Coordination Meeting on Frame Survey & Harvest Strategy Development

ACTIVITY REPORT: COORDINATION MEETING ON FRAME SURVEY & HARVEST STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT Bogor, Indonesia | 16-17 May 2019 Prepared by: Purwanto, Ph.D. & Ses Rini Mardiani

DISCLAIMER This report is made possible by the generous support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) with the close collaboration of the Government of Indonesia (GoI). The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of Tetra Tech and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...... 1 ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS ...... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 3 INTRODUCTION ...... 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE ACTIVITY ...... 4 IMPLEMENTATION ...... 5 SUMMARY OF PARTICIPANTS ...... 5 KEY OUTPUTS, OUTCOMES & ACHIEVEMENTS ...... 6 Part 1: Discussion on Frame Survey Framework ...... 6 Part 2: Discussion on Harvest Strategy Development ...... 7 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 9 FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES ...... 9 REFERENCES ...... 10 ANNEXES ...... 11 ANNEX I. Photo Documentation ...... 11 ANNEX 2. Invitation Letter ...... 12 ANNEX 3. Presentation on Data to be Collected for Stock Assessment & Harvest Strategy Development through a Frame Survey in FMA-715 ...... 16 ANNEX 4. Presentation on Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) & Harvest Strategy Concepts ...... 25

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Coordination meeting program and agenda ...... 5 Table 2. Summary of participants by organization and gender ...... 5 Table 3. Principal categories of data required for stock assessment ...... 6 Table 4. Data gap analysis for three fisheries in FMA-715 ...... 7

ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS

Bmsy biomass at maximum sustainable yield BRPL Balai Riset Perikanan Laut (Research Institute for Marine Fisheries)

Bt estimated biomass CPUE catch per unit effort DKP Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan (Marine Affairs and Fisheries Agency) FMA Fisheries Management Area FMP fisheries (or fishery) management plan

Fmsy fishing mortality at maximum sustainable yield

Ft estimated fishing mortality GT gross ton HP horsepower LOA length overall MMAF Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries NPSK Norma, Standar, Prosedur, Kriteria (norms, standards, procedures, criteria) PURISKAN Pusat Riset Perikanan (Fisheries Research Center) USAID United States Agency for International Development USAID SEA United States Agency for International Development Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced Project WCS Wildlife Conservation Society WPP Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan (Fisheries Management Area) WWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In continuation of its work to support the development of harvest strategies for small pelagic and reef fisheries in Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 715 in eastern Indonesia, the United States Agency for International Development Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced Project (USAID SEA) is preparing a framework to guide the collection of stock assessment data using the frame survey method. A draft of the framework was reviewed by scientists from the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) during a coordination meeting in May 2019 between USAID SEA and the Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (BRPL) of MMAF’s Research Center for Fisheries (PURISKAN). Held at the BRPL office in Bogor, the meeting consisted of two days of presentations and discussions on the frame survey framework, focusing in particular on the data requirements for stock assessment and harvest strategy development, and the method and type of analysis most appropriate for use in developing harvest strategies for the target fisheries.

The meeting resulted in the following recommendations: • The frame survey framework should be revised to meet the principal objective of the frame survey, which is to estimate the fishing effort. Data/information should be provided on the contribution of the fishery/ies targeted for management in each proposed location (fishing port/landing site) to the overall provincial (or FMA-715) marine capture fisheries production, and the data to be collected by the frame survey should be detailed and specified. • In developing the harvest strategies, three considerations should be taken into account: (1) The delineation of reef fish stock should be based on the vertical (bathymetric) distributions and home ranges of the target species groups; (2) scientific information from length-based assessment and catch-only assessment should be used to develop the harvest strategy for reef fisheries; and (3) scientific information from biomass dynamic assessment should be used to develop the harvest strategy for small pelagic fisheries.

Based on these recommendations, the following follow-up activities were identified: • To advance the development of the frame survey framework, the consultant will undertake two immediate tasks, which will entail field visits to four provinces that contribute significantly to fisheries in FMA-715, namely, Maluku, North Maluku, North Sulawesi, and Central Sulawesi: (1) Gather and compile the required data from the fisheries offices (DKP) in the four provinces; and (2) test the frame survey data collection form. • The work to develop the harvest strategy for each of the selected target fisheries will continue, including: (1) Updating of data required by the agreed stock assessment methods; (2) CPUE standardization (July 2019); (3) re-assessment of the reef fish stocks of FMA-715 (July 2019); and (4) focus group discussion and consultation meeting on operational objectives, acceptable risk levels, and reference points (August 2019).

USAID SEA is a five-year initiative (2016-2021) that supports the Government of Indonesia to improve fisheries and marine resource governance and management at national, provincial, and local levels, particularly in the provinces of West Papua, Maluku, and North Maluku that lie within FMA 715.

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INTRODUCTION Indonesia’s expansive waters are clustered into 11 “Fisheries Management Areas” or FMAs (Indonesian: Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan or WPP) by a Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) decree (PER.18/MEN/2014) that aims to facilitate the management of the country’s fishery resources, most of which have been determined to be either overexploited or fully exploited. In Indonesia, fisheries management is defined by law (Fisheries Law 31/2004, as amended by Law 45/2009) as “all efforts, including the integrated process of information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision- making, allocation of resources, and implementation and enforcement of legislations in fisheries, undertaken by government or other authority in order to accomplish the continued productivity of the resources and other agreed objectives.” In line with this, MMAF has developed fisheries management plans (FMPs) for all of the FMAs, but the plans need to be strengthened with harvest strategies that guide the management decision-making process by defining the actions to be taken based on the current or likely future conditions of fish stocks and other factors, including social and economic considerations.

