Quick viewing(Text Mode)

Queen of Heaven

Queen of Heaven

Queen of

This article is about the title of as Queen The title has long been a Catholic tra- of Heaven. For Queen of Heaven in antiquity, see Queen dition, included in and devotional literature, and of heaven (antiquity). seen in Western art in the subject of the of “Mary Queen of Heaven” redirects here. For the Catholic the Virgin, from the High , long before it parish church, see Mary Queen of Heaven (Erlanger, was given a formal definition status by the Church. Kentucky). Queen of Heaven is a title given to the Blessed Vir- 1 Theological basis

See also:

Queen of Heaven ( ) is one of many Queen titles used of the Virgin Mary. The title derived in part from the ancient Catholic teaching that Mary, at the end of her earthly life, was bodily and spiritually assumed into heaven, and that she is there honored as Queen.[2] Pius XII explained on the theological reasons for her title of Queen in a radio message to Fatima of May 13, 1946, Bendito seja:[3]

He, the Son of , reflects on His heav- enly Mother the glory, the majesty and the do- minion of His kingship, for, having been asso- ciated to the King of Martyrs in the ... work of human as Mother and cooper- ator, she remains forever associated to Him, with a practically unlimited power, in the dis- tribution of the graces which flow from the Re- demption. is King throughout all eternity by nature and by right of conquest: through Him, with Him, and subordinate to Him, Mary The Crowning of the Virgin by the . Velázquez, 1645 is Queen by grace, by divine relationship, by gin Mary by mainly of the right of conquest, and by singular choice [of [4] Church, and also, to some extent, in and the Father]. Eastern Orthodoxy, to whom the title is a consequence of the First in the fifth century, in which According to Catholic doctrine, Mary was assumed into the Virgin Mary was proclaimed extquotedbltheotokos heaven and is with Jesus Christ, her divine Son and is extquotedbl, a title rendered in Latin as Mater Dei, in En- represented in the (chapter 11:19– glish extquotedblMother of God extquotedbl. 12:6) as the woman clothed with the sun who gives birth [5] The Catholic teaching on this subject is expressed in the to Christ. papal Ad Caeli Reginam,[1] issued by Pius In his 1954 encyclical Ad caeli reginam (“To the Queen XII. It states that Mary is called Queen of Heaven be- of Heaven”), Pius XII points out that Mary deserves the cause her son, Jesus Christ, is the king of and heav- title because she is Mother of God, because she is closely enly king of the universe; indeed, the Davidic tradition associated as the with Jesus’ redemptive work, of Israel recognized the mother of the king as the Queen because of her preeminent perfection and because of her Mother of Israel. The Eastern Orthodox Churches do intercessory power.[6] Ad caeli reginam states that the not share the Catholic , but themselves have a rich main principle on which the royal dignity of Mary rests liturgical history in honor of Mary. is her Divine Motherhood. ... So with complete justice

1 2 3 HISTORICAL PRACTICE

St. John Damascene could write: “When she became in a context unrelated to Mary. The prophet Mother of the Creator, she truly became Queen of every writing circa 628 BC refers to a “queen of heaven” in creature.”.[7] chapters 7 and 44 of the when he scolds the people for having “sinned against the Lord” due to their idolatrous practices of burning incense, mak- 2 Biblical basis ing cakes and pouring out drink offerings to her. This title was probably given to Asherah, a Caananite idol and worshipped in ancient Israel and Judah.[9] For a In the Old Testament, under some Davidic kings, the discussion of “queen of heaven” in the Old Testament, , the “Great Lady”, usually the Mother of the see Queen of heaven (Antiquity). King, held great power as advocate with the king. In 1 Kings 2:20, Solomon said to his Mother , seated on a throne at his right, “Make your request, Mother, for I will not refuse you.” Fr. William G. Most 3 Historical practice sees here a sort of type of Mary.[4]

A statue of the typically crowned with 12 stars. A reflection of the biblical image in Revelation 12. Statue by Attard, .

