Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands

Conservation Management Zones of Australia

Prepared by the Department of the Environment Acknowledgements This project and its associated products are the result of collaboration between the Department of the Environment’s Biodiversity Conservation Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of Environment (DotE), Department of Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the academic community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE; Nyree Stenekes and Robert Kancans (DoA), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson (ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.

Special thanks to CSIRO researchers Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns underpinned identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.

Image Credits Front Cover: Kosciuszko National Park – Allan Fox Page 4: Southern Corroboree Frog (Pseudophryne corroboree) – Steve Wilson Page 7: Broad-toothed Mouse (Mastacomys fuscus) – Magnus Kjaergaard Page 12: Three Mile Creek waterfall, Kosciuszko National Park – Copyright Stuart Cohen Page 14: Guthega Skink (Liopholis guthega) – Andrew Griffiths Page 16: Snow gums (Eucalyptus pauciflora), Kosciuszko National Park – John Spencer/OEH Page 18: Flame Robin (Petroica phoenicea) – JJ Harrison Page 20: Alpine She-oak Skink (Cyclodomorphus praealtus) – Steve K Wilson Page 21: Baw Baw Frog (Philoria frosti) – Mike Swan Page 23: Hoary Sunray (Leucochrysum albicans var. tricolor) – Murray Fagg Page 24: Wildflowers, Namadgi National Park, ACT – Nicole Middleton Page 25: Common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), Kosciuszko National Park – Ian Pulsford/OEH Page 29: Mountain Pygmy Possum (Burramys parvus) – L. Broome/OEH Page 30: Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey (Eucalyptus rubida) – G. Manley Page 31: Eucalyptus tall open forests with ferns, herbs, sedges rushes or wet tussock grass – Murray Fagg Page 32: Eucalyptus open forests with a grassy understorey, Alpine National Park – Murray Fagg Page 33: Eucalyptus low open woodlands with a shrubby understorey – Kosciuszko National Park – Murray Fagg Page 34: Wet tussock grassland, Ginini Flats Ramsar Wetland, Namadgi National Park – Nerida Sloane Page 35: Eucalyptus woodlands with tussock grass, Mt Ginini, Namadgi National Park – Visit Canberra Page 36: Eucalyptus open forests with a shrubby understorey, Alpine National Park – Murray Fagg Page 37: Eucalyptus wet sclerophyll open forest (Eucalyptus regnans) – Murray Fagg Back Cover: Kosciuszko National Park – Allan Fox

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Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Contents

Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country ��2 Introduction ��2 Zone at a glance ��3 Population characteristics ��6 Employment, volunteering and incomes ��8 Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice ��9 Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas ��11 Zone vegetation characteristics �� 13 Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands �� 15 World and National Heritage �� 16 Major National Reserve System properties ��17 EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities �� 18 EPBC Act (1999) threatened species �� 19 EPBC Act (1999) migratory species �� 24 Threatened endemic species ��25 Invasive species �� 27 Vegetation profiles and management recommendations �� 29

Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country The Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. We honour the deep spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including Australia’s waterways, land and sea country.

Introduction The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.

The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with local action.

The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge and expertise about the environment. This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.

The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.

Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socio-economic information. We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural resources more effectively.

The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices. In future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.

2 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Zone at a glance

Area of zone: Population density: 1,232,981 hectares

% of Australia: 0.16 people 0.16% per square kilometre

Zone population characteristics Zone employment characteristics 1,500 1,470

1,200 1.2%

900

Number of people 600

300

0 otal T er 65 Ov a second language English as

ndigenous 98.8% I outh (15–24) Y

Employed Unemployed

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

3 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Rural centres Population Climate characteristics* Perisher Village 148 Mean annual temperature 7.8 Celsius Mount Buller 242 Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month 20.7 Celsius Falls Creek 225 Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month -1.9 Celsius Mount Hotham 158 Mean Annual Rainfall 1387.6 mm Dinner Plain 143 Dominant rainfall season Winter

* The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) Natural Resource Management (NRM) regions representing the period prior to the onset of rapid climatic warming. Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012) Murray Local Land Services NSW Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? International Journal of Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), Riverina Local Land Services NSW 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces version 2.1 for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package). South East Local Land Services NSW For future climate projections please refer to: East Gippsland Catchment http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/ VIC Management Authority North East Catchment VIC Management Authority West Gippsland Catchment VIC Management Authority

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

4 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Native Title area National Reserve System area

16%

36%

64%

84%

Native Title area Other area NRS area Other area

Native vegetation clearance level Number of threatened species by class

2 5

1.1% 5

10 98.9%

Cleared (ha) Uncleared (ha) Plants Frogs Mammals Fish Birds Reptiles Other

Status of EPBC Act listed threatened species, communities and migratory species

Vulnerable species 40

Endangered species 27

Critically endangered species 7

Migratory species 11

Threatened ecological 3 communities

0816 24 32 40

Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).

