Level of Investigation of the Species from the family Perlodidae Klapalek, 1912 (Insecta: Plecoptera) in Several River Basins from and

Mahir Gajević (1), Sadbera Trožić-Borovac (1), Rifat Škrijelj (1), Samir Đug (1), Aldijana Mušović (1), Senad Šljuka (1) (1) Faculty of Science ,

Abstract

The results of long-term investigations of the species from the family Perlodidae Klapalek, 1912 from the basins of the rivers , Bosnia, and have been presented in this paper. The data from investigations carried out in the period from 1970 up to date have been used. On the basis of the results of the analysis of gathered specimens and literature data, 10 species was recorded. They are presented together with dates of collection in various river basins. Also, the analysis of the level of investigation and zoogeographic distribution of the representatives of this group of organisms has been carried out. The results of the level of threat of this family and importance of protection and maintenance of waterways in Bosnia and Herzegovina as habitats of these species from the Perlodidae family have been presented

Keywords: Perlodidae, Bosnia and Herzegovina, distribution, conservation

Introduction The perlodids belongs to the order Plecoptera, who are very old group of insect. The order has a long fossil record extending back to the early Permian. There are two suborders whitin this order (Arctoperlaria and Antarctoperlaria), and family Perlodidae belongs to Arctoperlaria. Most of the perlodids species have larvae with very distinctive types of dark and light contrasting color patterns. The preferred habitat is rocky streams with a noticeable current. Adults range from pastel yellow or green to very dark brown and almost black. Size variation is also great, from small species 8- 10 mm to large species over 50 mm. The male genitalia are highly sclerotized, and the everted aedeagus is usually armed with sclerotized hooks, stylets, or bands. All species are primarily carnivores, especially as mature larvae. Adults have nonfunctional mouthparts, and do not feed but simply mate and die a short time after emergence. This large family contains 40 genera and about 250 species. Several genera are monotypic, but one subfamily, the Isoperlinae, contains nearly 150 species, most of which belong to genus Isoperla. Perlodids are found throghout the Holartic Region, and one genus, Filchneria, extends to the Oriental region. Genus Arcynopteryx contains the circumpolar species A. compacta, but most genera are endemic to a narrow geographical region. Faunistic and taxonomic studies of plecoptera and perlodids have started in Europe more than a century ago. The first data about plecoptera In Bosnia and Herzegovina appeared at the end of 19th century (Klapalek, 1898; 1902; 1906a; 1906b). Faunistic studies of plecoptera in Bosnia and Herzegovina. showing that there are 75 species whitin this order. Main contributors in knowledge of plecoptera fauna in Bosnia and Herzegovina are Aubert (1963, 1964), Kaćanski (1971a, 1971b, 1978, 1983), Trožić-Borovac (2001).

BALWOIS 2012 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 28 May, 2 June 2012 1 General characteristics of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina is located between 42° 26’ and 45° 15’ latitude north and 15° 45’ and 19° 41’ longitude east. In geomorphological terms it is a complex of mountain and hilly areas with Perpanonic planes. It is a southeastern European country in the Mediterranean region located in the Balkan Peninsula. Hydrological river basins (watersheds) in Bosnia and Herzegovina belong in the Black Sea and the watersheds. The total area of Bosnia and Herzegovina is 51 197 km2, with 51 percent in mountain regions. The mountain regions range from 700 to 2 386 m in altitude. Of the total area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, about 38 790 km2 (75,76 percent) belongs to the Black Sea watershed and about 12 410 km2 (24,24 percent) to the Adriatic Sea watershed (Figure 1). The total area of Bosnia and Herzegovina is separated into eight river basins (Figure 2): the river basin, the with the and the river basin, the Vrbas river basin, the river basin, the Drina river basin, the Neretva river basin, the Trebisnjica river basin, the Cetina river basin. In this paper we sudied five of them: the Una with the Korana and the Glina river basin, the Vrbas river basin, the Bosna river basin, the Drina river basin and the Neretva river basin.

