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Pioneering a Fungal Inventory at Cusuco National Park, Honduras

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Pioneering a Fungal Inventory at Cusuco National Park, Honduras Journal of Mesoamerican Biology Special Issue: Biodiversity of the Cordillera del Merendón Volume 1 (1), June, 2021 Pioneering a fungal inventory at Cusuco National Park, Honduras DANNY HAELEWATERS1,2,3,*, NATHAN SCHOUttETEN3, PAMELA MEDINA-VAN BERKUM1,4, THOMAS E. MARTIN1, ANNEMIEKE VERBEKEN3 AND M. CATHERINE AIME2 1 Operation Wallacea Ltd, Wallace House, Old Boling- broke, Lincolnshire, PE23 4EX, UK. Abstract 2 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indi- Neotropical cloud forests are biologically and eco- ana 47907, USA. logically unique and represent a largely untapped 3 Research Group Mycology, Department of Biolo- reservoir of species new to science, particularly for gy, Ghent University, 35 K.L. Ledeganckstraat, 9000 understudied groups like those within the King- Ghent, Belgium. dom Fungi. We conducted a three-week fungal 4 Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans- survey within Cusuco National Park, Honduras Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany. and made 116 collections of fungi in forest habi- tats at 1287–2050 m a.s.l. Undescribed species are *Corresponding author. Email: likely to be present in those collections, includ- [email protected] ing members of the genera Calostoma (Boletales), Chlorociboria, Chlorosplenium, Ionomidotis (Hel- otiales), Amparoina, Cyathus, Gymnopus, Pterula (Agaricales), Lactifluus (Russulales), Mycocitrus (Hypocreales), Trechispora (Trechisporales), and Article info Xylaria (Xylariales). In this paper, we discuss the contributions and impacts of mycological surveys Keywords: in the Neotropics and propose the establishment of Central America, Cloud Forest, Fungal Diversity, a long-term mycological inventory at Cusuco Na- Honduras, Tropical Fungi tional Park—the first of its kind in northern Central America. Received: Jun. 2020 - Accepted Nov. 2021 111 de 17 colecciones. Al realizar un BLAST en NCBI Resumen extendido GenBank, diez secuencias compartieron entre 89.05 y un máximo de 97.60% de identidad con secuencias Antecedentes: Los bosques nublados neotropica- conocidas. Estos resultados indican que esas colec- les son únicos tanto biológica como ecológicamente, ciones representan especies no descritas o especies y representan un reservorio de especies no exploradas conocidas no secuenciadas para esta región de ADN. por la ciencia, particularmente para grupos poco estu- Los géneros con especies potencialmente no des- diados como el reino de hongos. Dentro de la cadena critas son: Calostoma (Boletales), Chlorociboria, alimentaria, los hongos juegan un papel clave en el flujo Chlorosplenium, Ionomidotis (Helotiales), Ampa- de energía a través de los ecosistemas y proporcionan roina, Cyathus, Gymnopus, Pterula (Agaricales), nutrición para muchos organismos. A pesar de esto, Lactifluus (Russulales), Mycocitrus (Hypocreales), los estudios a largo plazo de las comunidades fúngicas Trechispora (Trechisporales) y Xylaria (Xylariales). son escasos, por lo que se crean brechas en nuestra Discusión: Dada la escasez de colecciones comprensión de la diversidad de hongos, así como las de hongos de bosques nubosos, la presencia de or- interacciones interespecíficas e intraespecíficas en las ganismos microendémicos en el Parque Nacional que están involucradas. Aquí, presentamos las contri- Cusuco y los resultados preliminares descritos aquí, buciones y los estudios micológicos en el neotrópico es probable que numerosas nuevas especies de hon- y proponemos el establecimiento de un inventario mi- gos estén esperando ser descubiertas en esta área. cológico a largo plazo en el Parque Nacional Cusuco, Por este motivo, se iniciará un proyecto de largo el primero de su tipo en el norte de América Central. plazo de muestreo de hongos en el Parque Nacio- Metódos: Durante tres semanas del verano nal Cusuco con el objetivo de describir la diversi- de 2019, recolectamos hongos en el Parque Nacional dad de hongos (macrohongos, hongos del filoplano Cusuco (1287–2050 m s. n. m.), un área protegida de y aquellos asociados con artrópodos) con base en bosque nublado en la cordillera Merendón, noroeste de la información morfológica, ecológica y molecular. Honduras. Nos hemos enfocado en tres tipos de colec- Las alarmantes tasas de destrucción del hábitat son ciones: macrohongos productoras de cuerpos fructífe- una de las principales amenazas del Parque Nacio- ros (colectados en áreas de 10 × 10m, en cada punto de nal Cusuco, por lo que existe una necesidad urgente muestro dentro de los transectos) y levaduras aisladas de recolectar y documentar estas especies de hon- del filoplano de diferentes plantas (aisladas de hojas gos, especialmente las potencialmente endémicas