5 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Population characteristics

Population

Population by age group Indigenous population by age group

9% 14%

31% 19% 46%

54%

27%

0–14 years 15–24 years 25–39 years 25–39 years 40–64 years 40–64 years 65 years and over

Farmer and farm managers by age group Gender of farmers and farm managers

46%

54%

40–64 years 65 years and over Male Female

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

6 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Languages spoken at home Education English 78.67% Other languages 7.81% Post-school qualication types* 120 Not stated 13.52%

100

80 Non-English languages spoken at home* 60

23.48% 20 27.83%

0 65 years and above 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old

9.57% Natural and Physical Sciences 25.22% Agriculture, Environmental and Related Studies Health and education 13.91% Architecture, building, society and culture and creative arts Information Technology, Management and Commerce and service industries

Northern European * Please note, this table omits quali cations of mixed eld, (including Scandinavia, Celtic, Germanic, Dutch) quali cations that are not adequately described, Southern European and information relating to census respondents who have not stated their quali cation or are not applicable Eastern European (i.e. Not of age to have post-school quali cation). South-East Asian East Asian

* Please note, these gures are based on the proportion of the population who indicated in the 2011 ABS Census that they spoke a language other than English at home.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

7 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Employment, volunteering and incomes

Employment

Employment status of general population* Employment by industry 90%

80% 2% 4% 2%

70% 1% 12% 60%

50%

40% 30% 12% 47% 20%

10% 4% 0% 5%

65 years 11% and above 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old

Employed Agriculture, forestry and sheries Unemployed Mining Not in labour force or not stated Manufacturing Utilities, construction and transport Employment* Please note the %status gures are of relative general to each population* of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are Employmentaggregates of the fo statusllowing Au ofstra Indigenouslian Bureau of Sta tipopulation*stics categories: Employed = Employed full-time;Health, Employed Social par Assistance,t-time; Education and training and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time 90%100% Public administration and safety work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ 80% category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the populationWholesale that is not and of r etail trade working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for Serthisvices report, 70%80%as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population. Food, accommodation, arts and recreation 60% Unknown/not stated 60% 50%

40% 40% 30%

20% 20% 10%

0% 0% 65 years 65 years and above and above ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous ndigenous I I I I 15–24 years old 25–39 years old 40–64 years old 15–24 years old 40–64 years old 25–39 years old

EmployeEmployed d UnemployeUnemployed d Not Notin labour in labour force fo orrce not or statednot stated * Please note the % gures are relative to each of the age groupings of the population. The categories above are aggregates of the following Australian Bureau of Statistics categories: Employed = Employed full-time; Employed part-time; and Employed away from work. Unemployed = Unemployed looking for full-time work; and Unemployed looking for part-time work. Not in the Labour Force or Not Stated = Not in the Labour Force; and Not Stated. Please note the ‘not applicable’ category has been omitted from the analysis. Not applicable applies to the proportion of the population that is not of working age (e.g. 0–15 year olds and retired). ABS 2011 Census Labour Force data has been utilised for this report, as the national quarterly employment gures are derived from a relatively small sample of the population.

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

8 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Volunteering Income

Volunteering rates Total household income (% of households)*

70%

3.5% 3.1% 60% 20.6% 50% 14.7%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% 65 years

and above 58% 40–64 years old 25–39 years old 15–24 years old

Not a volunteer Under $20,800 $20,800–64,999 $65,000–$103,999 Volunteer Over $104,000 Not Stated/Partially Stated Not stated or not applicable * Please note these gures have been derived from the ABS Equivalised Total Household Income (HIED)Census 2011 data. ABS data categories have been aggregated for the purposes of this report. For more information see: http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/censushome. nsf/home/statementsdwellinghied?opendocument&navpos=430 In the 2011–12 nancial year, persons who earned $67,500 or less were eligible for Low Income Tax Oset. Human Services applied the following de nitions of “low income” as eligibility criteria for the Low Income Supplement in the 2012–13 nancial year: Income below $30,000 for singles, $45,000 combined for couples, or $60,000 combined for couples or singles with a dependent child. Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice Australian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key environmental custodians.