Adriatic Sea watershed 24,24%

Black Sea w atershed 75,76%

Figure 1. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s watersheds

Hydrologic characteristics of investigated river basins The Vrbas river basin. The source of the Vrbas River is located in a mountain massif named the Vranica in the central part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Vrbas water basin is mainly in the west part of Bosnia (the central part of the Dynaride system). The river drains mountain massifs up to town. South and west parts of the water basin are located in karst zones. The Vrbas River has a pluvial–snow water regime. It is characterized by high spring and autumn flows. Winter and summer water flows are low. The Bosna river basin. The headwater of the Bosna River is a strong karst source in the foothills of Igman mountain. The Bosna water basin includes central parts of Bosnia. The course of the Bosna River is directed northwards, following the decreasing altitude of mediumheight Bosnian mountains. The Bosna River has a pluvial–winter water regime. It has high water flow levels in spring and lower water flow in autumn. It is characterized by low flow levels in summer and winter.

BALWOIS 2012 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 28 May, 2 June 2012 2 The Drina river basin. The Drina River consists of two smaller streams, the and the , appearing at the border with Montenegro. The Drina water basin surrounds central parts of the Dynaride system. It has a pluvial–snow regime. It has important high spring water flows caused by snow melting, and high autumn water flows caused by autumn rains. Summer and winter water flows are low. The Neretva river basin. The Neretva River has its headwater in the Zelengora mountain. The Neretva River drains out a karst area of almost 250 km total length. This is the greatest water reach of any river in a karst zone in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is connected to the Trebisnjica River by underground flows from a surrounding surface area of about 1 250 km2.

Figure 2. River basins in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sava river basin (1), Una with the Korana and the Glina river basin (2), Vrbas river basin (3), Bosna river basin (4), Drina river basin (5), Neretva river basin (6), Trebisnjica river basin (7), Cetina river basin (8)

Material and methods In this study we used material collected from different water bodies in basins of Vrbas river, Bosna river, Drina river and Neretva river. Material was collected during 1960’s and 1970’s. Samples of perlodids were collected by hand using insect net and Surber’s net for collection of larval stages. All samples were preserved in etil-achohol or prepared. In this study we also used a historical data about foundings of perlodids in studied river basins.

Results and discussion During this study of Perlodids in four river basins in Bosnia an Herzegovina a total of ten species from three genera were recorded. The greatest diversity is found in Bosna and Drina river basin (seven species each), and Vrbas (3) and Neretva (4) river basins were less diverse (Table 1, Figure 3).

BALWOIS 2012 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 28 May, 2 June 2012 3 Table 1. Diversity of perlodids in invesigated river basins in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Drina river Bosna river Vrbas river Neretva river Species basin basin basin basin Perlodes intricata (Pictet, 1842) + - - + Perlodes microcephala (Pictet, 1833) + + - - Isoperla albanica Aubert, 1964 + + - - Isoperla buresi Raušer, 1962 + + - - Isoperla grammatica (Poda, 1767) - + - - Isoperla oxylepis (Despax, 1936) + + + + Isoperla tripartita Illies, 1954 + + + + Isoperla graeca Aubert, 1956 + - - - Isoperla intermis Kaćanski & Zwick, 1970 - - - + Arcynopteryx compacta (Mclachlan, 1872) + + + -

Figure 3. Number of species in each river basin

Bosna river basin. The Bosna River originates from thirty karst springs in the village Vrutci near Ilidža at the foot of Mount Igman, at an altitude of about 500 m. The river flows into the Sava at Bosanski Samac, and belongs to the Black Sea watershed. Its length is 275 km. The main tributaries of the River Bosna are: , Željeznica, , Lašva, Spreča and . Faunal processing is based on the results of determining the shape of adult material collected mostly in the 1960’s, and before (since 1958) in the flowing stream of the upper Bosna river basin, and larvae collected in 2010 in this area.

