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USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5190

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USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5190 Prepared in cooperation with the ARIZONA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES, CITY OF TUCSON WATER DEPARTMENT, PIMA COUNTY, THE TOWN OF ORO VALLEY, THE TOWN OF MARANA, and the METROPOLITAN DOMESTIC WATER IMPROVEMENT DISTRICT Land Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction in the Tucson Active Management Area, South-Central Arizona, 1987–2005 10 Casa Grande Marana Oro Valley Tucson Active Tucson Management Area (TAMA) 19 10 Green Valley ARIZONA SONORA UNITED STATES Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5190 MEXICO U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Other than this note, this page intentionally left blank. Land Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction in the Tucson Active Management Area, South-Central Arizona, 1987–2005 By Robert L. Carruth, Donald R. Pool, and Carl E. Anderson Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Water Resources, City of Tucson Water Department, Pima County, the Town of Oro Valley, the Town of Marana, and the Metropolitan Domestic Water Improvement District Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5190 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2007 This report and any updates to it are available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5190/ For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS — the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Cataloging-in-publication data are on file with the Library of Congress (http://www.loc.gov/). Manuscript approved for publication, August 31, 2007 Text edited by Tracey Suzuki Layout by David R. Jones Suggested citation: Carruth, R.L., Pool, D.R., Anderson, C.E., 2007, Land subsidence and aquifer-system compaction in the Tucson Active Management Area, south-central Arizona, 1987–2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5190, 27 p. FRONT COVER Left, diagrammatic sketch of a borehole extensometer used in the Tucson Active Management Area. Right, map of the Tucson Active Management Area in south-central Arizona. iii Contents Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 Background............................................................................................................................................3 Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................3 Previous Investigations........................................................................................................................4 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................4 Description of the Study Area ............................................................................................................4 Methods of Data Collection .........................................................................................................................4 Hydrogeology................................................................................................................................................10 Potential for Land Subsidence .........................................................................................................12 Land Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction ..............................................................................13 Summary........................................................................................................................................................24 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................25 Figures 1. Tucson Active Management Area in south-central Arizona ...........................................................2 2. Long-term elevation-change monitoring stations in the Tucson Active Management Area .....5 3. Photograph of a typical setup of a geodetic GPS receiver in the Tucson Active Management Area .....................................................................................................................6 4. Tucson Active Management Area borehole extensometer stations .............................................7 5. Diagrammatic sketch of a borehole extensometer in the Tucson Active Management Area. ...............................................................................................................................10 6. Generalized geology of the Tucson Active Management Area. ...................................................11 7. Water level and compaction readings at extensometers in the Tucson Basin, 1989 to 2005. .................................................................................................................14 8. Water level and compaction readings at extensometers in the Avra Valley, 1989 to 2005. .....................................................................................................................16 9. Land-surface elevation change in the Tucson Active Management Area from 1987 to 1998. ........................................................................................................................19 10. Land-surface elevation change in the Tucson Active Management Area from 1998 to 2002. ..................................................................................................................................20 11. Land-surface elevation change in the Tucson Active Management Area from 2002 to 2005. ..................................................................................................................................21 12. Land-surface elevation change in the Tucson Active Management Area from 1987 to 2004 and 2005. .................................................................................................................22 13. Land-surface elevation change in the Tucson Active Management Area based on a 3-year, 8-month interferogram, February 2003 to October 2006. ..........................................23 Tables 1. Positions and elevations of monitoring stations in the Tucson Active Management Area and changes in vertical position from 1987 to 2005. ...................................................................................8 2. Aquifer-system compaction and water-level data for the Tucson Active Management Area, 1989-2005. .............................................................................................................24 iv Conversion Factors Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm) inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) yard (yd) 0.9144 meter (m) Area acre 4,047 square meter (m2) acre 0.004047 square kilometer (km2) square foot (ft2) 929.0 square centimeter (cm2) square foot (ft2) 0.09290 square meter (m2) square inch (in2) 6.452 square centimeter (cm2) square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2) Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copy- righted materials contained within this report. Land Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction in the Tucson Active Management Area, South-Central Arizona, 1987–2005 By Robert L. Carruth, Donald R. Pool, and Carl E. Anderson Abstract age total subsidence during the 17- to 18-year period was about 1.3 inches in Tucson Basin and about 2.8 inches in Avra Valley. Three stations in Tucson Basin showed subsidence greater than The U.S. Geological Survey monitors land subsidence and 4 inches for the period—5 inches at stations C45 and X419 and aquifer-system compaction caused by ground-water depletion in 4.1 inches at station PA4. In Avra Valley, two stations showed Tucson Basin and Avra Valley—two of the three alluvial basins subsidence for the 17- to 18-year period greater than 4 inch- within the Tucson Active Management Area. In spring 1987, es—4.3 inches at station AV25 and 4.8 inches at station SA105. the Global Positioning System was used to measure horizontal In 1983, fourteen wells were fitted with borehole exten- and vertical positions for bench marks at 43 sites to establish someters to monitor water-level fluctuations and aquifer- a network for monitoring land subsidence in Tucson Basin system compaction. Continuous records of water level and and Avra Valley. Between 1987 and 2005, the original number aquifer-system compaction indicate that as much as 45 feet of of subsidence monitoring stations was gradually increased to water-level decline and 4 inches of aquifer-system compac- more than 100 stations to meet the need for information in the tion occurred in Tucson Basin from January 1989 through growing metropolitan
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