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Project Information Document-Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations Additional Financing (P174089) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Combined Project Information Documents / Integrated Safeguards Datasheet (PID/ISDS) Appraisal Stage | Date Prepared/Updated: 07-May-2020 | Report No: PIDISDSA29358 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Apr 23, 2020 Page 1 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations Additional Financing (P174089) BASIC INFORMATION OPS_TABLE_BASIC_DATA A. Basic Project Data Country Project ID Project Name Parent Project ID (if any) Tuvalu P174089 Maritime Investment in P161540 Climate Resilient Operations Additional Financing Parent Project Name Region Estimated Appraisal Date Estimated Board Date Maritime Investment in Climate EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC 13-May-2020 15-Jun-2020 Resilient Operations Practice Area (Lead) Financing Instrument Borrower(s) Implementing Agency Transport Investment Project Ministry of Finance and Ministry Of Public Works, Financing Economic Development Infrastructure, (MFED) Environment, Labour, Meteorology, and Disaster Proposed Development Objective(s) Parent To improve the climate resilience of Nanumaga harbor and Funafuti port, and in the event of an Eligible Crisis or Emergency, to provide an immediate response to the Eligible Crisis or Emergency. Components Component 1: Sectoral and Spatial Planning Tools Component 2: Climate Resilient Maritime Infrastructure Solutions Component 3: Strengthening the Enabling Envrionment Component 4: Contingency Emergency Response PROJECT FINANCING DATA (US$, Millions) SUMMARY-NewFin1 Total Project Cost 2.50 Total Financing 2.50 of which IBRD/IDA 2.50 Financing Gap 0.00 DETAILS-NewFinEnh1 Apr 23, 2020 Page 2 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations Additional Financing (P174089) World Bank Group Financing International Development Association (IDA) 2.50 IDA Grant 2.50 Environmental Assessment Category B-Partial Assessment Decision The review did authorize the team to appraise and negotiate Other Decision (as needed) B. Introduction and Context Country Context 1. Among the Pacific Island Countries (PICs), Tuvalu is regarded as one of the most vulnerable countries. Located approximately 1,100 kilometers north of Fiji, Tuvalu consists of nine islands, with a total land area of around 26 km2. Of the nine islands, three are reef islands (Nanumanga, Niutao, and Niulakita) and six are atolls (Funafuti, Nanumea, Vaitupu, Nui, Nukulaelae and Nukufetau). Few of the islands are more than 800 meters wide and most of the land area is low-lying with a maximum elevation of about 4.5 meters. These geographical features have considerably exposed Tuvalu to the impacts of climate change. Storm surges, king tides and floods, which are common occurrences, and which have intensified due to changes in weather patterns, as well as sea level rise and more extreme weather events such as tropical storms and cyclones have resulted in significant damage to the islands and adversely impacted their inhabitants in the past. The devastating Tropical Cyclone Pam, for example, which ravaged the region in early 2015, resulted in large scale damage to houses, agriculture and livestock.1 Climate change and disasters are known to have disproportionate impacts on women and girls, including by exacerbating pre-existing levels of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) and Violence Against Children (VAC).2 2. Tuvalu’s economy is highly dependent on remittances and the country is considered one of the most economically and environmentally vulnerable in the world. In 2016, Tuvalu’s gross domestic product (GDP) was around US$36.6 million. Remittances received accounted for about 11.9 percent of GDP in 2016.3 Employment is 1 According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, even small increases in sea level would have "severely negative effects on atolls and low islands" (IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report). Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds)] IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland) 2 Climate Change, Disasters and Gender-Based Violence in the Pacific, UN Women Fiji Multi-Country Office. 3 https://countryeconomy.com/demography/migration/remittance/tuvalu Apr 23, 2020 Page 3 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations Additional Financing (P174089) heavily reliant on the public sector with an estimated 65 percent of the population working in Government positions.4 The primary economic activities are fishing and subsistence farming, with copra as the main export. Outside of fishing, there is little other industry available with the exception of small-scale processing of timber (sourced locally or from New Zealand), handicrafts, and small numbers of Tuvaluans working in the tourism industry. Women are under-represented in the formal economy and face a variety of barriers in accessing employment opportunities.5 3. Roughly half of the country’s population of some 10,500 lives in the capital Funafuti with the remaining population distributed across the other eight islands and atolls, each with one or two villages. Since 2003, people from the outer islands have been migrating to Funafuti due to the lack of economic opportunity and limited social services. This has resulted in overcrowding in Funafuti with a density estimated at more than 2,200 people per square kilometer,6 putting strain on the already limited natural resources and basic services. The Government of Tuvalu (GoTv) is therefore actively trying to improve infrastructure on the outer islands to incentivize the return of local populations to the outer islands, which will help to avoid overcrowding in Funafuti. 4. The outer island of Nanumanga, located approximately 400 kilometers from the capital of Funafuti, has been identified by the Government of Tuvalu as a key location for improved access infrastructure. Nanumanga is a single reef island (301 hectares) with a population of about 500 spread between two main villages, Tonga and Tokelau.7 The island is governed by its own Falekaupule, a traditional assembly of elders and community leaders that acts as the local government on each island. The Falekaupule fulfils many of the local government functions including economic management, town or village planning, land administration, public health and education. Nanumanga has both pre-primary and primary schools but relies on students being sent by ship to Vaitupu (292 km away) for their secondary schooling. As with other islands, agriculture is also limited in Nanumanga due to the geographic makeup of the island and the climatic conditions. Whilst there are a number of ongoing initiatives by the Agriculture Department focused on encouraging vegetable gardening, reliance on food being shipped from Funafuti is still high. This makes reliable and adequate maritime access and associated infrastructure critical for the community. Sectoral and Institutional Context 5. Sectoral Context. The remoteness of Tuvalu and its outer islands and the infertile soil make inhabitants heavily reliant on shipping operations. Most foodstuffs (excluding local foods, such as fish, coconuts and some fruits), all building materials, and manufactured products, as well as medical supplies and critical emergency relief goods after natural disasters are imported to Tuvalu. Currently cargo, including food items, construction materials and fuel is shipped into Tuvalu from Fiji approximately every 23 days and are then distributed among the outer islands with inter-island vessels as there is no domestic aviation service. About 43 percent of the population live on the outer islands, and therefore rely on the effectiveness and efficiency of these shipping operations. Domestic shipping connectivity is also critical for the populations on outer islands to access secondary and tertiary education and access to hospital services which are only available in Funafuti or abroad. 4 http://www.pacmas.org/about/countries/tuvalu/ 5 Gender Based Violence in the Pacific: Pacific Island Countries. World Bank, October 2016. 6 http://prdrse4all.spc.int/system/files/census_2012_preliminary_report.pdf 7 2012 census. Apr 23, 2020 Page 4 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations Additional Financing (P174089) 6. The inter-island vessels visit each island group with an average frequency of about once every one-to- three weeks depending on the length of the route and weather. A full circuit of the central island route takes about one week to complete, while services to the northern and southern islands occur once every two to three weeks. These infrequent services are exacerbated by irregular schedules, which often change to accommodate requests to pick up sick or injured people on short notice. A trip covering all the northern islands and Vaitupu is undertaken once every three months to allow parents to send school and food supplies to their children attending the secondary school in Vaitupu. 7. The main port in Funafuti is largely unpaved which often causes damage to the cargo handling equipment resulting in frequent breakdowns. Repairs mostly have to be undertaken by technicians from abroad since there are no adequate facilities available to undertake maintenance of cargo handling equipment as well as smaller size boats. 8. Maritime infrastructure on the outer islands is very limited. Most reef
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