BALWOIS 2012 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 28 May, 2 June 2012 4 During this study of family Perlodidae from springs, spring regions, streams and rivers a total of seven species, whitin two genera, were recorded. Most of species was oserved whitin genus Isoperla (5) and Perlodes (2). Perlodes intricata (Pictet, 1842) Localities: Hrasnički stream in Mt. (Sustavaci), altitude 1200 m, 27.5.1969, 1 f. Perlodes microcephala (Pictet, 1833) Localities: Zaruđanski stream, altitude 960 m, 24. 4. 1968, 1 f; Zaruđanski stream 2, altitude 910 m, 6.6.1967, 3 f. Isoperla albanica Aubert, 1964 Localities: Kradenik stream (Pazarić), 24.5.1962, 1 m; spring of Mokranjska Miljacka, 12.5.1966, 1 m; five localities in Zaruđanski stream from 1050 m (Zaruđe) to 940 m, 21.5.1968, 1 m, 1 f; 6.6.1967, 2 m, 3 f; 24.6.1968, 2 m; River Mala, left tributary of Stavnja, altitude 730 m, 24.4.1968, 1 m. Isoperla buresi Raušer, 1962 Localities: spring upperstream of Beganovići, altitude 850 m, 24.5.1962, 1 m; four localities in Zaruđanski stream from spring altitude 1070 m to 960 m, 21.5.1968, 10 m, 3 f; 6.6.1967, 2 m, 2 f; 24.6.1968, 3 mm, 1 f; Spring of stream Zlatan in Mt. Vranica, 10.8.1958, 1 m, 1 f. Isoperla grammatica (Poda, 1767) Localities: stream Večerica, altitude 500 m, 16.5.1958, 2 m; River Paljanska Miljacka (Pale), altitude 825 m, 2.6.1964, 1 m; River Mokranjska Miljacka (Mokro), altitude 900 m, 12.5.1966, 1 m, 1 f; River Ljubina (Ljubina), 20.5.1964, 1 m, 1 f; 29.7.1964, 1 m. Isoperla oxylepis (Despax, 1936) Localities: River Zujevina (Hadžići), altitude 560 m, 26.6.1962, 1 m; River Žunovnica, tributary of River Zujevina, altitude 595 m, 24.4.1964, 1 m; River Mokranjska Miljacaka, altitude 750 m, 29.4.1964, 1 m; River Miljacka, upperstream of Sarajevo, altitude 600 m, 29.4.1964, 1 m; River Ljubina, altitude 580 m, 29.7.1964, 1 m.

Isoperla tripartita Illies, 1954 Localities: Hrasnički stream in Mt. Treskavica (Sustavaci), altitude 1200 m, 27.5.1969, 8 m, 2 f; Spring in Mt. Jahorina, altitude 1600 m, 11.7.1965, 3 m, 3 f; stream in Mt. Jahorina, altitude 1580 m, 18.7.1965, 1 m, 7 f; stream in Mt. Jahorina (Bistrica), altitude 1460 m, 28.6. 1962, 2 m; spring of Mokranjska Miljacka, altitude 1100 m, 26.6.1963, 2 m, 11 f; 28. 7. 1966, 3 m, 14 f; three localities at River Ljubina, altitude 1020 – 980 m, 29.5.1967, 4 m, 3 f; 23.6.1966, 1 m, 1 f; 23.6.1967, 1 m, 4 f; four localities in Zaruđanski stream from 1050 m (Zaruđe) to 940 m, 21.5.1968, 1 m, 6 f; 6.6.1967, 1 m. Drina river basin. Drina is river in Eastern Bosnia, created by merging rivers Tara and Piva at Scepan field. Drina is the largest tributary of the River Sava, which flows in Srijemska Raca. Flow length of the Drina river is 340 km, and altitude difference between the Šćepan field and mouth of the Drina is 350 meters. The direction of its flow is from south to north, and there are many tributaries: , Bistrica, Praca, Drinjača and Janja to the left and to the right Cehotina, Jadar, Ljubovija. Studied fauna of Perlodids in watercourses in the mountains of Drina river basin is based on collection of adult forms and larvae collected during 1960’s. During this study of family Perlodidae from springs, spring regions, streams and rivers a total of seven species, whitin three genera, were recorded. Most of species was observed whitin genus Isoperla (5) and genera Perlodes (1) and Arcynopteryx (1) were much less diverse. Arcynopteryx compacta (Mclachlan, 1872) Locality: spring of Prača, 20.6.1962., 1 m. Perlodes microcephala (Pictet, 1833) Localities: stream Hrčavka (Hrčave), altitude 19.5.1970., 1 m; mountain stream, altitude 1050 m, 25.5.1968, 3 f. Isoperla albanica Aubert, 1964