In the New Testament, the title has several biblical sources. At the , the archangel Gabriel an- nounces that [Jesus] extquotedbl... will be great, and will be called the Son of the Most High; and the Lord God will In the fourth century St. Ephrem called Mary “Lady” and give to him the throne of his father . He will rule “Queen.” Later Church fathers and doctors continued to over the house of Jacob forever and his reign will be with- use the title. A text probably coming from Origen (died out end. extquotedbl(Luke 1:32) The biblical precedent c. 254) gives her the title domina, the feminine form in ancient Israel is that the mother of the king becomes [8] of Latin dominus, Lord. That same title also appears in the queen mother. Mary’s queenship is a share in Jesus’ many other early writers, e.g., , and Peter Chryso- kingship.[6] logus. The first Mariological definition and basis for the The Roman views Mary as the woman title of Mary Queen of Heaven developed at the Council clothed with the sun in the Book of Revelation 12:1– of Ephesus, where Mary was defined to be the Mother of 3:[5] “1 A great and wondrous sign appeared in heaven: a God. The Council fathers specifically approved this ver- woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet sion against the opinion, that Mary is “only” the mother and a of twelve stars on her head. She was pregnant of Jesus. Nobody had participated in the life of her son and cried out in pain as she was about to give birth. Then more, than Mary, who gave birth to the Son of God.[10] another sign appeared in heaven: an enormous red dragon The word “Queen” appears about the sixth century, and with seven heads and ten horns and seven on his is common thereafter.[4] Hymns of the 11th to 13th cen- heads.” The Church accepts Revelation 12 as a reference turies address Mary as queen: “Hail, Holy Queen,” “Hail, to Mary, Israel, and the Church as a three-fold symbol- Queen of Heaven,” “Queen of Heaven.” The Domini- ism through the Book of Isaiah and affirms Mary as the can and the as well as numerous mother of Jesus as the prophetic fulfilment described in [6] [5] invocations in Mary’s litany celebrate her queenship. Revelation 12 (cf. Isaiah 7:14, 26:17, 54:1, 66:7). For centuries she has been invoked as the Queen of In the Old Testament the term “queen of heaven” appears heaven.[11] 4.1 Other titles 3

4 Litany of Loreto 4.1 Other titles

Other titles have been added to reflect modern scientific understanding. The in 1964 re- ferred to Mary as Queen of the Universe. Section 59 of Lumen Gentium, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church from Vatican II, stated: “Finally, the Immaculate Virgin, preserved free from all guilt of original sin, on the completion of her earthly sojourn, was taken up body and soul into heavenly glory, and exalted by the Lord as Queen of the universe, that she might be the more fully conformed to her Son, the Lord of lords and the con- queror of sin and death.” This reference came at a time during which space exploration was beginning.[13]

5

Rubens, 1609

She is invoked in the Litany of Loreto as:

• Queen of the Angels,

• Queen of Patriarchs,

• Queen of Prophets,

• Queen of Apostles,

• Queen of Martyrs,

• Queen of Confessors,

• Queen of Virgins, Crowned statue of , Warfhuizen, Holland.

• Queen of all Saints The four ancient Marian of the Liturgy of the Hours express the Queenship of the Virgin Mary: the • Queen of Families.[11] , the , the Alma Re- demptoris Mater, and the Regina Caeli. These are prayed • Queen conceived without original sin at different times of the year, at the end of .

• Queen assumed into Heaven 5.1 Salve Regina • Queen of the Most Holy Rosary Main article: Salve Regina • Queen of Peace[12] 4 6 VENERATION

Mary as Queen of Heaven is praised in the Salve Regina extquotedbl(Hail Queen) extquotedbl, which is sung in the time from Trinity Sunday until the Saturday before the first Sunday of Advent. In the vernacular, as a to the Virgin Mary, the Hail Holy Queen is the final prayer of the Rosary. A German Benedictine monk, (1013–1054), allegedly composed it and it originally appeared in Latin, the prevalent language of the Catholic Church until Vatican II. Traditionally it has been sung in Latin, though many translations exist. In the Middle Ages, Salve Regina offices were held every Saturday.[14] In the 13th century, the custom developed to greet the Queen of Heaven with the Salve Regina, which is considered the oldest of the four Marian antiphons. As a part of the Catholic Reformation, the Salve Regina was prayed every Saturday by members of the , a Jesuit Marian congregation. The Hail Holy Queen is also the final prayer of the Rosary.