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID), through its Sustainable Ecosystem Advanced (SEA) Project, supports the Government of Indonesia to enhance fisheries management and biodiversity conservation, particularly in fisheries management area (FMA) 715 encompassing the provinces of North Maluku, Maluku and West Papua. A major component of this support is to strengthen the FMA-715 FMP (MMAF Decree 82/KEPMEN-KP/2016) through stock assessments and the development of harvest strategies for selected fisheries, namely, red snapper, grouper and small pelagic fisheries. In its first three years of implementation, the five-year project has built a solid partnership with scientists from the MMAF’s Research Center for Fisheries (PURISKAN)-Research Institute for Marine Fisheries (BRPL) that has already resulted in the finalization of the comprehensive fisheries profile of FMA-715. From this fisheries profile, it has been determined that a frame survey needs to be done to collect data for stock assessment and harvest strategy development, both of which are underway.

Workshops were conducted in March and April 2019 to identify the operational objectives of the harvest strategies for the three selected species groups, and a framework to guide the implementation of the frame survey is currently being developed by USAID SEA defining the recommended data requirements for stock assessment and harvest strategy development. To ensure that the recommended data are available and meet the MMAF’s information needs especially for fishing effort estimation related to assessing fish stocks and developing harvest strategies, the data recommendations were consulted on during a coordination meeting between BRPL and USAID SEA held on 16-17 May 2019, as described in this report.

OBJECTIVES OF THE ACTIVITY The objectives of the coordination meeting were: 1. To present to BRPL the draft frame survey framework, particularly the recommendations for data requirements and frame survey locations (fishing ports/landing sites) in FMA 715; 2. To get BRPL inputs on the frame survey framework; 3. To identify available data/information and analysis methodology for harvest strategy development; 4. To discuss and prioritize inputs, data and methodology; and

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5. To form technical teams of researchers to develop the harvest strategies for red snapper, grouper and small pelagic fisheries in FMA 715.

IMPLEMENTATION The activity consisted of two parts. Part 1 (Day 1) consisted of the frame survey framework presentation and review, and Part 2 (Day 2) was a discussion on the methods and types of analysis most appropriate for use in the development of harvest strategies for FMA 715. The program and agenda for both parts are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Coordination meeting program and agenda PART 1 PART 2

DAY, DATE Thursday, 16 May 2019 Friday, 17 May 2019

TIME 08.30 – 16.30 WIB 08.30 – 16.30 WIB

PLACE Meeting Room in Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Meeting Room in Balai Riset Perikanan Budidaya Air Air Tawar dan Penyuluhan Perikanan Tawar dan Penyuluhan Perikanan Jl. Sempur No. 1, Bogor, Indonesia Jl. Sempur No. 1, Bogor, Indonesia

AGENDA Presentation of framework frame survey that Presentation on ecosystem approach to fisheries has been developed. management, including stock assessment and harvest strategy development and implementation Discussion on draft frame survey framework. Discussion on harvest strategy development concepts and methodologies for data-poor and data-limited fisheries. Discussion on inputs, available data/information and assessment methodologies used for harvest strategy development.

SUMMARY OF PARTICIPANTS The coordination meeting was attended by researchers and experts from PURISKAN, BRPL and USAID SEA and its implementing partners World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Part 1 was attended by a total of 22 participants, and Part 2 by 19 participants, with a male/female percentage ratio of about 73/27 and 63/37, respectively, as shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Summary of participants by organization and gender PART 1 PART 2 ORGANIZATION F M F M PURISKAN 4 1 3 BRPL 5 10 3 6 USAID SEA Partners (WWF, WCS) 2 2 USAID SEA (Core Staff / Consultants) 1 2 1 1 Total No. of Participants by Gender 6 (27%) 16 (73%) 7 (63%) 12 (37%) Total No. of Participants 22 19

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KEY OUTPUTS, OUTCOMES & ACHIEVEMENTS

PART 1: DISCUSSION ON FRAME SURVEY FRAMEWORK The topic was introduced by USAID SEA Consultant Mr Badrudin, who presented the data requirements for stock assessment and fisheries management planning with a focus on harvest strategy development, and then detailed the results of his data gap analysis, including the data recommended to be collected and the proposed fishing ports/landing sites where data would be collected using the frame survey approach. The presentation prompted comments suggesting additional activities such as production and fishing activity surveys beyond the scope of a frame survey, revealing seeming misconceptions that Mr. Badrudin addressed first before getting into the framework review. He explained that a frame survey is by design focused on collecting data on fishing vessels and gear which could potentially be operating within the estimation context or stratum, i.e., the timeframe of the survey and the fishing ports/landing sites and types of boat (registered, provincial-licensed or central government-licensed) and gear to be covered.