Number of people employed in agriculture, shing, forestry and downstream industries

Agriculture industry employment (production) 23

Fishing industry employment, including production and 6 83 downstream seafood processing and wholesaling

Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data

9 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice

Feral animal control* Native vegetation protection and regeneration* (% of agricultural holdings) (% of agricultural holdings) 100% 12% 90% 10% 80% 70% 8% 60%

50% 6% 40% 4% 30%

20% 2% 10% 0% 0% k e ol tio n ther O essur eral goats F eral animals cluding stoc of f No management ther (unspeci ed ) Managing weeds eral animal contr f O Stopping mechanical or chemical destruc ncing o /ex Reducing grazing pr Fe

* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey (LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only. For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/4630.0

Sought advice when adopting Sources of advice**^ native vegetation management**

15.49% s s s s s s s No No No No No No No Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye Ye r oup oup egion nment 84.51% ch and ver tion gr e or farmer rmer gr Go Resear Fa A/NRM r tension oce oduc ex CM pr ivate consultant or agribusiness agent eers or neighbours Landcar employed facilitator P Pr

Yes No elopment Corporation Dev

** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228 broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this reason, the figures presented here are indicative only. ^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents who identified they sought advice. For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domestic-forestry/prep-for-future/drivers-practice-change.pdf

10 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas

Land tenure Land use

8% 2%

0.01% 1.6% 1.4% 1.6%

90.4% 93.5%

Crown Land – Private – Leased Conservation and Natural Environments Crown Land – Public Grazing Native Vegetation Freehold – (unkown if public or private) Production Forestry (native vegetation) No Data/Unknown Grazing Modi ed Pastures

Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program (ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to: http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/Pages/Default.aspx

Indigenous Land Councils New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council: www.alc.org.au

Native Title and Traditional Owners Traditional Owners Registered Native Title Body Corporate Hectares % of zone Gunai/Kurnai People Gunaikurnai Land & Waters Aboriginal Corporation 199,253 16.16

11 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Local Government Areas Local Government Areas Mount Baw Baw Alpine Resort Cooma-Monaro Council NSW VIC (Unincorporated) Snowy River Shire Council NSW Mount Buller Alpine Resort VIC Tumbarumba Shire Council NSW (Unincorporated) Mount Hotham Alpine Resort Tumut Council NSW VIC (Unincorporated) Alpine Shire VIC Mount Stirling Alpine Resort VIC Baw Baw Shire VIC (Unincorporated) East Gippsland Shire VIC Murrindindi Shire VIC Falls Creek Alpine Resort (Unincorporated) VIC Towong Shire VIC Lake Mountain Alpine Resort Wangaratta Rural City VIC VIC (Unincorporated) Wellington Shire VIC Mansfield Shire VIC Yarra Ranges Shire VIC

12 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Zone vegetation characteristics

Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVS) with >1% original distribution within zone 30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

0% , s ey ey ey ey ey ee rn fe ophyll) , sedges , sedges ests with ests with r r est with a r fo fo fo et scler ests and open herbs r s, fo rn , herblands or ey (w a grassy understor or oad-leavedand/or tr a shrubby understor a shrubby understor a tussock grass understor Eucalyptus woodlands with Eucalyptus woodlands with with a shrubby understor or rushes Eucalyptus open Eucalyptus open ests with fe rushes or wet tussock grasses r dense br rn underst fo Eucalyptus low open woodlands fe Eucalyptus tall open Eucalyptus (+/- tall) open et tussock grassland with herbs W Pre 1750 percentage of CMZ area Present day percentage of CMZ area

13 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.

Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present are therefore not represented.

It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.

Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.

For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-information-system

14 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands

Ramsar wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares

Ginini Flats Wetland Complex ACT 367.50 For more information on Ramsar please refer to: Blue Lake NSW 338.10 http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/water/water-our- environment/wetlands/ramsar-convention-wetlands

Nationally Important Wetlands Jurisdiction Hectares Criteria Upper Buchan River VIC 1,125.39 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Yaouk Swamp NSW 332.92 1 Suggan Buggan and Berrima Rivers VIC 181.17 2, 3, 4 Tomneys Plain NSW 107.47 1 Davies Plain VIC 57.04 3, 5 Blue Lake (Kosciuszko) NSW 41.30 1, 4, 5 Central Highlands Peatlands VIC 35.82 1 Mt Buffalo Peatlands VIC 22.69 1 Nuniong Plateau Peatlands VIC 11.83 1 The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and Caledonia Fen VIC 9.45 1 distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape. Howqua River VIC 0.28 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Nursery Swamp ACT 0.12 1, 6 Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation mapping. Rock Flats ACT 0.12 1 The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types across Rennex Gap NSW 0.12 1, 3 Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums Snowgum Flat NSW 0.12 1, (e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type Rotten Swamp ACT 0.12 1, 6 occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present are therefore not represented. Scabby Range Lake ACT 0.12 2 Snowy Flats ACT 0.12 5, It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is Ginini and Cheyenne Flats ACT 0.12 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy. Cotter Source Bog ACT 0.10 1, 6, 2 Big River VIC 0.04 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria: discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia. 1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia. For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia. 2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major wetland system/complex. 3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or provides a refuge when In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass understory adverse conditions such as drought prevail. 4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa. originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone (58.7% of 5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or vulnerable at the national level. this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical Savannah zone, 6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance. Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more information on Nationally this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately 19.4% of the zone Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directory-important-wetlands-australia-third-edition (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.