5.2 Ave Regina Caelorum

Main article: Ave Regina Caelorum

The Ave Regina Caelorum (Hail, Queen of Heaven) is an early Marian , praising Mary, the Queen of Heaven. It is traditionally said or sung after each of The Mary by Rubens, c. 1625 the of the Liturgy of the Hours. The prayer is used especially after Compline, the final canon- ical hour of prayer before going to sleep. It is prayed 5.4 Regina Coeli from the Feast of the Presentation (February 2) through the Wednesday of . It used to be sung on the Main article: Regina Coeli feast of the Assumption of Mary. The Ave Regina Caelo- rum dates back in a different musical intonation to the 12th century.[15] Today’s version is slightly different from The Regina Coeli (Queen of Heaven) is an of the a 12th-century intonation. The Ave Regina Caelorum has Roman Catholic Church which replaces the at four parts: Ave, Salve, Gaude and Vale (in English: hail, Eastertide (from Holy Saturday until the Saturday after rejoice, farewell). It was used for processions in honour ). It is named for its opening words in Latin. of the Queen of Heaven. The Ave Regina Caelorum re- The Regina Coeli was the subject of numerous intona- ceived numerous musical versions, a famous one of which tions throughout the centuries by known and unknown was composed in 1773 by Joseph Haydn.[16] composers. Not all attributions are correct however, as an often quoted Regina Coeli by Joseph Haydn had other authors.[16] Of unknown authorship, the anthem was in Franciscan use in the first half of the 13th century. To- 5.3 Alma gether with three other Marian , it was incor- porated in the Minorite Roman Curia Office, which the soon popularized everywhere, and which by Main article: order of Pope Nicholas III (1277–1280) replaced all the The Alma Redemptoris Mater (Loving Mother of our Sav- older in the churches of .[18] ior) is recited in the Catholic Church at Compline only from the first Sunday in Advent until the Feast of the Purification (February 2). Continuing theological discus- sions exist as to the origin and exact timing of this Marian 6 Veneration antiphon. It has two equal parts. The Virgin Mary is the loving Mother of the Savior, the ever-virgin with a very The Catholic faith states, as a dogma, that Mary is as- high position in heaven. May she listen to her people with sumed into heaven and is with Jesus Christ, her divine mercy in their need for her help.[17] son. Mary should be called Queen, not only because of 5

her Divine Motherhood of Jesus Christ, but also because God has willed her to have an exceptional role in the work of eternal . Roman Catholicism employs the liturgical Latin phrase Ora Pro Nobis, meaning pray for us, and does not teach adherents to pray to saints or wor- ship saints, but rather asks those saints to pray for them. The encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam maintains that Christ as redeemer is Lord and King. The Blessed Virgin is Queen, because of the unique manner in which she assisted in our redemption, by giving of her own substance, by freely of- fering Him for us, by her singular desire and petition for, and active interest.[19] Mary was chosen Mother of Christ so she might help fulfill God’s plan in the redemption of humankind; The Catholic Church from the earliest times venerated the Queen of Heaven, according to Pius XII: The coronation of the by Pope Pius XII in 1954. From the earliest ages of the Catholic Church a Christian people, whether in time of triumph or in Rome.[23]The feast is a logical follow-up to the As- more especially in time of crisis, has addressed sumption and is now celebrated on the day of that prayers of petition and hymns of praise and feast.[6] In 1969, Pope Paul VI moved the feast day to veneration to the Queen of Heaven and never . has that hope wavered which they placed in the Mother of the Divine King, Jesus Christ; nor has It has been placed eight days after the of the that faith ever failed by which we are taught that Assumption, in order to emphasize the close bond be- Mary, the Virgin Mother of God, reigns with a tween Mary’s queenship and her glorification in body and mother’s solicitude over the entire world, just as soul next to her Son. The Second Vatican Council’s Con- she is crowned in heavenly blessedness with the stitution on the Church states that “Mary was taken up glory of a Queen.[20] body and soul into heavenly glory, and exalted by the Lord as Queen of the universe, that she might be the more fully The Queenship of Mary is commemorated in the last of conformed to her Son” (Lumen Gentium, 59).[11] the Glorious Mysteries of the Holy Rosary — the Coro- The movement to officially recognise the Queenship of nation of the Virgin as Queen of Heaven and Earth. Mary was initially promoted by several Catholic Mar- Parishes and private groups often process and crown an iological congresses in Lyon, France; Freiburg, Ger- image of the Blessed Virgin Mary with flowers. This of- many; and , Switzerland. Gabriel Roschini ten is referred to as a “May Crowning.” This rite may founded in Rome, , an international society to pro- be done on and feasts of the Blessed Vir- mote the Queenship of Mary, Pro Regalitate Mariae.[24] gin Mary, or other festive days, and offers the Church Several had described Mary as Queen and Queen a chance to reflect on Mary’s role in the history of of Heaven, which was documented by Gabriel Roschini. salvation.[21] Pope Pius XII repeated the title in numerous encycli- cals and apostolic letters, especially during World War The Virgin has been called “Queen of France” since II[25][26][27][28][29][30] 1638 when, partly in thanksgiving for a victory over the Huguenots and also in hope of the birth of an heir after years of childless marriage, Louis XIII officially gave her that title. , , hails the Virgin as Queen of 7 Art Siena, and annually observes the race and pageant called [22] the “palio” in her honor. Main articles: Coronation of the Virgin and Roman Catholic Marian art 6.1 Feast of Queenship of Mary Early shows Mary in an elevated position. She carries her divine son in her hands, or holds him. Af- Queenship of Mary is a Marian feast day in the liturgical ter he ascended into heaven, he reigns in divine glory. calendar of the Roman Catholic Church, created by Pope Mary, his mother, assumed into heaven by her son, par- Pius XII. On 11 October 1954, the Pontiff pronounced ticipates in his heavenly glory. the new feast in his encyclical Ad caeli reginam. The The earliest known Roman depiction of Santa Maria feast was celebrated on , the last day of the Mar- Regina depicting the Virgin Mary as a queen dates to the ian month. The initial ceremony for this feast involved 6th century and is found in the modest church of Santa the crowning of the Salus Populi Romani icon of the Vir- Maria Antiqua (i.e., ancient St. Mary) built in the 5th gin Mary in Rome by Pius XII as part of a procession century in the Forum Romanum. Here the Virgin Mary is 6 8 GALLERY OF ART

