© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

Contributors

Aneil F. Agrawal, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Graham Bell, Department of , McGill University Biology, University of Toronto III.6 RESPONSES TO SELECTION: EXPERIMENTAL IV.5 GENETIC LOAD POPULATIONS Michael E. Alfaro, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Yehuda Ben-Shahar, Department of Biology, Washington Biology, University of California, Los Angeles University in St. Louis VI.15 KEY EVOLUTIONARY INNOVATIONS VII.1 GENES, BRAINS, AND BEHAVIOR Garland E. Allen, Department of Biology, Washington Michael J. Benton, School of Sciences, University of University in St. Louis Bristol I.2 THE HISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT VI.13 CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF Dan I. Andersson, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Janette W. Boughman, Department of Zoology, Michigan Microbiology, Uppsala University State University VIII.3 OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE VI.5 AND Michael J. Angilletta Jr., School of Sciences, Arizona Paul M. Brakefield, Department of Zoology, University of State University Cambridge III.13 BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL V.10 EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT: ORGANISMS Charles F. Aquadro, Department of Molecular Biology and Edmund D. Brodie III, Department of Biology, University of Genetics, Cornell University Virginia V.1 III.5 PHENOTYPIC SELECTION ON QUANTITATIVE Jonathan W. Atwell, Department of Biology, Indiana TRAITS University C. Alex Buerkle, Department of Botany and Program in VII.2 EVOLUTION OF HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR Ecology, University of Wyoming Francisco J. Ayala, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary VI.6 , HYBRIDIZATION, AND Biology, University of California, Irvine SPECIATION VIII.13 EVOLUTION AND RELIGION Michael A. Cant, Biosciences, University of Exeter Doris Bachtrog, Department of Integrative Biology, VII.10 COOPERATIVE BREEDING University of California, Berkeley Paulyn Cartwright, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary V.4 EVOLUTION OF SEX Biology, University of Kansas Charles F. Baer, Department of Biology, University of Florida II.15 ORIGIN AND EARLY EVOLUTION OF IV.2 Amy Cavanaugh, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Rock County Nathan W. Bailey, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews VIII.5 DOMESTICATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE VII.15 EVOLUTION OF APPARENTLY NONADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR Michel Chapuisat, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne Timothy G. Barraclough, Division of Ecology and Evolution, Imperial College London VII.13 EVOLUTION OF VI.2 SPECIATION PATTERNS Deborah Charlesworth, School of Biological Sciences, Spencer C. H. Barrett, Department of Ecology and University of Edinburgh , University of Toronto IV.6 IV.8 EVOLUTION OF MATING SYSTEMS: OUTCROSSING Julia Clarke, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of VERSUS SELFING Texas at Austin N. H. Barton, Institute of Science and Technology Austria II.8 TAXONOMY IN A PHYLOGENETIC FRAMEWORK IV.4 RECOMBINATION AND SEX Peter R. Crane, School of Forestry and Environmental David A. Baum, Department of Botany, University of Studies, Yale University Wisconsin, Madison II.13 MAJOR EVENTS IN THE EVOLUTION OF LAND II AND THE © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