15 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands World and National Heritage

Heritage Heritage values World or National Heritage type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone Australian Alps National National Heritage Natural NSW 748,286 60.69 Parks and Reserves

Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these heritage values: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australian-heritage-database For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage

16 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Major National Reserve System properties

Major National Reserve System properties IUCN Name Property type Jurisdiction Hectares % of zone category Kosciuszko National Park II NSW 363,269 29.5 Alpine National Park II VIC 298,156 24.2 Namadgi National Park II ACT 30,879 2.5 Namadgi Wilderness Zone IB ACT 22,249 1.8 Yarra Ranges National Park II VIC 19,271 1.6 Mount Buffalo National Park II VIC 9,701 0.8 Baw Baw National Park II VIC 7,637 0.6 Bimberi Nature Reserve II NSW 5,973 0.5 Scabby Range Nature Reserve IA NSW 4,873 0.4 Avon Wilderness Park IB VIC 4,235 0.3 Yaouk Nature Reserve IA NSW 2,719 0.2 Nunniong Plain N.F.S.R. Natural Features Reserve III VIC 2,318 0.2 Burrowa National Park II VIC 2,225 0.2 – Pine Mountain Mount Skene N.F.S.R. Natural Features Reserve III VIC 1,944 0.2 Mount Gibbo N.F.S.R. Natural Features Reserve III VIC 1,329 0.1 Nunnett Plain N.F.S.R. Natural Features Reserve III VIC 1,179 0.1 Wabba Wilderness Park IB VIC 1,172 0.1 Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve II ACT 984 0.1 Remote and Natural Area – Yarrarabulla R.N.A VI VIC 761 0.1 not scheduled under NPA Mount Sarah N.F.S.R. Natural Features Reserve III VIC 690 0.1 Spring Creek Reference Area IA VIC 683 0.1

The IUCN categories are as follows: Ia Strict Nature Reserve IUCN protected area management categories Ib Wilderness Area classify protected areas according to their II National Park management objectives. The categories are recognised by international bodies such as III Natural Monument or Feature the United Nations and are utilised by many IV Habitat/Species Management Area national governments, including the Australian V Protected Landscape/ Seascape Government, as the global standard for VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources defining and recording protected areas.

Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation: http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/ For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system

Source: Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database 2012.

17 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities

Threatened ecological communities Name Listing status % of total distribution* % of zone** Alpine Sphagnum Bogs and Associated Fens Endangered 24.3 98.9 Natural Temperate Grassland of the Southern Tablelands of NSW and Endangered 2.8 7.1 the Australian Capital Territory White Box-Yellow Box-Blakely’s Critically Red Gum Grassy Woodland and 2.5 49.0 Endangered Derived Native Grassland * % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may be to find within the zone.

The threatened ecological communities above are listed underThe Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. For more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities

18 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands EPBC Act (1999) threatened species

Threatened mammals % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Mountain Pygmy-possum Burramys parvus Endangered 98.94 6.7 Leadbeater’s Possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri Endangered 27.81 3.3 Konoom, Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus Endangered 25.06 13.0 Spot-tailed Quoll, Dasyurus maculatus maculatus Spotted-tail Quoll, Tiger Quoll Endangered 4.32 61.4 (SE mainland population) (southeastern mainland population) Long-footed Potoroo Potorous longipes Endangered 2.32 1.7 Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata Vulnerable 0.94 3.1 Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus Vulnerable 0.18 2.5 Koala (combined populations of Queensland, New South Wales and Phascolarctos cinereus Vulnerable 0.09 3.0 the Australian Capital Territory) May be May be Long-nosed Potoroo (SE mainland) Potorous tridactylus tridactylus Vulnerable present present

Threatened birds % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus Endangered 1.04 31.3 Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor Endangered 0.02 0.24 Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis Endangered 0.01 0.10 Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia Endangered 0.01 0.21 Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii Vulnerable 0.01 0.10

19 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Threatened reptiles % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Alpine She-oak Skink Cyclodomorphus praealtus Endangered 99.97 3.64 Guthega Skink Liopholis guthega Endangered 99.82 4.36 Pink-tailed Worm-lizard, Aprasia parapulchella Vulnerable 0.08 0.25 Pink-tailed Legless Lizard May be May be Grassland Earless Dragon Tympanocryptis pinguicolla Endangered present present May be May be Striped Legless Lizard Delma impar Vulnerable present present