Frame surveys provide the opportunity to record supplementary information for planning and implementation purposes, such as fishing trip patterns and seasonal use of fishing gear, as well as information on the socio-economics and demography of fishing communities.1 Typically, however, the data collected through frame surveys are limited to (1) total number of fishing ports/landing sites, (2) number of fishing vessels, (3) fleet structure, and (4) number of fishers. To give an estimation of fishing effort, these data are supplemented with data from Boat Activity surveys, which are to be conducted based on a list of fishing ports/landing sites and boat/gear types created from the frame survey results and finalized as survey standards that also serve as basis for the conduct of landing surveys to collect sample data on total catch and species composition, associated effort, and other data required for stock assessment (Table 3).

Table 3. Principal categories of data required for stock assessment INFORMATION REQUIRED DESCRIPTION Catch Data The amount of fish removed from a stock by fishing Abundance Data A measure, or relative index, of the number or weight of fish in the stock Biology & Population dynamic Data Provides information on fish growth rates and natural mortality, including fish size, age, reproductive rates, and movement. Annual growth rings in fish ear bones (otoliths) are read by biologists in laboratories. The samples may be collected during fishery-independent surveys or obtained from observers and fishery sampling programs

Following his explanation of the frame survey approach and scope, Mr. Badrudin led participants in reviewing the gap analysis results for small pelagic fisheries, coral reef fisheries and skipjack tuna fisheries in FMA-715 (Table 4) and the proposed frame survey locations (fishing ports/landing sites), in order to get inputs on what data and which locations would be relevant and necessary to meet the MMAF’s objectives for stock assessment and harvest strategy development. The participants suggested that the locations should be selected based on the contribution of the fishery/ies targeted for management in each proposed location to the overall provincial fisheries production. As part of the selection process,

1 http://www.fao.org/3/y2790e/y2790e09.htm

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data collection and analysis should be undertaken to estimate the fishery contribution of each proposed location, and the results included in the frame survey framework. Such location evaluation could likely result in this work being carried out in more locations than were proposed.

Table 4. Data gap analysis for three fisheries in FMA-715 No. TYPE OF DATA NEEDED CURRENT DATA TO BE UPDATED (Data can be FOR EFFORT ESTIMATION AVAILABLE DATA calculated/roughly estimated only up to 2015) SMALL PELAGIC FISHERIES 1 Fishing boat Type & No. of boats, Number; Boat specification, GT, LOA; Engine (HP) specifications 2 Fishing gear Type & No. of fishing gears Number; Size; mesh size Purse seine vessel Not available Material; Size (Length/depth); mesh size Mini purse seine / pajeko Not available Material; Size (Length/depth); mesh size Boat lift net Not available Material, Size; mesh size; light sources Fixed lift net Not available Materials; Size; mesh size; light sources Other gears CORAL REEF FISHERIES 1 Fishing boat Type & No. of Boats Number; Boat specifications, GT, LOA; Engine capacity (HP) 2 Fishing gear Type & No. of fishing gears Number; Size; mesh size Bottom Longline Not available Materials; length; Type/No. of hooks/Size Trap (bubu) Not available Materials; No./type of traps/Size. Set Gill Net Not available Materials; length/depth; mesh size Muro ami Not available Materials; length/depth; mesh size Handline Not available Materials; length/depth; type/No. of hooks Other gears (eg. Spear) Not available SKIPJACK TUNA FISHERIES 1 Fishing boat Type & No. of boats Number; Boat specifications, GT, LOA; Engine capacity (HP) 2 Fishing gear Type & No. of fishing gears Number; Size; mesh size Purse seine vessel Not available Materials; length Mini purse seine /pajeko Not available Materials; No./type of traps/Size. Drift Gill net Not available Materials; length/depth; mesh size Pole & Line Not available Materials; Type/No. of hooks/Size, bait-fish (quality & quantity) Hand line Not available Materials; length/depth; type/No. of hooks, bait-fish spp. Other gears

PART 2: DISCUSSION ON HARVEST STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT This discussion started with a presentation on planning and implementing fisheries management based on the ecosystem approach, of which stock assessment and harvest strategies are critical components. A key point raised in the presentation was that it is necessary at the start of the planning process to delineate fish stocks in order to determine the management unit for each fishery. In FMA-715, two fisheries – small pelagic and reef fisheries – are targeted to each have a harvest strategy to facilitate compliance with the certification requirements of major fish importing countries for responsible fishing and sustainable fisheries management.

The presentation suggested that the small pelagic fish stocks of the area could be managed as one stock unit based on results of genetic studies indicating that:

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1. Two important small pelagic species caught in FMA-715, namely, Decapterus macarellus and Rastrelliger kanagurta, appear to belong to the same stock; 2. The D. macarellus population of FMA-715 is genetically not different from those of FMA-713 and FMA-714 (Arnaud et al., 1999; Zamroni et al., 2014)2,3; and 3. The R. kanagurta population of FMA-715 is genetically not different from those of FMA-712, FMA-713 (Makassar Strait) and FMA-716 (Anonymous, 2014; Jackson et al., 2014; Zamroni et al., 2016; Zamroni et al., MS).4,5,6,7

The reef fish stocks, on the other hand, were recommended for delineation based on their vertical (bathymetric) distribution and home ranges. The main reef fish species targeted by fishers in North Maluku Province are the red snappers (Lutjanus spp), which are distributed in shallow to deep waters up to 500 meters (Allen, 1985; Fishbase.org; Allen & Adrim, 2003; Patterson, 2007; Farmer & Ault, 2011; Weng, 2013; Mitchell et al., 2014).8,9,10,11,12,13,14 By law (Act 23/2014), the provincial government is responsible for managing these resources in accordance with the norms, standards, procedures and criteria (NSPK) prescribed by the national government.