BALWOIS 2012 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 28 May, 2 June 2012 5 Localities: River Prača (Vrhprača), 23.5.1969., 1 m; stream near road Trnovo – Dobro Polje, 14.6.1968, 1 m; stream Rakita, 21.7.1970, 1 m, 1 f; stream Ladežnica, 9.7.1969, 1 m; River Bistrica (Dobro polje), 23.5.1968, 1 m, 3 f.; spring of Jabušnica, altitude 1650 m, 16.6.1968, 2 m. Isoperla buresi Rauser, 1961 Localities: spring of Ladežnica, 7.7.1969, 1 m, 1 f; three streams near road Miljevina- Kalinovik, 26.5.1969, 13 m, 1 f; river Bistrica (Miljevina), 26.5.1969, 2 m; spring of Perućica (Prijevor), altitude 1650 m, 25.7.1968, 3 m, 4 f; stream (Barni dol), altitude 1370 m, 17.6. 1967, 4 m, 1 f; springs near road Vite Bare – Orlovačko lake, altitude from 1560 to 1600 m, 16.6.1968, 6 m; spring of Jabušnica, altitude 1650 m, 16.6.1968, 1 m. Isoperla graeca Aubert, 1956 Localities: River Prača (Vrhprača), 23.5.1969; River Prača upstream of Vijarska river mouth, 21.7.1970, 1 m, 4 f; River Prača (Prača), 30.5.1968, 1 m, 3 f; River Gračanica, 30.5.1968, 3 m, 2 f; 17.6.1970, 12 m, 16 f; stream Rakita, 20.6.1968, 1 m; 21.7.1970, 2 m; 22.7.1970, 7 m, 4 f; Jošanička river, 18.6.1970, 3 m; Bistrica (Dobro polje), 14.6.1968, 2 m; 28.7.1970, 2 m, 2 f. Isoperla oxylepis (Despax, 1936) Localities: River Prača upstream of Vijarska river mouth, 21.7.1970, 1 m, 4 f; River Gračanica, 16.5.1970., 4 m, 2 f; River Bistrica upstream of mouth, 20.5.1970., 2 m, 1 f; River Bistrica (Miljevin), 26.5.1969., 2 m; River Hrčavka (mouth), 19.5.1970., 1 m, 2 f; River Drina (downstream of Gorazde), 18.6.1970., 2 m, 2 f. River Sutjeska (Tjenište), altitude 530 m, 25.5.1968., 1 m, 1 f. Isoperla tripartita Illies, 1954 Localities: River Prača (Vrhprača), 21.7.1970., 3 m, 2 f; River Toplica, 14.6.1968., 2 m, 2 f; 12.7.1969., 1 m; River Bistrica (Dobro Polje), 23.5.1968., 1 m; 14.6.1968., 2 m, 12 f; 12.7.1969., 1 m; stream Perućica, altitude 1040 m, 13.6.1968, 3 m; Jabušnica, altitude 760 m, 25.5.1968, 2 m; river Čemerno, altitude 1280 m, 28.5.1968, 1 m, 1 f; 15.6.1968, 1 m, 1f; springs near road Vite Bare – Orlovačko lake, altitude 1560 – 1600 m, 16.6.1968., 2 m; 17.6.1967., 1 m. Vrbas river basin. Vrbas River originates on the mountain Zec at about 1700 meters above sea. In the Sava River flows in Srbac. Length of the Vrbas River is 240 km. In the area of Gornji Vakuf in Vrbas flows: Sikirički stream, Deralski stream and Arđenovac stream on the right side and on the left Bijele vode and Trlički stream. Downstream of the Donji Vakuf in Vrbas flows in Krupa, Bistrica, Trnovača, Voljica stream and stream Cipala. In Bugojno valley River Vrbas receives water from numerous tributaries: Vitina, Potočani, Poričnica, Brusački stream. Major tributaries in the area of Jajce are: River, Babin Potok, voda, Semenčica and Solinac streams. Study of family Perlodidae in the river Vrbas basin is based on material collected between 1980 and 1982 (and earlier 1978). The analysis of macroinvertebrates in localities of the river Vrbas included four seasons with the sampling in May, June, October and September. During this study of family Perlodidae from springs, spring regions, streams and rivers a total of three species in this area, whitin three genera, were recorded. Two species was observed whitin genus Isoperla and one within genus Arcynopteryx. Arcynopteryx compacta (McLachlan, 1872) Locality: Sikirički stream upstream of mouth, 21.6.1980. Isoperla oxylepis (Despax, 1936) Localities: river Vrbas upstream of Svilići, 21.6. 1980.; river Vrbas upstream of Gornji Vakuf, 14.5.1980.; river Vrbas downstream of Gornji Vakuf, 18.5.1981.; river Vrbas upstream of Bugojno, since 1980 until 1983; river Vrbas downstream of Donji Vakuf, 13.5.1980. Isoperla tripartita Illies, 1954 Localities: Sikirički stream upstream of mouth, 21.6.1980; river Vrbas upstream of Sikirički stream mouth, 20.6.1980.; river Vrbas upstream of Jelići, 21.6.1980. Neretva river basin. The Neretva flows through Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and it is the largest karst river in the in the entire eastern part of the Adriatic basin, which belongs to the Adriatic river watershed. The source of Neretva river is on Gredelj saddle in Lebršnik and Zelengora Mountains, and the mouth in Adriatic sea is in Ploče (Croatia). The total length is 230 km, of which 208 km are in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the final 22 km are in the -Neretva