20 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Other threatened fauna % of total % of Common name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Critically Southern Corroboree Frog Pseudophryne corroboree 100 0.36 Endangered Baw Baw Frog Philoria frosti Endangered 99.78 0.52 Alpine Tree Frog, Verreaux’s Alpine Tree Frog Litoria verreauxii alpina Vulnerable 98.39 18.73 Alpine Stonefly Thaumatoperla alpina Endangered 50.33 6.31 Barred Galaxias Galaxias fuscus Endangered 41.82 1.07 Critically Northern Corroboree Frog Pseudophryne pengilleyi 39.58 1.18 Endangered Spotted Tree Frog Litoria spenceri Endangered 29.43 19.58 Giant Burrowing Frog Heleioporus australiacus Vulnerable 2.91 14.49 Booroolong Frog Litoria booroolongensis Endangered 2.34 2.79 Growling Grass Frog, Southern Bell Frog, Green and Golden Frog, Litoria raniformis Vulnerable 1.28 22.53 Warty Swamp Frog Yellow-spotted Tree Frog, Litoria castanea Endangered 0.72 1.28 Yellow-spotted Bell Frog Eastern Dwarf Galaxias, Dwarf Galaxias Galaxiella pusilla Vulnerable 0.18 0.13 Australian Grayling Prototroctes maraena Vulnerable 0.06 0.05 Critically May be May be Golden Sun Moth Synemon plana Endangered present present May be May be Trout Cod Maccullochella macquariensis Endangered present present May be May be Macquarie Perch Macquaria australasica Endangered present present May be May be Littlejohn’s Tree Frog, Heath Frog Litoria littlejohni Vulnerable present present Maccullochella peelii May be May be Murray Cod Vulnerable present present

21 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Threatened flora % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Anemone Buttercup Ranunculus anemoneus Vulnerable 100 2.31 Epilobium brunnescens Bog Willow-herb Vulnerable 100 0.03 subsp. beaugleholei Bogong Eyebright Euphrasia eichleri Vulnerable 100 0.78 Feldmark Grass Rytidosperma pumilum Vulnerable 100 0.22 Kelleria Kelleria laxa Vulnerable 100 0.05 Euphrasia crassiuscula Thick Eyebright Vulnerable 100 0.15 subsp. glandulifera None Carex paupera Vulnerable 99.93 1.35 Shining Cudweed Argyrotegium nitidulum Vulnerable 94.11 8.38 None Lobelia gelida Vulnerable 90.62 0.70 Alpine Leafy Liverwort Pseudocephalozia paludicola Vulnerable 82.59 0.15 Maidenhair Spleenwort Asplenium hookerianum Vulnerable 58.22 0.44 Critically Blue-tongued Orchid, Kiandra Greenhood Pterostylis oreophila 57.78 48.12 Endangered Monaro Golden Daisy Rutidosis leiolepis Vulnerable 54.64 3.33 Critically Bago Leek-orchid Prasophyllum bagoense 51.38 2.71 Endangered Nematolepis squamea Harsh Nematolepis Vulnerable 30.05 0.05 subsp. coriacea Fern-leaf Baeckea Sannantha crenulata Vulnerable 22.8 0.16 Euphrasia collina Purple Eyebright, Mueller’s Eyebright Endangered 13.98 0.31 subsp. muelleri Brindabella Midge-orchid, Critically Corunastylis ectopa 13.92 0.02 Ectopic Midge-orchid Endangered Mauve Burr-daisy Calotis glandulosa Vulnerable 10.34 7.34 None Gentiana baeuerlenii Endangered 8.84 0.04 Haloragis Wingless Raspwort, Square Raspwort Vulnerable 5.62 1.77 exalata subsp. exalata Lemon-scented Zieria Zieria citriodora Vulnerable 5.59 0.03 Pale Golden Moths Diuris ochroma Vulnerable 5.45 0.14 Austral Toadfla x, Toadfla x Thesium australe Vulnerable 4.9 63.10 Small Snake Orchid, Two-leaved Golden Moths, Diuris pedunculata Endangered 3.07 1.01 Golden Moths, Cowslip Orchid, Snake Orchid East Lynne Midge-orchid Genoplesium vernale Vulnerable 1.75 0.17 Leucochrysum Hoary Sunray, Grassland Paper-daisy Endangered 1.4 4.41 albicans var. tricolor Clover Glycine, Purple Clover Glycine latrobeana Vulnerable 0.85 7.80 Maroon Leek-orchid, Slaty Leek-orchid, Stout Leek-orchid, French’s Leek-orchid, Prasophyllum frenchii Endangered 0.22 0.70 Swamp Leek-orchid Swamp Everlasting Xerochrysum palustre Vulnerable 0.21 0.22

