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1 Introduction Agata Godula-Jopek
1 1 Introduction Agata Godula-Jopek We find ourselves on the cusp of a new epoch in history, where every pos- sibility is still an option. Hydrogen, the very stuff of the stars and our own sun, is now being seized by human ingenuity and harnessed for human ends. Charting the right course at the very beginning of the journey is essential if we are to make the great promise of a hydrogen age a viable reality for our children and a worthy legacy for the generations that will come after us. Jeremy Rifkin [1]. Hydrogen is being considered as an important future energy carrier, which means it can store and deliver energy in a usable form. At standard temperature and pressure (0 ∘C and 1013 hPa), hydrogen exists in a gaseous form. It is odourless, colourless, tasteless, non-toxic and lighter than air. The stoichiometric fraction of hydrogen in air is 29.53 vol%. Abundant on earth as an element, hydrogen is present everywhere, being the simplest element in the universe representing 75 wt% or 90 vol% of all matter. As an energy carrier, hydrogen is not an energy source itself; it can only be produced from other sources of energy, such as fossil fuels, renewable sources or nuclear power by different energy conversion processes. Exothermic combustion reaction with oxygen forms water (heat of combustion 1.4 × 108 Jkg−1) and no greenhouse gases containing carbon are emitted to the atmosphere. Selected physical properties of hydrogen based on Van Nostrand are presented in Table 1.1 [2]. The energy content of hydrogen is 33.3 kWh kg−1, corresponding to 120 MJ kg−1 (lower heating value, LHV), and 39.4 kWh kg−1, corresponding to 142 MJ kg−1 (upper heating value, UHV). -
INTRODUCTION the BMW Group Is a Manufacturer of Luxury Automobiles and Motorcycles
Marketing Activities Of BMW INTRODUCTION The BMW Group is a manufacturer of luxury automobiles and motorcycles. It has 24 production facilities spread over thirteen countries and the company‟s products are sold in more than 140 countries. BMW Group owns three brands namely BMW, MINI and Rolls- Royce. This project contains detailed information about the marketing and promotional activities of BMW. It contains the history of BMW, its evolution after the world war and its growth as one of the leading automobile brands. This project also contains the information about the growth of BMW as a brand in India and its awards and recognitions that it received in India and how it became the market leader. This project also contains the launch of the mini cooper showroom in India and also the information about the establishment of the first Aston martin showroom in India, both owned by infinity cars. It contains information about infinity cars as a BMW dealership and the success stories of the owners. Apart from this, information about the major events and activities are also mentioned in the project, the 3 series launch which was a major event has also been covered in the project. The two project reports that I had prepared for the company are also a part of this project, The referral program project which is an innovative marketing technique to get more customers is a part of this project and the other project report is about the competitor analysis which contains the marketing and promotional activities of the competitors of BMW like Audi, Mercedes and JLR About BMW BMW (Bavarian Motor Works) is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company founded in 1917. -
Inside This Issue 4 President’S Corner 10 Chapter Website 5 Choose Your BMW
September • November 2018 The Newsletter of the Tidewater Chapter of the BMW Car Club of America UPCOMING EVENTS 9/15 BIMMER BREAKFAST Pop’s Diner in Greenbrier at 9am 9/16 TRSS: TIRE RACK STREET SURVIVAL NCCAR 9/22 PENINSULA BREAKFAST Baker’s Crust at 9am 5234 Monticello Ave #115, Williamsburg, VA 9/29 GOvernor’s CLASSIC CAR SHOW Virginia’s historic Capitol Square in downtown Richmond 10/5-10/7 BACK OF THE DRAGON RSVP and details for all events at https://www.motorsportreg.com/ Questions: send email to [email protected] www.tidewaterbmwcca.org Inside This Issue 4 President’s Corner 10 Chapter Website 5 Choose Your BMW. Wisely. 12 New Members 6 Champcar Lifeline 24 at VIR 14 Independence Drive OFFICERS & KEY PEOPLE Hereos of Bavaria Back of the Dragon President 8 18 Shawn Halsey (614) 596-7709 [email protected] Vice President OPEN [email protected] Secretary Ray Laffoon (757) 686-8924 [email protected] Treasurer Ron Boustedt (757) 339-0679 [email protected] Activities Chair James Loriol (561) 371-6052 [email protected] Membership Chairperson MEMBERSHIP Open Tidewater Chapter: 668 as of March 2018 [email protected] , Member-At-Large ADDRESS CHANGES Darin Kwasniewski (757) 304-1512 Address changes can be made on the BMWCCA National website [email protected] (www.bmwcca.org) by hitting ‘Login’ and following instructions on site. From there, click on the ‘Manage Account’ link on the top of the page; then click on Webmeister the ‘Change Addresses’ link. Judy Semo (757) 456-9923 [email protected] Or write to: Newsletter Editor ROUNDEL BMW CCA OPEN 640 South Main Street - Suite 201 [email protected] Greenville, SC 29601 Chapter Ambassador BMW CCA Foundation All changes done through the National office will update both your National and Brad Purvis (757) 869-1459 Tidewater Chapter address information. -