As a result of the ensuing discussion, participants agreed to the recommended delineation approach and understood the authority and responsibility of the local government to manage the fisheries within their jurisdiction. They also agreed that, given the limited data available, the harvest strategies – at least for now – would be based on data-limited stock assessments. For North Maluku, the available data were limited to quantity of reef fish landed and length frequency, while for Maluku, only length-frequency data were available. Based on this consideration, it was agreed that the following stock assessment methods and data would continue to be used until more comprehensive data become available: • Length-based: spawning potential ratio (SPR), fishing mortality (F), natural mortality (M), length at first capture (Lc), Lm (length at first maturity), Lopt (length at maximum biomass)

2 Arnaud, S., F. Bonhomme & P. Borsa, 1999. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the genetic relationships among populations of scad mackerel (Decapterus macarellus, D. macrosoma, and D. russelli ) in South-East Asia. Marine Biology 135: 699–707. 3 Zamroni, A., Suwarso, & E. Nugroho, 2014. Struktur genetika populasi ikan malalugis biru (Decapterus macarellus Cuvier, 1833) di sekitar Sulawesi berdasarkan mt-DNA marker. J. Lit. Perikan. Ind., 20(1): 31–41. 4 Anonymous, 2014. Genetic survey for population structure of Indian mackerel and Japanese scad in the South China Sea and Andaman Sea, p. 4–5. In M. Ali & M. Katoh (Comp.) Tagging of Small Pelagic Fish in the South China Sea and the Andaman Sea. Regional Project Terminal Report: Executive Summary. SEAFDEC/MFRDMD/SP/27, 35p. 5 Jackson, A.M., Ambariyanto, M.V. Erdmann, A.H.A. Toha, L.A. Stevens, & P.H. Barber, 2014. Phylogeography of commercial tuna and mackerel in the Indonesian Archipelago. Bull. Mar. Sci., 90(1): 471–492. 6 Zamroni, A., Suwarso & S. Mardlijah, 2016. genetika populasi ikan banyar (Rastrelliger kanagurta cuvier, 1817) di perairan barat Sumatera, Selat Malaka dan Laut Cina Selatan. J. Lit. Perikan. Ind., 22(1): 1–8. 7 Zamroni, A., Suwarso & A. Kuswoyo. Variasi genetika ikan banyar (Rastrelliger kanagurta Cuvier, 1817) di perairan Indonesia timur. 13 p. (manuscript). 8 Allen, G.R. 1985. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 6. Snappers of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Vol. 6: 208p. 9 www.fishbase.org 10 Allen, G.R. & M. Adrim. 2003. Coral Reef Fishes of Indonesia. Zoological Studies 42(1): 1-72. 11 Patterson, W.F. 2007. A review of movement in Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper: implications for population structure. American Fisheries Society Symposium 60:221–235, 2007. 12 Farmer, N.A. & J.S. Ault. 2011. Grouper and snapper movements and habitat use in Dry Tortugas, Florida. Marine Ecology Progress Series Vol. 433: 169–184. 13 Weng, K.C. 2013. A pilot study of deepwater fish movement with respect to marine reserves. Animal Biotelemetry 2013, 1:17. doi:10.1186/2050-3385-1-17. 14 Mitchell, W.A., G.T. Kellison, N.M. Bacheler, J.C. Potts, C.M. Schobernd & L.F. Hale. 2014. Depth-related distribution of postjuvenile red snapper in southeastern U.S. Atlantic Ocean waters: ontogenic patterns and implications for management. Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 6(1): 142-155.

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• CPUE (catch per unit effort)-based: Abundance index (Bt/Bmsy, CPUE standard), Bmsy (biomass at maximum sustainable yield), Bt (estimated biomass), Fishing pressure (Ft/Fmsy), Fmsy (fishing

mortality at maximum sustainable yield), Ft (estimated fishing mortality), risk

• Catch-based: Abundance index (Bt/Bmsy, CPUE standard), Bmsy, Bt, Fishing pressure (Ft/Fmsy), Fmsy, Ft

RECOMMENDATIONS • Frame survey framework development – The consultant should: o Revise the framework to meet the principal objective of the frame survey, which is to estimate the fishing effort; o Provide data/information on the contribution of the fishery/ies targeted for management in each proposed location (fishing port/landing site) to the overall provincial (or FMA-715) marine capture fisheries production; and o Provide the detailed data requirements for each species group (specific data that need to be collected by the frame survey). • Harvest strategy development – In advancing this work, the following should be considered: o Delineation of reef fish stock should be based on the vertical (bathymetric) distributions and home ranges of the target fish populations; o Scientific information from length-based assessment and catch-only assessment should be used to develop the harvest strategy for reef fisheries; and o Scientific information from biomass dynamic assessment should be used to develop the harvest strategy for small pelagic fisheries.

FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES • Frame survey framework development – The consultant will undertake the following tasks, which will entail field visits to four provinces that contribute significantly to fisheries in FMA-715, namely, Maluku, North Maluku, North Sulawesi, and Central Sulawesi: o Gather and compile the required data from the fisheries offices (DKP) in the four provinces; and o Test the frame survey data collection form. • Harvest strategy development – The work to develop the harvest strategy for each of the selected target fisheries will continue, including: o Updating of data required by the agreed stock assessment methods; o CPUE standardization (July 2019); o Re-assessment of the reef fish stocks of FMA 715 (July 2019); and o Focus group discussion and consultation meeting on operational objectives, acceptable risk levels, and reference points (August 2019).