BALWOIS 2012 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 28 May, 2 June 2012 6 County of Croatia. The main tributaries are rivers of the the , the Bjelimićka Rijeka, the Slatinica, the , the Konjička Ljuta, the Neretvica, the , the , the Drežanka, the Grabovica, the , and the Trebižat flow into the Neretva from the right, while the Jezernica, the Župski Krupac, the Bukovica, the Šištica, the Konjička Bijela, the Idbar, the Glogošnica, the Mostarska Bijela, the , the , and the Krupa flow into it from the left. The study of Perlodids from the Neretva river basin in this paper is based on the processing of materials of adult insects and larvae collected in the period since 1970 until 1975 in all seasons at the twelve sites in the Neretva River and into fourteen sites selected in its tributaries. Perlodes intricata (Pictet, 1842) Localities: river Neretva upstream of , 27.5.1975; river Neretva (Čapljina), 27.5.1975, 4 f; stream Šištica, 26.6.1970, 1 f; river Rama (Gračanica), 19.5.1975, 3 m, 2 f; river Trebižat (Hum), 27.5.1975, 1 f; river Bregava upstream of Stolac, 28.5.1975, 1 m, 6 f; river Buna, 27.5.1975, 2 f. Isoperla intermis Kaćanski & Zwick, 1970 Localities: spring Krupić (nearby Prozor), 1.10.1975, 1 f; river Buna, 27.5.1975, 6 m, 8 f; river Buna (Blagaj), 27.5.1975, 15 m, 16 f; spring of Studničica, Trebižat tributary, 27.5.1975, 2 m, 1 f. Isoperla oxylepis Despax, 1936 Localities: River Neretva downstream of , 30.5.1971, 1 m; river Neretva upstream of Mostar, 27.5.1975, 10 m, 13 f; river Neretva (Počitelj), 8.7.1975, 1 m, 1 f; river Neretva (Čapljina), 27.5.1975, 1 m, 2 f; river Rama (Gračanica), 19.5.1975, 8 m, 6 f. Isoperla tripartita Illies, 1954 Localities: river Neretva (Doljani), 27.5.1975., 2 m, 2 f; river Slatinica, 27.5.1971., 2 m, 2 f; river Šištica, 26.6.1970., 12 m, 16 f; river Radobolja, 25.7.1956, 1 m, 4 f; river Buna, 8.7.1975., 28 m, 20 f; river Buna, 8.7.1975., 2 m, 14 f; Trebižat (Struge), 28.4.1975., 3 m, 3 f; river Bregava upstream of Stolac, 28.5.1975., 4 m, 1 f.