Earliest known (6th century) Roman depiction of Santa Maria Regina (Saint Mary the Queen), Santa Maria Antiqua church, Rome. Giacomo di Mino, 1340–1350

of the picture of the Salus Populi Romani in 1954 by unequivocally depicted as an empress.[31][32][33] As one of Pius XII. The veneration of Mary as queen continues into the earliest Roman Catholic Marian churches, this church the 21st Century, but artistic expressions do not have the [36] was used by Pope John VII in the early 8th century as the leading role as in previous times see of the bishop of Rome. Also in the 8th century, the Artworks, including paintings, and carvings of decreed that such pictures of the coronation of Mary as Queen of Heaven, became in- [34] Mary should be venerated. creasingly popular from the 13th century onward. Works In the early 16th century, Protestant reformers began follow a set pattern, showing Mary kneeling in the to discourage Marian art, and some like or heavenly court, and being crowned either by Jesus alone, Zwingli even encouraged its destruction. But after the or else by Jesus and together, with the in the mid-16th century confirmed the , usually in the form of a dove, complet- veneration of Marian paintings for Catholics, Mary was ing the Trinity. The Coronation of Mary is almost en- often painted as a with crown, surrounded by tirely a theme of western art. In the Eastern Orthodox stars, standing on top of the world or the partly visible Church, although Mary is often shown wearing a crown, moon. After the victory against the Turks at Lepanto, the coronation itself never became an accepted artistic [37][38] Mary is depicted as the Queen of Victory, sometimes subject. wearing the crown of the Habsburg empire.[35] National interpretations existed in France as well, where Jean Fou- quet painted the Queen of Heaven in 1450 with the face 8 Gallery of art of the mistress of King Charles VII[36] Statues and pic- tures of Mary were crowned by kings in , France, 8.1 Paintings , and Austria,[36] sometimes apparently using crowns previously worn by earthly monarchs. A • Martino di Bartolomeo, 1400 surviving small crown presented by Margaret of York seems to have been that worn by her at her wedding to • The icon Salus Populi Romani, crowned for the Charles the Bold in 1463. A recent coronation was that 1954 8.4 Altars 7