22 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Threatened flora % of total % of Common Name Scientific name Status distribution* zone** Critically Don’s Spider Orchid Caladenia cremna 0.19 0.003 Endangered Leafy Greenhood Pterostylis cucullata Vulnerable 0.04 0.04

* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species that is found within the zone. ** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in. The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone. The above species are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

23 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands EPBC Act (1999) migratory species

Migratory birds Migratory birds Common name Scientific name Common name Scientific name Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus Cattle Egret Ardea ibis Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca Great Egret, White-bellied Ardea alba Haliaeetus leucogaster White Egret Sea-Eagle Latham’s Snipe, White-throated Gallinago hardwickii Hirundapus caudacutus Japanese Snipe Needletail Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe (sensu lato)

24 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands EPBC Act (1999) migratory species Threatened endemic species

Migratory birds Migratory birds Threatened endemic species Common name Scientific name Common name Scientific name Taxonomic group Scientific name Reservation status EPBC Act status IUCN status Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus Plants Carex paupera Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Critically Cattle Egret Ardea ibis Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons Plants Prasophyllum bagoense Recorded in reserves n/a Endangered Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca Plants Deyeuxia pungens Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Great Egret, White-bellied Ardea alba Haliaeetus leucogaster White Egret Sea-Eagle Plants Rytidosperma pumilum Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Latham’s Snipe, White-throated Gallinago hardwickii Hirundapus caudacutus Plants Euphrasia eichleri Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Japanese Snipe Needletail Plants Kelleria laxa Recorded in reserves Vulnerable n/a Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe (sensu lato)

25 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands http:// -natural- The colour grids and numbers are an indication of the location and number of endemic species that have all their known range outside of the National Reserve Concentrations System. of unreserved endemic species may be useful focal areas for private land conservation efforts. Endemism analyses were provided by the Australian Government Department Environmentof Australian Natural Heritage Assessment Tool (ANHAT). The ANHAT database has been compiled from specimens and site records held in state agency wildlife atlases, museum collections, and the work of individual researchers. moreFor information please refer to: www.environment. gov.au/topics/heritage/ publications-and-resources/ australian heritage-assessment-tool s Z n s s l e s ce ie d ve ude ra l th .

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26 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Invasive species

Invasive mammals Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat Felis catus 0.16 100.0 Domestic Dog Canis lupus familiaris 0.49 100.0 Rabbit, European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus 0.23 100.0 Red Fox, Fox Vulpes vulpes 0.2 100.0 Brown Hare Lepus capensis 1.24 100.0 Black Rat, Ship Rat Rattus rattus 1.06 95.4 Feral deer species in Australia Various 2.91 90.5 House Mouse Mus musculus 0.28 81.9 Pig Sus scrofa 0.28 79.0 Domestic Cattle Bos taurus 0.53 72.9 Goat Capra hircus 0.41 71.9 Horse Equus caballus 0.57 68.6 Brown Rat, Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus 0.06 0.9

Other invasive fauna Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula 1.35 100.0 Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris 0.57 100.0 European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis 1.38 100.0 House Sparrow Passer domesticus 0.42 100.0 Skylark Alauda arvensis 1.91 100.0 Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon Columba livia 0.41 84.8 Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus 2.04 45.9 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 0.68 39.1 Spotted Turtle-Dove Streptopelia chinensis 0.56 38.1 Common Myna, Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis 0.86 36.2 European Greenfinch Carduelis chloris 0.89 14.3 Song Thrush Turdus philomelos 2.94 9.5

* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

27 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Invasive flora Common name Scientific name % of total distribution* % of zone** Blackberry, European Blackberry Rubus fruticosus aggregate 1.48 100.0 Salix spp. except Willows except Weeping Willow, S.babylonica, S.x 1.87 100.0 Pussy Willow and Sterile Pussy Willow calodendron & S.x reichardtii Broom, English Broom, Scotch Broom, Common Broom, Cytisus scoparius 3.6 69.5 Scottish Broom, Spanish Broom Gorse, Furze Ulex europaeus 1.87 60.3 Serrated Tussock, Yass River Tussock, Nassella trichotoma 2.11 49.6 Yass Tussock, Nassella Tussock (NZ) Radiata Pine Monterey Pine, Insignis Pinus radiata 1.15 42.6 Pine, Wilding Pine Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper, Asparagus asparagoides 0.56 37.4 Smilax, Florist’s Smilax, Smilax Asparagus Chrysanthemoides Boneseed 0.68 17.6 monilifera subsp. monilifera African Boxthorn, Boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum 0.39 16.5 Bitou Bush, Boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera 0.35 15.8 Chilean Needle grass Nassella neesiana 0.68 14.5 Montpellier Broom, Cape Broom, Canary Broom, Common Broom, Genista monspessulana 0.93 11.3 French Broom, Soft Broom Genista sp. X Broom 0.5 10.6 Genista monspessulana Prickly Pears Opuntia spp. 0.06 1.9 Fireweed, Madagascar Ragwort, Senecio madagascariensis 0.09 1.1 Madagascar Groundsel Salvinia, Giant Salvinia, Salvinia molesta 0.04 1.0 Aquarium Watermoss, Kariba Weed Prickly Pears Cylindropuntia spp. 0.09 0.5 Flax-leaved Broom, Genista linifolia 0.08 0.3 Mediterranean Broom, Flax Broom * % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone. ** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.