Vehicle Applicatons, Future of IC Engines
Part 10: Vehicle Applications, Future of IC Engines Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines Prof. Rolf D. Reitz Engine Research Center University of Wisconsin-Madison 2014 Princeton-CEFRC Summer School on Combustion Course Length: 15 hrs (Mon.- Fri., June 23 – 27, 2014) Copyright ©2014 by Rolf D. Reitz. This material is not to be sold, reproduced or distributed without prior written permission of the owner, Rolf D. Reitz. 1 1 CEFRC9 CEFRC5 June-10, 29, 2014 2012 Part 10: Vehicle Applications, Future of IC Engines Short course outine: Engine fundamentals and performance metrics, computer modeling supported by in-depth understanding of fundamental engine processes and detailed experiments in engine design optimization. Day 1 (Engine fundamentals) Part 1: IC Engine Review, 0, 1 and 3-D modeling Part 2: Turbochargers, Engine Performance Metrics Day 2 (Combustion Modeling) Part 3: Chemical Kinetics, HCCI & SI Combustion Part 4: Heat transfer, NOx and Soot Emissions Day 3 (Spray Modeling) Part 5: Atomization, Drop Breakup/Coalescence Part 6: Drop Drag/Wall Impinge/Vaporization/Sprays Day 4 (Engine Optimization) Part 7: Diesel combustion and SI knock modeling Part 8: Optimization and Low Temperature Combustion Day 5 (Applications and the Future) Part 9: Fuels, After-treatment and Controls Part 10: Vehicle Applications, Future of IC Engines 2 CEFRC5-10, 2014 Part 10: Vehicle Applications, Future of IC Engines Kokjohn, IJER 2011, SAE 2011, SAE 2009 Light- & heavy-duty engine RCCI Heavy Light Duty Duty HD and LD engines compared over Engine CAT GM 1.9 L IMEP (bar) 9 gasoline/diesel fuel ratio sweep at 9 Engine speed (rev/min) 1300 1900 bar IMEP Mean piston speed (m/s) 7.2 5.7 LD engine intake temperature and Total fuel mass (mg) 94 20.2 pressure adjusted in to match HD EGR (%) 41 compression stroke Premixed gasoline (%) 82 to 89 81 to 84 Diesel SOI 1 (°ATDC) -58 -56 Engine size scaling laws do not provide Diesel SOI 2 (°ATDC) -37 -35 a scaling parameter for engine speed Diesel inj. -
Safety Consideration on Liquid Hydrogen
Safety Considerations on Liquid Hydrogen Karl Verfondern Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft der 5/JULICH Mitglied FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................1 2. PROPERTIES OF LIQUID HYDROGEN..........................................................................................3 2.1. Physical and Chemical Characteristics..............................................................................................3 2.1.1. Physical Properties ......................................................................................................................3 2.1.2. Chemical Properties ....................................................................................................................7 2.2. Influence of Cryogenic Hydrogen on Materials..............................................................................9 2.3. Physiological Problems in Connection with Liquid Hydrogen ....................................................10 3. PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROGEN AND SLUSH HYDROGEN................................... 13 3.1. Liquid Hydrogen Production Methods ............................................................................................ 13 3.1.1. Energy Requirement .................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.2. Linde Hampson Process ............................................................................................................15 -
New BMW 2 Series Convertible.Pdf
A subsidiary of BMW AG BMW U.S. Press Information For Release: September 9, 2014 6:00pm EDT/3:00pm PDT Contact: Matthew Russell Product & Technology Communications Manager 201-307-3783 / [email protected] David J. Buchko Product & Technology Communications Spokesperson 201-307-3709 / [email protected] Julian Arguelles Product & Technology Communications Spokesperson 201-307-3755 / [email protected] The New BMW 2 Series Convertible Style and dynamics of the acclaimed BMW 2 Series Coupe combined with open-air driving Available in the US as 228i and M235i All-wheel drive 228i xDrive available from launch Woodcliff Lake, NJ – September 9, 2014 6:00pm EDT/3:00pm PDT. Few new cars have been more anticipated than the BMW 2 Series Coupe when it arrived in early 2014. Hot on the heels of the widely acclaimed BMW 228i and M235i Coupe, BMW announces the new BMW 2 Series Convertible. Available in the US as the 228i and M235i, the 2 Series Convertible blends the style and dynamic driving character for which the 2 Series Coupe is already renowned with the open-air pleasure of a folding soft-top. The BMW 2 Series Convertible will make its world debut at the Paris Motor Show. The 2015 M235i and 228i as well as the 228i xDrive, featuring BMW’s intelligent all-wheel drive system, will arrive in US showrooms in early 2015. The 2015 BMW 2 Series Convertible will be offered at a Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price of $38,850 for the 228i, $40,650 for the 228i xDrive, $48,650 for the M235i, including $950 destination and handling. -
Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy
Review Comparison of Hydrogen Powertrains with the Battery Powered Electric Vehicle and Investigation of Small-Scale Local Hydrogen Production Using Renewable Energy Michael Handwerker 1,2,*, Jörg Wellnitz 1,2 and Hormoz Marzbani 2 1 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Ingolstadt, Esplanade 10, 85049 Ingolstadt, Germany; [email protected] 2 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Climate change is one of the major problems that people face in this century, with fossil fuel combustion engines being huge contributors. Currently, the battery powered electric vehicle is considered the predecessor, while hydrogen vehicles only have an insignificant market share. To evaluate if this is justified, different hydrogen power train technologies are analyzed and compared to the battery powered electric vehicle. Even though most research focuses on the hydrogen fuel cells, it is shown that, despite the lower efficiency, the often-neglected hydrogen combustion engine could be the right solution for transitioning away from fossil fuels. This is mainly due to the lower costs and possibility of the use of existing manufacturing infrastructure. To achieve a similar level of refueling comfort as with the battery powered electric vehicle, the economic and technological aspects of the local small-scale hydrogen production are being investigated. Due to the low efficiency Citation: Handwerker, M.; Wellnitz, and high prices for the required components, this domestically produced hydrogen cannot compete J.; Marzbani, H. Comparison of with hydrogen produced from fossil fuels on a larger scale. -
Model T (Edited from Wikipedia)
Model T (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY The Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Leaping Lena, or flivver) is an automobile produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford's efficient fabrication, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting. The Ford Model T was named the most influential car of the 20th century in the 1999 Car of the Century competition, ahead of the BMC Mini, Citroën DS, and Volkswagen Type 1. Ford's Model T was successful not only because it provided inexpensive transportation on a massive scale, but also because the car signified innovation for the rising middle class and became a powerful symbol of America's age of modernization. With 16.5 million sold it stands eighth on the top ten list of most sold cars of all time as of 2012. Although automobiles had already existed for decades, they were still mostly scarce and expensive at the Model T's introduction in 1908. Positioned as reliable, easily maintained, mass-market transportation, it was a runaway success. In a matter of days after the release, 15,000 orders were placed. The first production Model T was produced on August 12, 1908 and left the factory on September 27, 1908, at the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan. On May 26, 1927, Henry Ford watched the 15 millionth Model T Ford roll off the assembly line at his factory in Highland Park, Michigan. -
The New 2016 BMW M4 GTS International Press Launch, Barcelona, Spain
A subsidiary of BMW AG BMW U.S. Press Information For Release: April 13, 2016 6:01 pm EDT/ 3:01 pm PDT. Contact: Hector Arellano-Belloc BMW Product & Technology Spokesperson 201-307-3755 / [email protected] Rebecca Kiehne BMW Product & Technology Spokesperson 201-307-3709 / [email protected] Alex Schmuck BMW Product & Technology Communications Manager 201-307-3783 [email protected] The new 2016 BMW M4 GTS International Press Launch, Barcelona, Spain. Woodcliff Lake, NJ … April 13, 2016 6:01 pm EDT/ 3:01 pm PDT… The new BMW M4 GTS joins a family of exclusive BMW M3 Special Editions which have been setting the pace for 30 years. Production of the first BMW M3 (E30) got under way in 1986, establishing M on both the street and the track. The BMW M3 – and now the BMW M4 – has since set the benchmark in its segment throughout its lifespan and across every model generation. The BMW M4 GTS is the first Special Edition M3 / M4 to be made available in the US market. Approximaterly 300 cars will be available to US customers with delivery starting in the second quarter of 2016. With its powerful, motorsport-inspired looks and high-performance technology, the BMW M4 GTS has its sights set squarely on the race track. Thanks to an innovative water injection system helping boost power to 493 hp and track ready chassis, this Special Edition M vehicle recorded a lap time of 7 minutes 28 seconds around the legendary Nürburgring- Nordschleife, the world’s most challenging race circuit, making a clear statement about this model’s exceptional dynamic abilities. -
BMW Plant, Dingolfing