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REFERENCES Allen, G.R. & M. Adrim. 2003. Coral Reef Fishes of Indonesia. Zoological Studies 42(1): 1-72.

Allen, G.R. 1985. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 6. Snappers of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lutjanid species known to date. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Vol. 6: 208p.

Anonymous, 2014. Genetic survey for population structure of Indian mackerel and Japanese scad in the South China Sea and Andaman Sea, p. 4–5. In M. Ali & M. Katoh (Comp.) Tagging of Small Pelagic Fish in the South China Sea and the Andaman Sea. Regional Project Terminal Report: Executive Summary. SEAFDEC/MFRDMD/SP/27, 35p.

Arnaud, S., F. Bonhomme & P. Borsa, 1999. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the genetic relationships among populations of scad mackerel (Decapterus macarellus, D. macrosoma, and D. russelli) in South-East Asia. Marine Biology 135: 699–707.

Farmer, N.A. & J.S. Ault. 2011. Grouper and snapper movements and habitat use in Dry Tortugas, Florida. Marine Ecology Progress Series Vol. 433: 169–184.

Jackson, A.M., Ambariyanto, M.V. Erdmann, A.H.A. Toha, L.A. Stevens, & P.H. Barber, 2014. Phylogeography of commercial tuna and mackerel in the Indonesian Archipelago. Bull. Mar. Sci., 90(1): 471–492.

Mitchell, W.A., G.T. Kellison, N.M. Bacheler, J.C. Potts, C.M. Schobernd & L.F. Hale. 2014. Depth- related distribution of postjuvenile red snapper in southeastern U.S. Atlantic Ocean waters: ontogenic patterns and implications for management. Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 6(1): 142-155.

Patterson, W.F. 2007. A review of movement in Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper: implications for population structure. American Fisheries Society Symposium 60:221–235, 2007.

Weng, K.C. 2013. A pilot study of deepwater fish movement with respect to marine reserves. Animal Biotelemetry 2013, 1:17. doi:10.1186/2050-3385-1-17.

www.fishbase.org

Zamroni, A., Suwarso & A. Kuswoyo. Variasi genetika ikan banyar (Rastrelliger kanagurta Cuvier, 1817) di perairan Indonesia timur. 13 p. (manuscript).

Zamroni, A., Suwarso & S. Mardlijah, 2016. genetika populasi ikan banyar (Rastrelliger kanagurta cuvier, 1817) di perairan barat Sumatera, Selat Malaka dan Laut Cina Selatan. J. Lit. Perikan. Ind., 22(1): 1–8.

Zamroni, A., Suwarso, & E. Nugroho, 2014. Struktur genetika populasi ikan malalugis biru (Decapterus macarellus Cuvier, 1833) di sekitar Sulawesi berdasarkan mt-DNA marker. J. Lit. Perikan. Ind., 20(1): 31–41.

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ANNEXES

ANNEX I. PHOTO DOCUMENTATION

Participants discussing the frame survey framework

USAID SEA Consultant Mr. Badrudin presenting on stock assessment and harvest strategy data requirements

Participants listening as USAID SEA Senior Fisheries Advisor Mr. Purwanto explains about harvest strategy development

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ANNEX 2. INVITATION LETTER

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ANNEX 3. PRESENTATION ON DATA TO BE COLLECTED FOR STOCK ASSESSMENT & HARVEST STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT THROUGH A FRAME SURVEY IN FMA-715 (FGD Draft Deliverable 2, Bogor, 16 May 2019)

Report Outline 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Purpose of Frame survey 1.3 Objectives of the work 2. DATA REQUIRED 2.1 Stock assessment (Main data: Catch, abundance, biology) 2.1.1 Small Pelagic Fishery (SP) 2.1.2 Coral Reef Fishery 2.1.3 Tuna Fishery 2.2 Harvest Strategy Development (HSD) 2.2.1 Small Pelagic Fishery 2.2.2 Coral Reef Fishery 2.2.3 Tuna Fishery 3. GAP ANALYSIS ON DATA REQUIRED 3.1 Stock assessment and Harvest strategy development 3.1.1 Small Pelagic Fishery (Catch, abundance, & biology) 3.1.2 Coral Reef Fishery (Catch, abundance, & biology) 3.1.3 Tuna Fishery (Catch, abundance, & biology) 4. FRAME SURVEY SITES

Purpose of Frame Survey • A Frame Survey is an inventory list of fishing units at a specific time, sometime combined with an indication of their activity levels (e.g. the number of active fishing days per month). • A Frame Survey is a census-based approach in which data is collected on all fishing vessels and gear at all fishing port / fishing sites which could be potentially operating within the estimation context or stratum • Frame Surveys also provide the opportunity for recording supplementary information useful for planning and implementation purposes, such as fishing trip patterns and seasonal use of fishing gear, as well as information on the socio-economics and demography of fishing communities. • Data gathered at the frame survey on Quracao’s fishing fleet 2016 –WUR (Kraan, 2017)- include; total number of landing beach, number of fishing vessel, fleet structure, number of fishers - lead to the estimation of fishing effort and their primary sources of income. • It is further explained that prior to point out recommendations of the report it was stated that it would be useful if this frame survey would be followed by the next steps: (1) Boat Activity Survey, and (2) Landing Survey in order to determine fishing effort, catch and catch composition.