It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**) indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone. For more information on invasive species please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species

28 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Vegetation profiles and management recommendations

Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.

The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.

29 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

25.83% 25.79%

99.86% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus pauciflora; Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus rubida; Eucalyptus croajingolensis; Eucalyptus viminalis; Coprosma hirtella; Polyscias sambucifolia; Daviesia ulicifolia; y

Dianella tasmanica/tussock grass; Lomandra longifolia; -1750 Pre

Derwentia derwentiana. esent da Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Ban firewood and Manage grazing Natural regeneration Please seek advice If few, or no hollow Hand pulling, Control feral grazers bush rock removal. practices including and retention of from your local NRM bearing trees spot spraying and (deer, rabbits, goats) avoiding high- existing remnants organisation prior are present then weed wiping are and erect fences Maintain a intensity set stocking. should be to undertaking any place nest boxes appropriate weed where appropriate 30–50 metre native Limit or exclude prioritised over fire management for mammals and control measures. (e.g. of stock dams, vegetation buffer grazing during restoration planting. actions. birds on larger trees individual guards for around remnants drought periods and within remnants. Prevent weed highly palatable to protect against during Spring and Do not plant trees/ A minimum fire Monitor boxes introduction young plants). incursion by feral Summer when native shrubs into good interval of five regularly (once every through maintaining predators, weeds ground cover is in condition sites. years, maximum of three months) to hygiene protocols Control feral and spray drift. flower or seed. 40 years is check for invasive and minimising predators including Replant native, recommended. species, such soil disturbance. foxes, dogs, cats Retain standing indigenous species Avoid herbicide and as Indian Myna. and pigs. dead trees and pesticide application if the site shows Apply mosaic fallen timber. in or near remnants. no signs of natural burning in small regeneration. Plant areas at staggered Protect travelling Avoid soil trees and shrubs at intervals. Retain stock reserves compaction from the same density unburnt areas. from over-grazing. vehicles/machinery evident in local, or stock camps. good quality sites. Ensure that Protect paddock appropriate trees. Use high weed control quality seed, of measures follow any local provenance burning activity. if possible.

30 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Eucalyptus tall open forests and open forests with ferns, herbs, sedges, rushes or wet tussock grasses vegetation profile

Change in extent

22.20% 22.24%

100% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus radiata; Eucalyptus obliqua; Eucalyptus delegatensis; Eucalyptus regnans; Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus viminalis;

Dicksonia antarctica; Cassinia longifolia; Cassinia aculeata; y

Coprosma hirtella; Coprosma quadrifida; Olearia phlogopappa; -1750 Pre

Polyscias sambucifolia; Tetrarrhena juncea; Poa sieberiana; esent da Dianella tasmanica; Lomandra longifolia. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Protect hollow-bearing trees.

Create buffer zones around remnants.

Maintain standing dead trees and fallen timber.

31 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Eucalyptus open forests with a grassy understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

12.66% 12.19%

96.28% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus macrorhyncha; Eucalyptus dalrympleana; Eucalyptus pauciflora; Eucalyptus globulus;

Eucalyptus goniocalyx; Cassinia longifolia; Cassinia y

aculeata; Hardenbergia violacea; Poa sieberiana; Epilobium -1750 Pre billardierianum; Joycea pallida; Lomatia myricoides; esent da Dianella revoluta. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Protect remnants from clearing.

Protect hollow-bearing trees.

Protect standing dead trees and fallen timber.

32 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Eucalyptus low open woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

9.06% 9.06%

99.97% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus pauciflora; Olearia phlogopappa; Pultenaea forsythiana; Daviesia ulicifolia;Tasmannia xerophila;

Senecio gunnii; Brachyscome aculeata; Oreomyrrhis y

eriopoda; Stylidium graminifolium; Coprosma hirtella; -1750 Pre

Lomatia myricoides; Polyscias sambucifolia; forbs; esent da tussock grass; rush. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Ban firewood and Manage grazing Natural regeneration bush rock removal. regimes and avoid and retention of high-intensity existing remnants Retain standing set stocking. should be dead trees and prioritised over fallen timber. Avoid fertiliser restoration planting. drift from adjacent Protect travelling crops and pastures. stock reserves from over-grazing.

Protect paddock trees.

