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I Social Capital in Urban Park Planning: Essen and Dresden in German Disunification and Beyond Owen K. Deitcher December 19Th, 2

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I Social Capital in Urban Park Planning: Essen and Dresden in German Disunification and Beyond Owen K. Deitcher December 19Th, 2 i Social Capital in Urban Park Planning: Essen and Dresden in German Disunification and Beyond Owen K. Deitcher December 19th, 2019 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Growth & Structure of Cities ii Abstract In the wake of the bombings inflicted on Germany during World War II, cities had the challenging task of redesigning landscapes. Parks amongst these destroyed landscapes straddle the objectives of the city government, desires of residents, and availability of space. In this thesis, I explore the ways in which social capital predicts park creation or preservation in urban areas within former East and West German blocs and how these differences in capital manifest today. Considering the drastic differences in governmental styles in Germany between the blocs, the historical interaction between social capital and power holders illuminate certain characteristics of each park and their city’s identity in their development. Choosing Dresden and Essen as two cities in each of the former blocs, two notable parks from each city were selected with interviews and field notes contextualizing its social capital and government intervention. In review of the historical data, social capital appeared to be stronger in parks located in former top- down regimes while government intervention in park planning occurred in heavily polluted regions where social capital appeared to be lower. These findings have implication for how local governments approach interaction with social capital around potential or existing public spaces under historical precedents of the area encompassing them. iii Acknowledgements As a reflection on this thesis process, I would like to thank the nation of Germany for welcoming my interests in environmentalism with open arms. Dresden and Essen offered more than I could have imagined in terms of the narrative of national, regional, and local environmental politics that have so positively changed my outlook on administrative decisions to combat climate change. This urban spaces I visited whilst in both cities opened my eyes to the plethora of opportunities realized in progressive planning authorities. Within the bounds of the Bi-Co, I thank Liv Raddatz for being especially supportive on discourse of the German environmental scene and being supportive in getting this topic off the ground. In addition, I commend the Bi-College Environmental Studies Department and the Koshland Intergrated Natural Science Center for designating funding for my thesis research during summer 2019. Lastly, my interest in the Growth and Structure of Cities Department started with Gary McDonogh and will continue into the future. Thank you for inspiring me in class and lengthy office hour visits to continue to push the envelope. Although I am remised to not have you here during my senior year, your influence continues long on in my passion of urban areas. iv Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................................... vii Glossary ................................................................................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 I. Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 5 II. Literature Review ....................................................................................................................................... 8 a. Social Capital and Urban Land Use ................................................................................................... 8 b. Identity of citizens in the planning process of parks ............................................................. 10 c. Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Planning ............................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2: Historical Context of German ‘Disunification’ and Parks ............................................. 14 I. Dresden.......................................................................................................................................................... 14 a. Rebuilding in the Eyes of Whom? .................................................................................................. 14 b. Environmental Awareness through Church Groups in GDR ............................................... 15 c. Parks Context: Hufewiesen and Grosser Garten ...................................................................... 17 II. Essen ............................................................................................................................................................. 19 a. Continuity until Collapse: Industrial persistence in the Ruhr post-WWII ..................... 19 b. Industrial Impact on Well-Being of Citizen and Environment ........................................... 21 c. Context of Parks: Krupp Park and Emscher IBA ...................................................................... 22 III. Coming together under the Umbrella of Sustainability: Germany in Post-Reunification .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Chapter 3:Case-Study: Krupp Park, Emscher Park, Grosser Garten, and Hufewiesen ........... 26 Hufewiesen ...................................................................................................................................................... 26 II. Grosser Garten .......................................................................................................................................... 33 III. Krupp Park ................................................................................................................................................ 39 IV. Emscher IBA Park ................................................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 4: Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion .................................................................................... 48 v I. Analysis .......................................................................................................................................................... 48 a. Park(ticular) Conception: Identity and Social Capital in Preservation and Creation 48 1. Identity ................................................................................................................................................ 48 2. Social Capital ..................................................................................................................................... 50 b. Urban Park Planning: Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Approaches ........................................... 51 1. Top-Down Planning ....................................................................................................................... 52 2. Bottom-Up Planning....................................................................................................................... 53 II. Discussion ................................................................................................................................................... 54 III. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 56 Tables (Head 1 Style) ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Figures (Head 1 Style) ........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 59 Appendix A: Interview Script ........................................................................................................................ 65 Appendix A: Interviewees ............................................................................................................................... 66 vi List of Figures Figure 1. Map of Eastern and Western Germany with Dresden and Essen marked. .................. 4 Figure 2 Map of Dresden with Grosser Garten and Hufewiesen marked..................................... 18 Figure 3. Map of Essen with markings of the Krupp and Emscher Park ...................................... 24 Figure 4. A meadow in Hufewiesen in the summer ............................................................................
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