Example Frame Survey Data (WUR) – From the frame survey of the insular fishing fleet of Curacao, that are mostly artisanal, carried out by the Wageningen University & Research (WUR) reported by Kraan (2017) the datasheet that has been used contained the following variables:

1. Date: date that this vessel has been observed 2. Harbour / Landing beach: harbour / landing beach that this vessel was when observed 3. Informer: investigator or informant (Informant is used when the fisher or someone otherwise related to the vessel was interviewed) 4. Boat registered: boat registration number

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5. Boat name: name of the vessel 6. Length: (estimated – see vessel document) length of vessel in meter 7. Cabin: does the vessel have a cabin? 8. Sail: does the vessel have a sail (or the possibility to have a sail – a mast) 9. Oar: does the vessel have oars (or the possibility to have oars – rings or holes for rings at the sides of the vessel) 10. Inboard motor: does the vessel have an inboard motor? 11. Outboard motor: does the vessel have an outboard motor (or the possibility to have an outboard motor / signs of use of an outboard motor) 12. Engine HP: what is the HP of the outboard motor 13. Motor brand: what is the brand of the (in or outboard) motor? 14. In use: Is the vessel in use? 15. In repair: is the vessel in repair? 16. Not in use: is the vessel not in use? 17. Comments: comments are often used to comment on the use status.

Frame survey, Active day survey and landing survey in relation with catch and effort

Objectives of the work • To develop framework for frame survey to collect data and information required for stock assessment and as a basis to develop harvest strategy that aims to ensure the ecological sustainable management of FMA 715 small pelagic, red snapper, grouper and tuna fisheries. • A frame survey is a census-based approach in which data is collected on all fishing vessels and gear (at all homeports/fishing sites), which could be potentially operating within the estimation context or stratum. • A complete description of the structure of the primary fishery sector includes an inventory of ports, landing places, number and type of fishing units (boats and gears), and a description of fishing and landing activity patterns, fish distribution routes, processing and marketing patterns, supply centers for goods and services.

Data for Complete Stock Assessment: Catch, Abundance, and Biology • Stock assessments are based on models of fish populations that require three primary categories of information: catch, abundance, and biology. To ensure the highest quality stock assessments, the data used must be accurate and timely

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• Catch Data—The amount of fish removed from a stock by fishing. • Abundance Data—A measure, or relative index, of the number or weight of fish in the stock. • Biology & Population dynamic Data—Provides information on fish growth rates and natural mortality. Biological data includes information on fish size, age, reproductive rates, and movement. Annual growth rings in fish ear bones (otoliths) are read by biologists in laboratories. The samples may be collected during fishery-independent surveys or be obtained from observers and other fishery sampling programs.

Generalized history of a fishery – an Illustration

? Data required Identify current status: in which phase?

Biological Research & Industrial Phase (Holden and Raits, 1974 - FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 115) Biological Research Industrial Phase • Prospection • Development • Stock Assessment • Growth • Statement of fishing regime • Stabilization • Prediction • Maintenance Data required • Total Catch (Production) • Total fishing effort (Boat & Gear) • Abundance (CPUE) • Mean weight of fish in the catch (Size)

Data type from commercial fishery • Total catch (by species, area and type of gear) • Effort (by area and type of gear) • Length-frequencies (by species and sex) • Biological data (e.g. maturity stages, length/weight relationship, etc.)

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• Data on fishing gear (e.g. mesh size) and fishing operations). Total effort (Boat & Gear) o Fishing boat classification: < 10 GT; 10-20 GT; ≤ 30 GT; > 30 GT → Effort unit standardization. o No single fishery exploited using a one type of GT fishing boat o Fishing gear: o Pelagic: LL, Purse seine (Large & small/pajeko); Drift gill net, Lift net; etc. o Demersal/shrimp: Trawl, Bottom gill net, Bottom long line, etc. o Coral reef fish: Trap/Pot (Large –small collapsible), Bottom longline, o Hand lines o Almost no single fishery exploited using one type of fishing gear Catch per unit effort (CPUE) o CPUE – index of stock abundance o Purse seine fishery: Catch/vessel/year; catch/pajeko/year - (time unit) o Catch/set/haul; Catch/vessel/trip; catch/vessel/day; o Trawl: Catch/day; Catch/haul; Catch/hour tow/each species o Bottom long line: Catch/day; Hook rate (Catch/100 hooks or 1000 hooks) o Etc. Mean weight (Fish size) o Minimum legal size vs size of first maturity (identify spawning) o Marketable size o Small size immature/juvenile fishery

Small pelagic fishery

Gear type Variables Purse seine Date, times, positions (latitude/longitude, location, grid) of start set; end set. (Pajeko) Boat Lift Date, times, positions (latitude/longitude) start lighting set; end lighting set; net Fixed Lift Date, times, positions (latitude/longitude) start lighting set; end lighting set; net Hand line Type of hook; lines; number of fishers; type of baits; fishing time, Beach seine Length of net;date,start time,end time Other gear Time sailing; time fishing; number of labour by type; types of gear; electronics; other capital inputs

Data and information on the small pelagic fishery to be collected include the following: 1. Fishing boat & gear used: 1). Purse seine; 2). ‘Pajeko; 3) Boat Lift net 4) Fixed lift net; and 5) Beach seine 2. Total catch (catch per vessel - to estimate catch per-unit effort for each gear); 3. Catch sampling for catch composition; 4. Catch sampling for Biological measurements: 1) Length, 2) Weight, 3) Sex, 4) Maturity; 5. Fishing gear specifications (for each gear above): Net materials, Size of Gear; Mesh size; 6. Boat characteristics: Date; Port; Boat Registration/GT; Boat name; LOA; Engine; 7. Fishing operations for each fishing gear (fishing grounds - how far from fishing base, fishing time/trip etc), FAD associated, , other operational aspects of fishing, etc.

