RIJEKA BEZ POVRATKA Ekologija I Politike Velikih Brana

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RIJEKA BEZ POVRATKA Ekologija I Politike Velikih Brana Udruženje za zaštitu okoline “Zeleni – Neretva“, Konjic RIJEKA BEZ POVRATKA Ekologija i politike velikih brana Konjic, oktobar 2006. godine 1 Izdavač: Udruženje za zaštitu okoline “Zeleni – Neretva“, Konjic u saradnji sa Fondacijom “Heinrich Böll“, Regionalni ured Sarajevo Autor: Mr. Variščić Miralem, dipl. ing. Recenzenti: Nijaz Abadžić, publicista, prof. dr. Rifat Škrijelj Fotografije: Dinno Kassalo, Petar Magazin, arhiva Udruženja “Zeleni – Neretva“ Tehničko uređenje i dizajn: MAG Plus, Sarajevo Štampa: BEMUST Realizacija: MAG Plus, Sarajevo Tiraž: 500 primjeraka Drugo izdanje: oktobar 2006. godine Mišljenjem Federalnog ministarstva obrazovanja i nauke Federacije BiH broj 04-15-3456/04 od 23.08.2004. godine, knjiga “RIJEKA BEZ POVRATKA – Ekologija i politike velikih brana” oslobođena je poreza na promet proizvoda i usluga. 2 Sadr`aj REcENZIJE ................................................................................................................................ 5 Recenzija 1 - Drugo lice istine .................................................................................... 7 Recenzija 2 - Ozbiljna prijetnja tekućim vodenim ekosistemima ...................11 Predgovor drugom izdanju ................................................................................................13 Predgovor ...............................................................................................................................15 Uvod .........................................................................................................................................17 Kratka historija rijeka ..........................................................................................................19 1. Brane u svijetu ..........................................................................................................21 2. Brane u svjetlu izvještaja WcD-a ........................................................................33 3. Brane i sigurnost.......................................................................................................41 4. Utjecaji brana ............................................................................................................49 5. Brane u BiH ...............................................................................................................59 6. Brane na Neretvi .......................................................................................................87 7. Brana i akumulacija HE Jablanica – Pedeset godina poslije ........................97 8. Sve velike brane na Neretvi .................................................................................103 9. Projekat “GORNJA NERETVA“ ..............................................................................105 10. Analiza utjecaja u funkciji donošenja odluka o projektu brana .............115 11. Razvoj otpora izgradnji velikih brana (Pokret protiv velikih brana) ......117 ZAVRŠNA RIJEČ ..................................................................................................................123 DODAcI .................................................................................................................................125 Dodatak 1 - Deklaracija iz San Franciska .............................................................127 Dodatak 2 - Manibeli deklaracija ...........................................................................129 Dodatak 3 - Deklaracija iz curitibe ........................................................................133 LITERATURA .........................................................................................................................137 3 4 R E C E N Z I J E 5 6 RECENZIJA 1 Nijaz Abadžić, publicista Sarajevo DRUGO LICE ISTINE Ovo je knjiga koja se Bosni i Hercegovini morala dogoditi. Toliko se posljednjih godina u ovoj zemlji govorilo o novim branama i hidroelektranama i toliko su te rasprave i dijalozi do sada bili jednostrani, zbog superiornog statusa energetičara u dokazivanju opravdanosti izgradnje novih hidrocentrala i iznošenju svoje “argumentacije” za takve tvrdnje, da se, pravde radi, konačno morala uspostaviti neka vrsta ravnoteže u objektivnoj raspravi za dokazivanje istine. Magistar Miralem Variščić, kao priređivač, i Udruženje “Zeleni – Neretva” iz Konjica, kao izdavač knjige “Rijeka bez povratka – Ekologija i politike velikih brana”, prvi put bosanskohercegovačkoj javnosti objektivno, hrabro, pošteno i uz obilje valjane argumentacije dokazuju da gradnja svake nove brane, osim pozitivnih efekata, kojima se razmahuju energetičari i projektanti, ima i svoju negativnu, crnu, ružnu i opasnu stranu. To se posebno može reći za planiranu i svim vrstama