• Gregorio di Cecco Enthroned Madonna 8.4 Altars

• Crowned • Coronation of the Virgin, Bartolo di Fredi, 1388 • Crowned Madonna, Rokitno, Poland, 1671 • Altarpiece • Lorenzo Monaco, Coronation, 1414, Uffizi, Flo- • 18th-century German altar rence • 19th-century German altar • Botticelli, with only God the Father in evidence • , 1504 9 See also • , 1502-1504 • Giacomo di Mino, 1340-1350 • • Giulio Cesare Procaccini, 17th century • Lady of Sorrows • Enguerrand Charonton Coronation of Mary by the • Madonna of Trinity, 1454 • • Botticelli, with only God the Father, 15th century • Mother of God • Lorenzo Costa, Crowning of the Madonna and • Mother of Mercy saints, 1501 • • Coronation, Agnolo Gaddi, 14th century • Jean Fouquet, Coronation of the Virgin, 15th cen- tury 10 References • Coronation of the Virgin by |, 1441 [1] “Encyclical Ad Caeli Reginam extquotedbl. Vatican. • Paolo Veneziano, 1324 [2] Dictionary of Mary, Catholic Book Publishing Co., New • Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, 1504 York, 1985, p283-284 • Gentile da Fabriano, 1422-1425 [3] AAS 38. 266 [4] Most, William G. “Mary’s Queenship”, Our Lady in Doc- • Fra Angelico, 1434-1435 trine and Devotion, 1994

[5] Saunder, Rev. William. “Woman Clothed with the Sun”, 8.2 Statues Arlington Catholic Herald, 2004. Catholic Education Re- source Center. Retrieved July 6, 2011 • Crowned statue in Porto Alegre, Brazil [6] Foley O.F.M., Leonard. Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, • Crowned Virgin of Carmel, Varallo Sesia, Italy and Feast, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Francis- can Media, ISBN 978-0-86716-887-7 • Crowned statue of the Blessed Virgin, [7] Ad caeli reginam 34 8.3 Frescoes [8] Taylor Marshall, The Crucified Rabbi: Judaism and the Origins of Catholic , Saint John Press, 2009 • Tetmajer Madonna in Heaven, 1895 ISBN 978-0-578-03834-6 page 41 [9] Biblegateway Jeremiah • Scheffler, Queen of Heaven, , Germany [10] Tschochner, Königtum Mariens Marienlexikon, 590 • Scheffler, Crowned Virgin [11] Pope Benedict XVI. “On the Queenship of Mary', General • Monastery Spain Audience, August 22, 2012 • Fra Angelico, , 1437-1446 [12] Pope Paul VI, Christi Matris, 1966

• Church of Sant'Angelo, [13] Lumen Gentium, Chapter 8, Section 59.

• , 1697–1700 [14] Marienlexikon, 648

• Aldo Locatelli, 20th century, Brazil [15] C Bernt Marienlexikon 321 8 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

[16] Haydn,in Marienlexikon, 88

[17] Marienlexikon, 104

[18] Catholic encyclopedia

[19] Ad Caeli Reginam 38

[20] Ad caeli reginam 1

[21] Lewis, Suzaanne M. “Crowning an Image of the Blessed Virgin Mary”, Pastoral Liturgy

[22] “The Queenship of Mary”, Queen of Angels foundation

[23] Time Magazine, Nov 8th, 1954

[24] Tschochner 591

[25] AAS 1942, 126,

[26] AAS 1942 315,

[27] AAS 1943, 248,

[28] AAS 1943 38,

[29] AAS 1946,266,

[30] AAS 1950, 763,

[31] Erik Thunø, 2003 Image and relic: mediating the sacred in early medieval Rome ISBN 88-8265-217-3 page 34

[32] Bissera V. Pentcheva, 2006 and power: the Mother of God in Byzantium ISBN 0-271-02551-4 page 21

[33] Anne J. Duggan, 2008 Queens and queenship in medieval Europe ISBN 0-85115-881-1 page 175

[34] Tschochner 590

[35] Marienlexikon 595

[36] Marienlexikon 596

[37] Dictionary of Mary, Catholic Book Publishing Co., New York, 1985

[38] The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1912.