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Coral Reef fishery

Gear type and variables to be collected

Gear type Variables

Bottom Number of hooks set; date, times, positions of start set, end set, start haul, finish haul Longline

Trap (bubu) Number of traps set; date; times; positions of start set, end set, start haul, finish haul

Muro ami Length & height of net;mesh size;date,start time,end time

Set GN Length & height/breadth of net; mesh size; date; start time; end time;

Hand line Type of hook; lines; number of fishers; type of baits; fishing time,

Time sailing; time fishing; number of labour by type; types of gear; electronics; other Other gear capital inputs

Data and information on the coral reef fishery to be collected include the following: 1. Fishing boat & gear used: 1). Bottom long line; 2)Trap/Pot; 3) Muroami; 4) Fixed/set GN; 5) Hand line; 2. Total catch (catch per vessel - to estimate catch per-unit effort for each gear); 3. Catch sampling for catch composition; 4. Catch sampling for Biological measurements: 1) Length, 2) Weight, 3) Sex, 4) Maturity; 5. Fishing gear specifications (for each gear above): Net materials, Size of Gear; Mesh size; 6. Boat characteristics: Date; Port; Boat Registration/GT; Boat name; LOA; Engine; etc. 7. Fishing operations for each fishing gear (fishing grounds how far from fishing base, fishing time/trip etc), other operational aspects of fishing, etc.

Tuna fishery Gear type and variables to be collected

Gear type Variables Purse seine Date, times, positions (latitude/longitude, location/grid) of start set; end set. Drifit GN Length & height/breadth of net; mesh size; date; start time; end time; Longline Number of hooks set; date, times, positions of start set, end set, start haul, finish haul Number and type of poles; number and type of jigging machines; date, start time, end time, Pole and line position (latitude, longitude, depth) of operation Hand line Type of hook; lines; number of fishers; type of baits; fishing time, Time sailing; time fishing; number of labour by type; types of gear; electronics; other Other gear capital inputs

Data and information on the tuna fishery to be collected include the following: 1. Fishing boat & gear used: 1). Purse seine, 2) Drift GN, 3) Long line; 4) Pole& line and 5) Hand line 2. Total catch (catch per vessel - to estimate catch per-unit effort for each gear); 3. Catch sampling for catch composition; 4. Catch sampling for Biological measurements: 1) Length, 2) Weight, 3) Sex, 4) Maturity;

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5. Fishing gear specifications (for each gear above): Net materials, Size of Gear; Mesh size; 6. Boat characteristics: Date; Port; Boat Registration/GT; Boat name; LOA; Engine; 7. Fishing operations for each fishing gear (fishing grounds how far from fishing base, fishing time/trip etc., FAD associated, other operational aspects of fishing, etc.

Harvest Strategy Development

• Fisheries tend to collapse due to over-capacity, → harvesting the stocks of fish beyond their ability to recover. Fishery collapses have been very common, creating economic, social and ecological problems of great complexity. • One of the major aims of fisheries management is to avoid fleet overcapacity by directly controlling the fishing effort (input control) or by setting limits to the total catch per season/year and its biological characteristics (output control). Harvest strategy is the next phase of fisheries management (Dickson, 2015). • Fisheries management is a process involving scientists conduct stock assessments, and then fishery managers negotiate measures, such as quotas or spatial-temporal closures, to make sure that the resource is being used optimally and sustainably. • The current approach with imperfect knowledge about fish biology, incomplete fishery data, natural variability, and the inherent challenge in using models to count fish in a population, stock assessments are frequently faced with uncertainty that the results can vary considerably from one assessment to the next. • Scientists are asked to provide advice to managers based on these assessments, but given the uncertainties, the advice can be vague or include a wide range of management options.

Scope of the harvest strategy

This is important because objectives will vary depending on the individual fishery and its characteristics (PIRSA, 2015). A list of some of the information that should be considered when defining a fishery is provided in Sloan et al. (2014) and include: • Life history characteristics for each species; • All sources of mortality; • Method of fishing such as gear type, vessel numbers and vessel type; • Location of fishing, taking note whether there have been spatial changes over time; • User groups, including any information on catch shares; • Ecological impacts caused by fishing, including any threatened, endangered and protected species (TEPS) interactions; • Environmental effects on the fishery; and • Existing management arrangements in terms of the management framework currently in use. • A harvest strategy is a framework that specifies the pre-determined management actions in a fishery for defined species (at the stock or management unit level) necessary to achieve agreed biological, ecological, economic and/or social management objectives.