recolectadas en los transectos) y los microhongos del —antes de que desaparezcan—. El estudio a largo orden Laboulbeniales en moscas ectoparásitas de mur- plazo de los hongos del parque permitirá examinar ciélagos (colectados durante los muestreos de murcié- las tendencias temporales en las comunidades fún- lagos en redes de niebla). Todas las muestras fueron gicas en relación con la variabilidad climatológica enviadas a la Universidad de Purdue para su futura y la creciente perturbación ambiental. Así como identificación. los proyectos multidisciplinarios de Operation Wa- Resultados: Los resultados preliminares de llacea también permitirán determinar qué tan bien este muestreo son un total de 116 colectas (sin incluir se correlacionan las tendencias demográficas en las levaduras del filoplano o Laboulbeniales), de los cua- comunidades fúngicas con otros taxones, otra vía les 91 se han identificado a nivel de orden, 65 a nivel de investigación que en este momento sigue siendo de género y 25 a nivel de especie. De estos, 34 colec- poco explorada a escala global. ciones fueron identificadas como Agaricales, seguidos por once colecciones de Helotiales y Hypocreales. Se identificaron un total de37 géneros; los mejor repre- sentados fueron Marasmius (10 colecciones), Xyla- ria (7) y Amanita (4). Hasta la fecha, generamos y analizamos secuencias de la región ITS para un total 112 Journal of Mesoamerican Biology, 1(1), 2021: 111-131 axenic culture. We depend on fungi and the metabo- Introduction lites they produce in the pharmaceutical world (e.g., penicillin, cyclosporine) and in the food industry The Kingdom Fungi includes a highly diverse group of (e.g., alcohol, citric acid). On the other hand, fungi organisms, in terms of both species richness as well as are the cause of devastating infectious diseases (e.g., the ecological roles they deliver. Their unique biolog- Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians, ical characteristics such as polarized hyphal growth, Cryphonectria parasitica in chestnut trees, Pseud- external enzymatic digestion of macromolecular nu- ogymnoascus destructans in bats, Puccinia gram- trients, and the production of large amounts of repro- inis in wheat; Leonard & Szabo 2005; Warnecke et ductive mito- and meiospores have made the fungi al. 2012; Rigling & Prospero 2018; Scheele et al. one of the evolutionarily most successful groups on 2019; Fisher & Garner 2020), of food spoilage (Pitt the planet, colonizing almost every available habitat & Hocking 2009), and of human infections, partic- and substratum (Cannon et al. 2018; Sheldrake 2020). ularly in immunocompromised patients (Sharma et Fungi fulfil essential roles in many ecosystems, consti- al. 2014; Ioannou et al. 2019). tuting three major ecological strategies (Piepenbring Apart from Arthropoda, fungi constitute the et al. 2016; Willis 2018): 1) saprotrophs, or ‘recyclers’ most diverse group of eukaryotes on the planet. of the natural environment, decay dead organic mate- Since the start of modern fungal taxonomy with rial, releasing its carbon and nutrient content back into Micheli’s (1729) Nova Plantarum Genera, 148,000 the ecosystem; 2) mutualists, such as mycobionts in li- species have been formally described (Hibbett et al. chens, mycorrhizal fungi, and ruminant gut fungi de- 2016; Cheek et al. 2020). The number of described rive their nutrients from other living organisms while species has increased from 1,000–1,500 per year providing benefits to their host, and3 ) parasites and about 10 years ago to 2,073 species in 2019 (Cheek pathogens, or ‘regulators’ of the natural environment, et al. 2020). These numbers may seem startling but obtain their nutrients from other living organisms and are only a fraction of the estimated number of spe- are essential in controlling host populations and main- cies, which ranges from a conservative 1.5 million taining biodiversity (Connell 1971). (Hawksworth 1991) to 6.0 million species (Taylor Fungi are an important component of the food chain et al. 2006) or more. While we are getting close to in terrestrial ecosystems, being a factor in the flux of knowing all species in groups such as the flowering energy through ecosystems and providing nutrition for plants and birds, the gap between numbers of de- many different animals—vertebrates (e.g., bonobos, scribed and estimated species is huge for fungi and tortoises, potoroos) as well as invertebrates (collembo- insects, where the bulk of species is still undescribed lans, mites, nematodes) (Fogel & Trappe 1978; Clar- as of today (Mora et al. 2011; Hawksworth 2017). Al- idge et al. 1996, 1997; Verbeken 2002). For at least the liances like the International Barcode of Life (http:// past 5,000 years (Peintner et al. 1998), mushrooms have ibol.org/; Adamowicz 2005) try to fill this gap, e.g., been used by humans for their
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