x Contributors

Cameron R. Currie, Department of Bacteriology, University Richard G. Harrison, Department of Ecology and of Wisconsin, Madison Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University VIII.5 DOMESTICATION AND THE EVOLUTION OF VI.1 SPECIES AND SPECIATION AGRICULTURE Marc D. Hauser, Independent Scholar David Deamer, Department of Biomolecular Engineering, VII.14 COGNITION: PHYLOGENY, , AND BY- University of California, Santa Cruz PRODUCTS II.10 THE ORIGIN OF LIFE John Hawks, Department of Anthropology, University of Michael J. Donoghue, Department of Ecology and Wisconsin, Madison Evolutionary Biology, Yale University II.18 II.4 HISTORICAL Philip Hedrick, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State Dieter Ebert, Zoological Institute, University Universita¨t Basel IV.1 VIII.2 EVOLUTION OF PARASITE VIRULENCE Noel A. Heim, Department of Geology and Evolutionary Scott P. Egan, Department of Biological Sciences, University Science, Stanford University of Notre Dame II.9 THE RECORD VI.9 SPECIATION AND GENOME EVOLUTION Michael E. Hellberg, Department of Biological Sciences, Andrew D. Ellington, Department of Chemistry and Louisiana State University Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin II.5 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY VIII.7 DIRECTED EVOLUTION David S. Hibbett, Department of Biology, Clark University Jeffrey Feder, Department of Biological Sciences, University II.14 MAJOR EVENTS IN THE of Notre Dame Hopi E. Hoekstra, Department of Organismic and VI.9 SPECIATION AND GENOME EVOLUTION Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Lila Fishman, Division of Biological Sciences, University of V GENES, GENOMES, PHENOTYPES Montana Ary Hoffmann, Department of Genetics and Zoology, IV.7 SELFISH GENETIC ELEMENTS AND GENETIC University of Melbourne CONFLICT III.8 LIMITS AND CONSTRAINTS Douglas J. Futuyma, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University Mark Holder, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas III AND ADAPTATION II.2 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE Dana H. Geary, Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison Kent E. Holsinger, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary II.9 THE FOSSIL RECORD Biology, University of Connecticut III.3 THEORY OF SELECTION IN POPULATIONS J. Peter Gogarten, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Robert D. Holt, Department of Ecology, University of Florida II.11 EVOLUTION IN THE PROKARYOTIC GRADE III.14 EVOLUTION OF THE ECOLOGICAL NICHE Emma E. Goldberg, Biological Sciences, University of Robin Hopkins, Department of Integrative Biology, Illinois, Chicago University of Texas at Austin VI.14 SPECIES SELECTION VI.4 SPECIATION AND NATURAL SELECTION Peter R. Grant, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Gene Hunt, Department of Smithsonian Biology, Princeton University Institution, National Museum of Natural History VI.10 VI.12 MACROEVOLUTIONARY TRENDS Michael D. Greenfield, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie John Jaenike, Department of Biology, University of de l’Insecte, Universite´ de Tours Rochester VII.7 EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION IV.7 SELFISH GENETIC ELEMENTS AND GENETIC CONFLICT Elizabeth Hannon, Department of History and Philosophy of Farish A. Jenkins Jr., Late Professor of Biology, Harvard Science, University of Cambridge University VIII.10 CULTURAL EVOLUTION II.17 MAJOR FEATURES OF EVOLUTION Sara J. Hanson, Department of Biology and Program in Michael D. Jennions, Research School of Biology, Australian Genetics, University of Iowa National University V.2 GENOME EVOLUTION VII.6 SEXUAL SELECTION: MATE CHOICE Luke J. Harmon, Department of Biological Sciences, Laura A. Katz, Department of Biological Sciences, Smith University of Idaho College _ VI.11 MACROEVOLUTIONARY RATES II.12 ORIGIN AND DIVERSIFICATION OF © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

Contributors xi

Paul Keim, Department of Biology, Northern Arizona Joel W. McGlothlin, Department of Biological Sciences, University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University VIII.4 EVOLUTION AND MICROBIAL FORENSICS VII.2 EVOLUTION OF HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR

