasms, weak pulse, anorexia, Xanthium strumarium sesquiterpene lactones liver damage, hypoglycemia Compositae Kale all parts, S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, anemia, growth Brassica oleracea esp. seeds glucosinolates & breakdown retardation Cruciferae products, nitrate Wild Mustard all parts, glucosinolates and breakdown vomiting (sometimes bloody), diarrhea, liver and Brassica kaber, Cruciferae esp. seeds products, nitrate skeletal abnormalities, goiter, anemia

Plot 14 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Catnip all parts neptalactone vomiting if large quantity is eaten, malaise Nepeta cataria, Lamiaceae Poison Hemlock all parts, the nicotine-like alkaloid coniine, & burning sensation in mouth, difficulty in Conium maculatum, Apiaceae esp. seeds the teratogen coniceine, cicutoxin swallowing, anorexia, death possibly due to paralysis of muscles of respiration, birth defects Tomato leaves, vines, tomatine and tomatidine hypersalivation, anorexia, depression, diarrhea, Lycopersicon esculentum sprouts, green drowsiness, atropine-like effects Solanaceae fruit

Plot 15 Plants Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs White Sweet Clover all parts when dicoumarol in damaged hay or failure of blood to clot, severe hemorrhage and Melilotus alba moldy or forage which interferes with hemorrhage related problems Leguminosae damaged recycling of vitamin K Yellow Sweet Clover all parts when dicoumarol in damaged hay or failure of blood to clot, severe hemorrhage and Melilotus officinalis moldy or forage which interferes with hemorrhage-related problems Leguminosae damaged recycling of vitamin K Alsike Clover all parts unknown nervousness, digestive disorders, liver damage, Trifolium hybridum, Leguminosae photodermatitis, diarrhea Red Cover all parts when slaframine in the fungal elements excessive salivation, urination, defecation Trifolium pratense, Leguminosae moldy of Rhizoctonia legumunicola Field Pennycress all parts, glucosinolates and breakdown gastrointestinal upset, bloody diarrhea, liver and Thlaspi arvense, Cruciferae esp. seeds products skeletal abnormalities, goiter, anemia

Plot 16 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Buckthorn fruit and bark anthraquinone glycoside nausea, emesis and catharsis Rhamnus cathartica (hydroxymethyl- anthraquinone) Rhamnaceae Plot 17 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Chokecherry leaves, bark, seeds cyanogenic glycoside rapid respiration soon labored, apprehensive, bright Prunus virginiana red blood, death Rosaceae Wild Black Cherry bark, twigs, seeds amygdalin which is broken down rapid respiration, soon becomes labored, Prunus serotina to cyanide apprehensive, bright red blood, death Rosaceae Daylily all parts hemerocallin, unknown kidney failure in cats, incoordination, blindness Hemerocallis fulva constituents Liliaceae Hyacinth bulbs and foliage narcissine-like alkaloids severe gastrointestinal upset, vomiting, diarrhea, Hyacinthus orientalis dermatitis Liliaceae Daffodil bulbs alkaloids such as narcissine, difficulty in swallowing, nausea, vomiting, Narcissus sp. narcipoietin, and lycorin diarrhea, sweating, trembling Liliaceae

Plot 18 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Rhubarb leaves soluble oxalates nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, Rheum rhaponticum excessive salivation, staggering, convulsions, death Polygonacea

Plot 19 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Lantana foliage and berries lantanin, lantadene A, constipation, bile stasis, severe gastroenteritis, Lantana camara hepatogenous photosensitizer dilated pupils, liver damage, photosensitization Verbenaceae Soybean all parts nitrate, protease inhibitors, diarrhea, vomiting, tremors, difficult breathing, Glycine max phytoestrogens convulsions Leguminosae Red Root Pigweed all parts nitrate, oxalate and unknown weakness, trembling, incoordination, sternal Amaranthus retroflexus compound(s) recumbency, perirenal edema, kidney failure Amaranthaceae Black Eyed Susan seeds, sap, unknown constituents vomiting, diarrhea, dermatitis, possible coma in Rudbeckia all parts swine Corn all parts nitrate, possible high selenium, brown blood, cyanotic mucous membranes, Zea mays mycotoxins when moldy collapse, weak heartbeat, hyperventilation; effects Poaceae of mycotoxins vary Prairie Dogbane all parts apocynin, glucosides, cardenolides, rise in body temperature, sweating, strong pulse, Apocynum sibiricum cardiac glycosides cold extremities, dilated pupils, gastric upset Apocynaceae Plot 20 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs American Holly fruit, leaves glycosides, saponins, theobromine vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, hemolytic anemia Ilex opaca in some spp. Aquifoliaceae Curley Dock all parts nitrates, photosensitizers, anorexia, severe ataxia, depression, reduced milk Rumex crispus soluble oxalates production, abortion, prostration, death Polygonaceae Broadleaf Milkweed all parts, esp. asclepiadin, asclepion, galitoxin intestinal inflammation, fever, difficulty with Ascelpias syriaca stems and leaves breathing, anorexia, irregular pulse, dilated pupils, Asclepidaceae later tetanic seizures, bloat, death Buttercups all parts acrid yellow oil, protoanemonin acute burning in mouth and throat, vision Ranunculus sp. esp. irritant sap impairment, paralysis, dizziness Ranunculaceae

Plot 21 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Wild Chives all parts if eaten in N-propyl disulfide, S-methyl- digestive disturbances, hemolytic anemia, red- Allium schoenoprasum quantity cysteine sulfoxide discolored urine, weakness, anorexia Liliaceae Ground Cherry green foliage, solanine and atropine-like CNS depression, rapid respiration, nausea, diarrhea, Physalis sp. unripe fruit alkaloids muscle weakness, paralysis Solanaceae

Plot 22 Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Red Oak acorns in large gallotannin constipation, bloody stools, kidney damage, Quercus rubra quantities, buds, abdominal pain, extreme thirst, frequent urination Fagaceae stems Lily-of-the-Valley all parts convallarin, convallamarin, anorexia, irregular heartbeat, nausea, vomiting, Convallaria majalis convallatoxin diarrhea, cramps, confusion Liliaceae White Snakeroot all parts tremetol and toxic metabolites weakness, sluggishness, stiffness, severe vomiting, Eupatorium rugosum eliminated in milk tremors, loss of appetite, delirium, acetone smell, Asteraceae death, cardiac failure in horses Bracken Fern all parts, esp. thiaminase, carcinogenic factors weight loss, listlessness, convulsions in horses; Pteridium aquilinum roots ptaquiloside cyanogenic glycoside bloody urine, tumors of the urinary tract in cattle Polypodiaceae Morning Glory seeds D-lysergic acid, D-isolysergic acid, tremors, incoordination, piloerection, Ipomoea tricolor ergonovine hypersensitivity to touch Convolvulaceae

North Fence Plant Toxic Parts Toxic Principle Signs Japanese Yew all parts except taxine, other alkaloids that depress dizziness and dry mouth, excitement, difficult Taxus cuspidata, Tacaceae flesh of red berries electro-chemical conduction breathing trembling, diarrhea, cardiac failure, death in heart Thank You to Our Supporters

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