Client: Kategorie: Switch room. Car manufacturer focuses on ergonomics JST solutions: Since the screens behind the worktop are lowered by ten centimetres, an unobstructed view of the hall is possible. It also lowers the line of sight from the horizontal by 35° and ensures a relaxed head tilt (recommendation of the professional association for administrative staff). The specialists from Jungmann Systemtechnik at BMW’s Dingolfing plant have overcome an extraordinary challenge. The central energy control center of the plant was to be rebuilt while the plant was in operation. “We were able to complete this special task to the satisfaction of all involved”, Christian Beck, Head of Technics of the JST team, sums up. In accordance with customer requirements, Jungmann employees equipped the Bavarian car manufacturer’s control center with operator desks from the StratosX11 furniture system, which was specially developed for control rooms. Those responsible at BMW AG were particularly concerned with workplace ergonomics for the employees in the control center, which is manned around the clock. In order to meet these requirements, special tables were installed in Dingolfing which can be moved continuously and by electric motor to the optimum sitting or standing position. These Stratos X11 tables https://www.jungmann.de/ © 2019 JST Jungmann Systemtechnik. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. https://www.jungmann.de/ meet the highest requirements in terms of technical installations, ergonomics, stability and durability. Energy control center after modernisation / before modernisation The BMW plant Dingolfing The entire energy supply of the BMW plant in Dingolfing is monitored and controlled by the central energy control center. The BMW plant in Dingolfing, Lower Bavaria, produces the BMW 5 Series, 6 Series and 7 Series. -
Motoring 'Goddess' Will Soon Be 60
Motoring 'Goddess' will soon be 60 DAVE MOORE Ahead of its time, and yet timeless: Still regularly cast by Hollywood as a car of the future. At its launch 59 years ago, the Citroen DS stopped the automotive world in its tracks, with a stunning visual design inside and out, and under-the-skin engineering that hasn't been matched since in terms of taking the industry forward. Its jaw-dropping introduction occurred at the 1955 edition of the City of Light's car salon. But slightly ironically, the space age Citroen DS will be celebrating its 60th birthday at London's premium classic car show, as there is no Paris event next year. "Space age" is no overused description for this car, as in recent years Hollywood has used well-preserved examples of the Citroen to illustrate vehicles in what they often call: "some time in the not too distant future." To some it is the most beautiful car of all time, a "Goddess". To others, it was the most technically advanced car of its era, a revolutionary machine that was years ahead of its time. Today, the Citroen DS still has the ability to turn heads like few other classic cars. When the DS was launched in Paris, its avant- garde design stunned show-goers. Some 743 orders were taken in the first 15 minutes of the show's opening and by the end of the first day that total had risen to an incredible 12,000. At a time when most cars were rear-wheel drive and running on old-fashioned "cart springs", the DS19's futuristic specification featured front-wheel drive, hydropneumatic self levelling suspension, a semi-automatic gearbox and even a fibreglass roof to lower the centre of gravity. -
Less Emissions. More Driving Pleasure. Technology Day 2009
Technology Day 2009. BMW EfficientDynamics. Aerodynamics development in the context of design. BMW EfficientDynamics. Less emissions. More driving pleasure. Technology Day 2009. BMW EfficientDynamics. Aerodynamics development in the context of design. Aerodynamics. BMW 328. 1936 1940 1950 Aerodynamics. BMW 328 Mille Miglia. 1940 1950 Aerodynamics. Aerodynamic development from the thirties. 1940 1950 Aerodynamics. Aerodynamic development in the seventies. 1972 1980 1990 Aerodynamics. Wind tunnel in Aschheim near Munich: Planning and construction. 1979 1990 Aerodynamics. Wind tunnel in Aschheim near Munich: The beginnings. 1980 1990 Aerodynamics. Wind tunnel in Aschheim near Munich: The beginnings. 1980 1990 Aerodynamics. Wind tunnel in Aschheim near Munich: Understanding grows. 1986 1990 2000 Aerodynamics. Wind tunnel in Aschheim near Munich: New proportions. 1990 2000 Aerodynamics. Wind tunnel in Aschheim near Munich: Motor sport. 2000 2003 2009 Aerodynamics. Wind tunnel in Aschheim near Munich: Top figures. 2006 2009 Aerodynamics. Wind tunnel in Aschheim near Munich: World champion. 2006 2009 Aerodynamics. Teamwork Design and Aerodynamics. Development Design Data model Data model Development Aerodynamics Decision 1st month 2nd month 3rd month Decision 2006 2009 Aerodynamics. Wind tunnel in Aschheim near Munich: Joy. 2008 Technology Day 2009. BMW EfficientDynamics. Design. Design. BMW 315/1. 1934 - 1936 Elegantly curved roadster line. BMW double kidney grille. In-line 6-cylinder engine. Design. BMW 328 Mille Miglia Roadster. 1936 - 1940 (Racing version) Winner at the Mille Miglia 1940. Aluminium lightweight design body. Design. BMW 507, BMW Z1, BMW Z3 and BMW Z8. 1956 - 1959 1988 BMW 507. BMW Z1. 1995 - 2003 2000 - 2003 BMW Z3. BMW Z8. Design. The first BMW Z4 Roadster.