11 External links

• Pope Pius XII. Ad Caeli Reginam

• Pope Benedict XVI. “On the Queenship of Mary', General Audience, August 22, 2012 9

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

• Queen of Heaven Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven?oldid=627905290 Contributors: Twilsonb, Wetman, Henrygb, Dmn, Tom harrison, Andycjp, Bhuck, Xandar, Lima, Mairi, Caeruleancentaur, UnHoly, Kitch, Woohookitty, Kosher Fan, SCEhardt, Cuchullain, BD2412, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Koavf, Rschen7754, Phantom784, Alveolate, Afterwriting, FlaBot, Borgx, RussBot, Welsh, SmackBot, Carl.bunderson, Greatgavini, Colonies Chris, OrphanBot, Radagast83, LoveMonkey, Andrew c, Rigadoun, Mathiasrex, C.jeynes, Malindaeb, Redeagle688, Hungrygeneration, Joseph Solis in Australia, LadyofShalott, InfernoXV, Eric, Cydebot, Peripitus, Goldfritha, Ttiotsw, Miguel de Servet, Energyfreezer, Sweetmoose6, Mojo Hand, Missvain, Thomas Paine1776, Ozzieboy, Skyp- ilot5973, Sukh17, Alphachimpbot, Barek, MelanieN, Boleslaw, Magioladitis, Wayne Miller, Cicdc, CommonsDelinker, Johnbod, Ncmvo- calist, MarcoLittel, 83d40m, Jarry1250, Redtigerxyz, VasilievVV, Dominics Fire, Ktalon, Athanasius28, Mitterndorfer, Yeoberry, Farkas János, VanishedUserABC, SieBot, LovelyLillith, Scarian, WereSpielChequers, Philly jawn, Squid603, LotusElite, Plastikspork, Alexbot, Coinmanj, Arjayay, Another Believer, JoyUnspeakable, Editor2020, Ambrosius007, WikHead, WikiDao, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Sp- Bot, Organic Cabbage, Elledom7, Luckas-bot, AnomieBOT, Galoubet, Eumolpo, JoseyMarine, Jayarathina, Pioneer prefered Lewinsky, Drilnoth, Tad Lincoln, Grantmidnight, FrescoBot, Jamesooders, Gemminks, DrilBot, Americanman095, Melekali, Ceremoniar, Beyond My Ken, Chi-Rhon, RA0808, NoisyJinx, Danny9567, Wikipelli, Soulandspirit, Donner60, Willthacheerleader18, Susumebashi, 28bot, ClueBot NG, Jasper3838, Satellizer, Snotbot, O.Koslowski, Mannanan51, Widr, BG19bot, Portugueserevolution1, Khazar2, Mogism, QvisDevs, Nankolankeita, Wikicology, EditingforYAH and Anonymous: 106

12.2 Images

• File:Beslotentuinfeest.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Beslotentuinfeest.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Broederhugo • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Coronation-of-the-Virgin.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Coronation-of-the-Virgin.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: http://www.arthermitage.org/Rubens-Pieter-Paul/index.html Original artist: • File:Coronation_of_Virgin_Jacopo_di_mino_Montepulciano.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/ Coronation_of_Virgin_Jacopo_di_mino_Montepulciano.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: scan Original artist: Jacopo di Mino del Pellicciaio • File:Diego_Velázquez_012.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_012.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/online-gallery/on-line-gallery/obra/ the-coronation-of-the-virgin/ Original artist: Diego Velázquez • File:Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_ usual.svg License: CC0 Contributors: • Keys: File:Sede_vacante.svg Original artist: Gambo7 • File:Fra_Angelico_082.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Fra_Angelico_082.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: Fra Angelico (circa 1395–1455) • File:LaPurisimaInmaculadaConcepciondeRibera.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/ LaPurisimaInmaculadaConcepciondeRibera.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lloydbaltazar • File:Mary-header.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Mary-header.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Jayarathina • File:Office-book.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project • File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_079.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Peter_Paul_Rubens_079.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Peter Paul Rubens • File:PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg License: CC-BY- SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Ambrosius007. Original uploader was Ambrosius007 at en.wikipedia • File:Santa_Marija_Assunta.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Santa_Marija_Assunta.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Cyberius • File:Santa_maria_antiqua,_annunciazione_565-578.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Santa_ maria_antiqua%2C_annunciazione_565-578.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Vladimirskaya.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Vladimirskaya.jpg License: Public domain Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ?

12.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

Top View