33 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Wet tussock grassland with herbs, sedges or rushes, herblands or ferns vegetation profile

Change in extent

7.22% 7.01%

97.03% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Epacris brevifolia; Hakea micrantha; Callistemon pityoides; Poa spp; Rytidosperma nudiflora; Agrostis meionectes; tussock grasses. y -1750 Pre esent da Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Maintain fencing Exclude stock. Develop and Eradicate/control Remove and exclude to control implement suitable weeds including exotic hooved domestic stock fire management Salix spp. Willows. animals from and prevent access strategies to protect remnant patches to national parks Alpine Sphagnum Undertake early from private lands Bogs and Associated detection and and State Forests. Fens ecological eradication community. of founder Prevent grazing populations of new pressure by invasive weeds. exclusion fencing or other barriers. Manage public access to prevent Protect from spread of weeds changes to water and plant disease. flow that may impact adversely on sites.

34 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Eucalyptus woodlands with a tussock grass understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

6.65% 6.52%

97.99% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus rubida; Eucalyptus radiata; Eucalyptus pauciflora; Eucalyptus blakelyi; Eucalyptus macrorhyncha; Cassinia aculeata; Pimelea linifolia; Callitris y

endlicheri; Brachyloma daphnoides; Calytrix tetragona; -1750 Pre

Stypandra glauca; Wahlenbergia stricta; Senecio tenuiflorus; esent da Dianella tasmanica; Themeda triandra. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Purchase into reserve Avoid fertiliser drift or Natural regeneration Apply mosaic Don’t stockpile Control feral grazers where possible. run-off from adjacent and retention of burning in topsoil within (deer, rabbits, goats) crops and pastures. existing remnants small areas at remnant areas. and erect fences Encourage should be staggered intervals. where appropriate. conservation Limit grazing during prioritised over Use machinery agreements drought periods and restoration planting. Retain unburnt areas. hygiene protocols Control feral and covenants rest from grazing to prevent weed predators: foxes, on private land. during native ground Do not plant trees/ Be aware that spread, including dogs, cats and pigs. cover flowering shrubs into good some weed if ripping to Ban firewood and and seeding. condition sites. species increase control rabbits. Do not push fallen bush rock collection. with burning. timber into stacks Do not graze above Replant native, or windrows Protect from historic levels – indigenous species Use minimum as these form disturbance due do not graze if has if the site shows fire interval of five harbours for foxes, to road widening, never previously no signs of natural years, maximum of rabbits and cats. maintenance and been grazed. regeneration. Plant 40 years. other development trees and shrubs at Do not permit Burn after natives activities. Maintain the same density commercial apiarists have seeded but 80% groundcover evident in local, to place bee hives Protect before weeds flower minimum good quality sites. within the area. standing dead trees, at all times. and seed. hollow-bearing Use high trees, fallen quality seed, of dead timber local provenance and leaf litter. if possible.

35 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Eucalyptus open forests with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile

Change in extent

6.32% 6.06%

95.87% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus dives; Eucalyptus obliqua; Eucalyptus mannifera; Eucalyptus cypellocarpa; Cassinia longifolia;

Daviesia latifolia; Daviesia ulicifolia; Monotoca scoparia; y

Coprosma quadrifida; Stypandra glauca; Hibbertia -1750 Pre obtusifolia; Poa australis; Dianella tasmanica. esent da Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Protect remnants from clearing.

Protect hollow-bearing trees.

Protect standing dead trees and fallen timber.

36 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands Eucalyptus (+/- tall) open forest with a dense broad-leaved and/or tree-fern understorey (wet sclerophyll) vegetation profile

Change in extent

6.20% 6.16%

99.4% Remaining

Commonly found species within this community Eucalyptus delegatensis; Eucalyptus regnans; Eucalyptus nitens; Eucalyptus obliqua; Dicksonia antarctica; Cyathea australis;

Tetrarrhena juncea; Polystichum proliferum; Blechnum wattsii; y

Histiopteris incisa; Coprosma hirtella; Daviesia ulicifolia; Stylidium -1750 Pre graminifolium; Sambucus gaudichaudiana; Dianella tasmanica; esent da Deyeuxia monticolafern; fern; rush; forb; tussock grass. Pr

Management recommendations

Protection Sustainable Rehabilitation Fire Wildlife Weed Feral Disease Agricultural Management Management Management Animal Management Practice Management

Protect Prescribed burning Manage exotic hollow-bearing trees. is not supported by pests including ecological studies. foxes, goats, rabbits Maintain standing and feral pigs. dead trees and fallen timber. Manage foxes and rabbits simultaneously to avoid foxes switching to predation on native species, or increases in rabbit populations.

37 / Conservation Management Zones of Australia, Australian Alps Montane Grasslands and Heathlands ALC100.0915