Laurent Keller, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Daniel McNabney, Department of Biology, University of University of Lausanne Rochester VII.13 VI.8 GENETICS OF SPECIATION Department of Biology, Indiana Ellen D. Ketterson, John M. McNamara, School of Mathematics, University University of Bristol VII.2 EVOLUTION OF HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR VII.3 GAME THEORY AND BEHAVIOR Joel G. Kingsolver, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Mark A. McPeek, Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College III.7 RESPONSES TO SELECTION: NATURAL POPULATIONS VI.16 EVOLUTION OF COMMUNITIES Department of Entomology and Hanna Kokko, Research School of Biology, Australian Christine W. Miller, National University Nematology, University of Florida VII.6 SEXUAL SELECTION: MATE CHOICE VII.5 SEXUAL SELECTION: MALE-MALE COMPETITION Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Mathias Ko¨ lliker, Department of Environmental Sciences, Anto´nia Monteiro, University of Basel Biology, Yale University VII.8 EVOLUTION OF PARENTAL CARE V.11 EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT: MOLECULES Department of Biology, Duke University Allan Larson, Department of Biology, Washington Jacob A. Moorad, University in St. Louis VII.16 AGING AND MENOPAUSE II.6 CONCEPTS IN CHARACTER : Allen J. Moore, Department of Genetics, University of ADAPTATION, , AND EVOLVABILITY Georgia Richard E. Lenski, Departments of Microbiology & VII EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR, SOCIETY, AND HUMANS Molecular Genetics, Zoology, and Crop and Soil Sciences, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Michigan State University Patrik Nosil, Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder VIII EVOLUTION AND MODERN SOCIETY VI.9 SPECIATION AND GENOME EVOLUTION School of Forestry and Environmental Andrew B. Leslie, Department of Philosophy, University of Studies, Yale University Samir Okasha, Bristol II.13 MAJOR EVENTS IN THE EVOLUTION OF LAND III.2 UNITS AND LEVELS OF SELECTION PLANTS Department of Biology, St. Lawrence Tim Lewens, Department of History and Philosophy of Lorraine Olendzenski, Science, University of Cambridge University II.11 EVOLUTION IN THE PROKARYOTIC GRADE VIII.10 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Department of Biological Sciences, John M. Logsdon Jr., Department of Biology and Program in Kevin E. Omland, Genetics, University of Iowa University of Maryland, Baltimore County II.1 INTERPRETATION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREES V.2 GENOME EVOLUTION Manyuan Long, Department of Ecology and Evolution, H. Allen Orr, Department of Biology, University of University of Chicago Rochester V.6 EVOLUTION OF NEW GENES VI.8 GENETICS OF SPECIATION Jonathan B. Losos, Department of Organismic and Sarah P. Otto, Department of Zoology, University of British Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Columbia I.1 WHAT IS EVOLUTION? III.9 EVOLUTION OF MODIFIER GENES AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS David B. Lowry, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin Mark Pagel, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading VI.4 SPECIATION AND NATURAL SELECTION VIII.9 LINGUISTICS AND THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN Virpi Lummaa, Department of and Sciences, LANGUAGE University of Sheffield Laura Wegener Parfrey, Department of Chemistry VII.11 HUMAN BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Florian Maderspacher, Current Biology, Elsevier, Inc. Boulder V.8 EPIGENETICS II.12 ORIGIN AND DIVERSIFICATION OF EUKARYOTES Gregory C. Mayer, Department of Biological Sciences, Bret A. Payseur, Laboratory of Genetics, University of University of WisconsinÁParkside Wisconsin, Madison I.3 THE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION V.13 DISSECTION OF COMPLEX TRAIT EVOLUTION © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