pritisaka forsiranu gradnju novih brana i hidroelektrana na lokacijama sa neprocjenjivo vrijednom i atraktivnom prirodnom baštinom, koja bi zbog svoje unikatnosti i neponovljivosti morala biti neka vrsta svetosti jednog naroda, a ne da se, neodgovorno i brzopleto, trajno uništava zarad novih kilovata električne energije. S pravom se negativna ocjena može dati i planiranoj gradnji novih objekata za proizvodnju hidroenergije iz kojih bi se tako dobivena električna struja – izvozila drugim državama. U knjizi se kategorično tvrdi da komparativna razvojna prednost Bosne i Hercegovine ne može i ne smije biti struja za izvoz po cijenu destrukcije domaćih prirodnih resursa. Knjigom “Rijeka bez povratka – Ekologija i politike velikih brana” ne osporavaju se izvjesne prednosti hidroenergije; njeni priređivači su svjesni stalno rastuće “gladi za energijom”; dobro im je poznato bosanskohercegovačko bogatstvo u potencijalima za ovu vrstu energije i još uvijek nedovoljna iskorištenost tih potencijala, ali se uz te činjenice u knjizi javno postavljaju i ova logična pitanja: 1) Zašto su razvijene zemlje prestale graditi brane i hidroelektrane na svo- jim rijekama, a spremne su investirati u takve objekte u nerazvijenim zem- ljama? (Trebaju li nerazvijeni voditi manju brigu o zaštiti okoline i prirodne baštine od razvijenih?) 2) Da li po svaku cijenu treba insistirati na većoj iskorištenosti hidropoten- cijala za povećanje proizvodnje električne energije ako postoji alternativa 7 za trajno korištenje tih prirodnih bogatstava, a da ona ne budu uništena (kriza pitke vode u svijetu dramatično se zaoštrava; voda se nikada i ničim neće moći nadomjestiti, a hidroenergija ima alternativu; čista će se voda više tražiti kao preduvjet u proizvodnji biološki punovrijedne hrane; vode tekućice sa autentičnim i atraktivnim prirodnim ukrasima kanjona, brzaka, kaskada i vodopada glavni su magnet u ponudama sve traženijeg “hum- anog”, “ekološkog” i “avanturističkog turizma”, itd.). 3) Otkud da su među glavnim investitorima, koji nude novac za gradnju novih hidroelektrana ili malih elektrana u Bosni i Hercegovini, upravo one zemlje kojima su prirodne ljepote “glavna sirovina” za njihove gigantske turističke uspjehe (Austrija, Slovenija, Italija). Priređivači publikacije o naličju velikih brana i hidroelektrana iskreni su kada kažu: “U ovoj ćemo brošuri prezentirati argumente, a ne emocije – kako su nam u dosadašnjim raspravama prigovarali pobornici brana. Dosta je hvalospjeva napisano o hidroenergiji kao najčistijoj i najjeftinijoj, a uz to obnovljivoj. Ovim tekstom mi želimo uzdrmati tvrdnju koju su na osnovu jednostranih računica energetičari nametnuli. Potreba da se u investicije velikih brana i hidroelektrana uključe i troškovi negativnog utjecaja takvih objekata učinit će ih neisplativim.” Izvještaj Svjetske komisije za brane od 16. 11. 2000. godine i njegovo objavljivanje u javnosti predstavljaju prekretnicu u svijetu i politici izgradnje velikih brana. Prvi je put u jednom svjetskom javnom dokumentu zaključeno: - Velike brane na rijekama nisu ekonomski opravdane ako bi se uzeli u obzir svi realni troškovi i štete koje izazivaju; - Analizirajući društveni utjecaj brana došlo se do zaključka da u dosadašnjoj praksi negativni efekti brana često nisu ni procjenjivani ni uračunavani ili je to činjeno površno i nepravično; - Nepriznati troškovi uglavnom se odnose na afektirano lokalno stanovništvo i degradaciju ekosistema; - Velike brane razorno djeluju na prirodnu okolinu; - Odluke o gradnji brana do sada nisu bile demokratske jer su isključivale iz odlučivanja najviše pogođeno lokalno stanovništvo. Umjesto njih, od- luke su donosile tehnokrate, politička i poslovna elita koja je gradeći brane povećavala sopstvenu moć i bogatstvo. Vrlo je bitno – naglašavaju priređivači ove publikacije – da se pokret protiv izgradnje brana ne radikalizira u otpor izgradnji svake brane i da ne bude usko kanalisan na isključivo ekološke komponente. To je, ustvari, solidarni proces protiv destruktivnog razvoja i jednostranih kalkulacija i borbi za socijalnu pravdu i prava zajednica na svoje resurse i život. To je zahtjev da se čuju glasovi ljudi iz riječnih dolina kada se donose odluke koje utječu na gubitak njihovih rijeka, odluke koje bitno utječu na njihov život i budućnost. 8 Kao novinar i publicista sa 45 godina profesionalnog bavljenja ovim poslom (od toga 32 godine specijaliziranim ekološkim novinarstvom) rijetko sam imao u rukama publikaciju sa bogatijom i ubjedljivijom argumentacijom o temi kojom se bavi knjiga “Rijeka bez povratka – Ekologija i politike velikih brana”. Siguran sam da će njeno objavljivanje popuniti veliku prazninu koja postoji kada je riječ o ovoj tematici u domenu informiranja i educiranja naše javnosti i zato je, uz čestitke priređivaču i izdavaču, zdušno preporučujem za objavljivanje. Sarajevo,
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