Conclusion Species of perlodids were found in different types of running waters at investigated sites. According to observed data we can conclude that diversity of perlodids is low in springs and lower courses of the rivers. With the increase of the distance from the springs the number of perlodis is higher. In middle and lower parts of the rivers increased pollution cause a decrease of the perlodids. Greatest diversity was found in streams and little rivers. According to Limnofauna (Illies (ed.), 1978) all of the taxa identified in the investigated waters are present and can be expected in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References Aubert, J., 1963. Quelques Plécoptères de Yougoslavie. Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges. (Lausanne), 36:127- 128. Aubert, J., 1964. Quelques Plécoptères du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Vienne. Ann. nat.-hist. Mus. Wien, 67:287-301. Kaćanski, D., 1971a. Vodeni insekti sliva gornjeg toka Drine: Plecoptera. Elaborat. Biološki Institut Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo. Kaćanski, D. 1971b: Plecoptera sliva gornjeg toka rijeke Bosne. Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja, N.S., Prir. Nauke, 10 :103-118. Sarajevo. Kaćanski, D., 1978. Plecoptera sliva Neretve. Godišnjak Biološkog Instituta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 31: 57-68. Kaćanski, D., 1983. Plecoptera rijeke Vrbas. Godišnjak Biološkog Instituta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 36: 101-115.

BALWOIS 2012 – Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 28 May, 2 June 2012 7 Klapalek, F., 1898. Notes on Neuroptera and Pseudoneuroptera collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Věstnik České Akedemie cisaře Fantiška Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a uměni, 7(2), str. 126-134, in Czech. Klapàlek, F., 1902. Zur Kenntnis der Neuropteroiden von Ungarn, Bosnien und Herzegovina. - Termesz. Filzet 25:161-180. Klapalek, F., 1906a. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Neuropteroiden Fauna von Croatien-Slavonien un der Nachbarlander. Bull. Internat. Acad. Sci. Boheme (Sci. math. nat.) 11, Praha. Klapálek, F., 1906b. Revision und Synopsis der europäischen Dictyopterygiden. Bull. internat. Acad. Sci. Bohéme (Sci. math.-nat.) (Praha), 11:137-166. Illies, J., 1978. Plecoptera. Pp 264-273 in: Illies, J. (Ed.): Limnofauna Europaea. A checklist of the Animals Inhabiting European Inland Waters, with Accounts of their Distribution and Ecology (except Protozoa), 2. Edition, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart & New York. Trožić-Borovac, S., 2001. Istraživanje makroinvertebrata bentosa rijeke Bosne i pritoka u ocjeni kvaliteta vode. Doktorska disertacija. Prirodno-matematički fakultet Univerziteta u Sarajevu, Sarajevo.

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