xii Contributors

Talima Pearson, Department of Biological Sciences, Dolph Schluter, Department of Zoology, University of Northern Arizona University British Columbia VIII.4 EVOLUTION AND MICROBIAL FORENSICS VI SPECIATION AND MACROEVOLUTION Catherine L. Peichel, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Eugenie C. Scott, National Center for Science Education, Inc. Center, Seattle VIII.14 CREATIONISM AND INTELLIGENT DESIGN V GENES, GENOMES, PHENOTYPES; V.12 GENETICS OF Department of Ecology and Evolutionary PHENOTYPIC EVOLUTION H. Bradley Shaffer, Biology, University of California, Los Angeles Robert T. Pennock, Lyman Briggs College and Departments VIII.6 EVOLUTION AND CONSERVATION of Philosophy and Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan State University Beth Shapiro, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz VIII.8 EVOLUTION AND COMPUTING V.15 ANCIENT DNA Dmitri A. Petrov, Department of Biology, Stanford University Mark L. Siegal, Department of Biology, New York University V.14 SEARCHING FOR ADAPTATION IN THE GENOME V.9 EVOLUTION OF MOLECULAR NETWORKS David W. Pfennig, Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Per T. Smiseth, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh III.7 RESPONSES TO SELECTION: NATURAL POPULATIONS VII.8 EVOLUTION OF PARENTAL CARE Albert Phillimore, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Rhonda R. Snook, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh University of Sheffield VI.3 GEOGRAPHY, RANGE EVOLUTION, AND SPECIATION VII.4 SEXUAL SELECTION AND ITS IMPACT ON MATING SYSTEMS Daniel E. L. Promislow, Department of Pathology, University of Washington Jason E. Stajich, Department of Plant Pathology and VII.16 AGING AND MENOPAUSE Microbiology, University of California, Riverside V.3 COMPARATIVE GENOMICS Erik Quandt, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin Stephen C. Stearns, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary VIII.7 DIRECTED EVOLUTION Biology, Yale University III.1 NATURAL SELECTION, ADAPTATION, AND : David C. Queller, Department of Biology, Washington OVERVIEW; III.10 EVOLUTION OF REACTION NORMS University in St. Louis III.4 AND ; VII.9 Joan E. Strassmann, Department of Biology, Washington COOPERATION AND CONFLICT: MICROBES TO University in St. Louis HUMANS III.4 KIN SELECTION AND INCLUSIVE FITNESS; VII.9 Department of Evolution and Ecology, COOPERATION AND CONFLICT: MICROBES TO Bruce Rannala, HUMANS University of California, Davis II.3 MOLECULAR CLOCK DATING Sharon Y. Strauss, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Davis Botany Department, Field Museum of Natural Richard Ree, III.15 ADAPTATION TO THE BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT History II.7 USING PHYLOGENIES TO STUDY PHENOTYPIC Alan R. Templeton, Department of Biology, Washington EVOLUTION: COMPARATIVE METHODS AND TESTS OF University in St. Louis, Department of Evolutionary and ADAPTATION Environmental Biology, University of Haifa VIII.11 EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE; David Reznick, Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside VIII.12 THE FUTURE OF HUMAN EVOLUTION III.11 EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORIES John N. Thompson, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz Robert C. Richardson, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati VI.7 AND SPECIATION VII.12 Michelle D. Trautwein, Laboratory, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences Ophe´lie Ronce, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, Universite´ Montpellier 2, Centre National de la Recherche II.16 MAJOR EVENTS IN THE EVOLUTION OF ARTHROPODS Scientifique Paul E. Turner, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary IV.3 GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION, POPULATION STRUCTURE, Biology, Yale University AND MIGRATION VIII.1 EVOLUTIONARY MEDICINE Nick J. Royle, Department of Biosciences, University of Peter C. Wainwright, Department of Evolution and Ecology, Exeter University of California, Davis VII.8 EVOLUTION OF PARENTAL CARE III.12 EVOLUTION OF FORM AND FUNCTION _ © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

Contributors xiii

Michael C. Whitlock, Department of Zoology, University of Ziheng Yang, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and British Columbia Environment, University College, London I.4 FROM DNA TO PHENOTYPES; IV EVOLUTIONARY II.3 MOLECULAR CLOCK DATING PROCESSES Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Department of Entomology, North Jianzhi Zhang, Brian M. Wiegmann, Biology, University of Michigan Carolina State University V.5 GENE DUPLICATION II.16 MAJOR EVENTS IN THE EVOLUTION OF ARTHROPODS Patricia J. Wittkopp, Department of Ecology and Carl Zimmer, Environmental Studies Program, Yale Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan University V.7 EVOLUTION OF GENE EXPRESSION VIII.15 EVOLUTION AND THE MEDIA