Harvest strategy development

Each harvest strategy developed in accordance with the CMM-2014-06 shall, wherever possible and where appropriate, contain the following elements: 1. Defined operational objectives, including timeframes, for the fishery or stock (‘management objectives’); 2. Indicators and reference points for each stock (‘reference point’); 3. Acceptable levels of risk of not breaching limit reference points (‘acceptable levels of risk’);

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4. A monitoring strategy using best available information to assess performance against reference points (‘monitoring strategy’); 5. Decision rules that aim to achieve the target reference point and aim to avoid the limit reference point (‘harvest control rules’), and 6. an evaluation of the performance of the proposed harvest control rules against management objectives, including risk assessment (‘management strategy evaluation’).

Data Gaps

Data gap-analysis for FMA 715 small pelagic fisheries (Catch, abundance, & biology)

Type of data Current available data Remarks 1 Catch (production) Catch/province; FMA DGCF Fisheries Statistics, until 2015 (2016 ...... not available) 2 Effort Type & No. Fishing gear Can be calculated/roughly estimated until 2015 3 Abundance index / CPUE Not available Can be calculated until 2015, to be updated. Catch/Vessel Not available Can be calculated until 2015,to be updated Purse seine vessel Not available Mini purse seine / pajeko Not available Boat Lift net Not available Fixed Lift net Not available Other gears Not available 4 Biology Length & Weight Some species, Available (2015) Available on published paper (BRPL), to be frequency updated Stock parameters (K, L∞, Some species, Available (2015) Available on published paper (BRPL), to be

to) updated Mortality Not available Can be estimated from length frequency data

Coral Reef Fishery (Catch, abundance, & biology)

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Type of data Current available data Remarks Muroami Not available Handline Not available 4 Biology Length & Weight Some species, Available (2015) Available at published paper (BRPL) frequency Stock parameters (K, L∞, Some species, Available (2015)

to) Mortality Not available Can be estimated from length frequency data

Skipjack tuna fisheries

Type of data Current available data Remarks 1 Catch (production) Catch/province; FMA DGCF Fisheries Statistics, until 2015 (2016 ...... not available) 2 Effort Type & No. Fishing gear Can be calculated/roughly estimated until 2015 3 Abundance index / CPUE Not available Catch/Vessel Not available Purse seine vessel Not available Mini purse seine / pajeko Not available Drift GN Not available Pole & Line Not available Hand line Not available Other gears Not available 4 Biology Length & Weight Some species, Available (2015) Available on published paper (BRPL), to be frequency updated Stock parameters (K, Some species, Available (2015) Available on published paper (BRPL), to be

L∞, to) updated Mortality Not available Can be estimated from length frequency data

Frame Survey Sites

The frame survey sites in the FMA 715 will be determined based on the following consideration, i.e.: percentage fish production by District/City in each province in the FMA 715 C. SULAWESI Prod (t) % GORONTALO Prod (t) % N. SULAWESI Prod (t) % Banggai Islands 32918 28.0 Boalemo 18197 22.2 Bitung 142627 72.3 Poso 23494 20.0 Pohuwato 18579 22.7 Parigi Moutong 24603 20.9 Kota Gorontalo 15695 19.2

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C. SULAWESI Prod (t) % GORONTALO Prod (t) % N. SULAWESI Prod (t) % Total 68.9 Total 64.1 Total 72.3 N. MALUKU Prod (t) % MALUKU RTP % W. PAPUA Prod (t) % Halmahera Selatan 53470 21.3 Maluku Tengah 14570 51.5 Fakfak 119984 63.2 Halmahera Utara 28768 11.4 Seram Timur 6412 22.7 Sorong Selatan 22863 12.0 Ternate 48999 19.5 Tidore Kepulauan 33473 13.3 Total 65.5 Total 74.2 Total 75.2

Based on the above table there are 15 districts/cities (out of 40 districts/cities) that likely having higher contribution to its province in term of fish production and can be assumed to have higher potential to represent sample sites.

These are three Districts in Central Sulawesi - 68.9% contribution; three Districts in Gorontalo - 64.1% contibution; one District in North Sulawesi - 72.3% contribution; four Districts in North Maluku - 65.5% contribution, two Districts in Maluku - 74%.2 contribution, and two Districts in West Papua - 75.2% contribution.

These districts having 64.1 to 75.2% potential to represent sampling sites for the FMA 715 in the implementation of frame survey.

Frame survey sites in the FMA 715

Province District / City Frame survey site / Fishing Port Central Sulawesi 1 1 Banggai Islands PPI Pagimana,PPI Luwuk 2 2 Poso PPIAmpana PPI Poso PPI Malingi PPITogian 3 3 Parigi Moutong DKP Parigi Moutong,Tangkahan Gorontalo 1 4 Boalemo DKP Boalemo,Tangkahan 2 5 Pohuwatu DKP Pohuwatu,Tangkahan 3 6 Gorontalo City PPI Gorontalo North Sulawesi 1 7 Bitung City PPS Bitung North Maluku 1 8 South Halmahera DKP South Halmahera, Tangkahan 2 9 North Halmahera PPPTobelo 3 10 Ternate City PPNTernate 4 11 Tidore Islands DKPTidore Islands Maluku 1 12 Central Maluku PPI Masohi PPITulehu 2 13 East Ceram DKP East Ceram, Tangkahan West Papua 1 14 Fak-Fak PPI Fak-fak 2 15 South Sorong DKP South Sorong

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ANNEX 4. PRESENTATION ON ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO FISHERIES (EAF) & HARVEST STRATEGY CONCEPTS

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