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User-Oriented Campus Routing Master thesis User-Oriented Campus Routing Armand KAPAJ 2018 User-Oriented Campus Routing submitted for the academic degree of Master of Science (M.Sc.) conducted at the Department of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering Technical University of Munich Author: Armand Kapaj Study course: Cartography M.Sc. Supervisors: Juliane Cron, M.Sc. (TUM) Prof. Dr. Georg Gartner (TUW) Cooperation: Dr. Jan Wilkening (Esri Deutschland GmbH) Chair of the Thesis Assessment Board: Prof. Dr. Liqiu Meng Date of submission: 14.09.2018 Statement of authorship Statement of Authorship Herewith I declare that I am the sole author of the submitted Master’s thesis entitled: “User-Oriented Campus Routing” I have fully referenced the ideas and work of others, whether published or unpublished. Literal or analogous citations are clearly marked as such. Munich, 14.09.2018 Armand KAPAJ ii Acknowledgment Acknowledgment The completion of this thesis could not have been possible without the participation and assistance of many people and I would like to take a moment to express my sincere gratitude to everyone involved. First and foremost I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my first supervisor and the coordinator of this Master Programme, M.Sc. Juliane Cron. Thank you for your extraordinary support, assistance, insights, suggestions, valuable comments and your guidance during this wonderful journey. I would like to express my very great appreciation to Dr. Jan Wilkening, my supervisor from Esri for his invaluable guidance, constructive suggestions and comments in completing this thesis. Many thanks for all the arrangements during my time at Esri, and especially for making me feel at home. Additionally, I would like to thank everyone from the education team at Esri for creating such a friendly working environment. I would like to show my sincere thanks to my second supervisor Prof. Dr. Georg Gartner for his useful critiques and recommendations during my research proposal and mid-term presentation. I would also like to extend my thanks to all the 46 participants who participated in my user studies. Thanks for your time and valuable feedback. You were a great help to my work. The completion of this thesis brings to the end of this two years journey. Therefore, I would like to thank everyone involved in this programme from TU Munich, TU Vienna, TU Dresden and ITC. Thanks to every single one of you for making this master programme such an amazing academic and personal experience. In addition, I would like to extend my thanks to my classmates and everyone from the Erasmus “world” that I had the chance to meet. I also would like to express my gratitude to all my friends for their interest in this thesis and for the great motivation and trust in me. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and my sister for their unconditional support and love. iii Abstract Abstract University campuses constitute highly complex architectural buildings with many entrance points, connection routes, confusing numbering and naming systems, lack of adequate signage, etc. These campuses deal with a high fluctuation of first time user groups such as new students and visitors that end up getting lost due to the lack of appropriate interactive campus routing systems. For effective and efficient indoor navigation systems cartographic principles related to map design and visualization should be utilized. However, indoor cartography is still a “territory to be discovered”. This thesis illustrates how a cartographically appealing campus routing system that facilitates the navigation process of various user groups in complex university campuses can be designed and developed. The main criteria for an interactive 3D web application that combines the visualization of indoor spaces for an effective and user- friendly route planning and route communication are outlined. As a case study for this thesis, the main building of the Technical University of Munich main campus is used. An exemplary workflow from the raw data, to the campus basemap and finally to a fully interactive 3D routing published as a web application is described. To investigate the cartographic design and visualization methods applied to the developed campus routing system, two user evaluations were designed and conducted. The first user evaluation focused on campus map design and the visualization of interior spaces. This evaluation used an expert-based method to gather feedback from experienced user in the field of map design and visualization techniques. The second user study was conducted to evaluate the usability and utility of the developed campus routing system, by measuring its effectiveness, efficiency and users’ satisfaction. A user-based method was applied for this evaluation and first time visitors were chosen as the target group for this evaluation. According to the results gathered from these two user studies, it can be concluded that a campus routing system makes use of structural indoor features to plan and convey the route in an effective and efficient way. Users stated that they were satisfied with the developed 3D web application and would like to use it for other university campuses. Keywords: campus routing system, 3D web application, indoor navigation, indoor wayfinding, indoor cartography, map design, usability and utility, user study iv Table of contents Table of contents 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Motivation and problem statement ........................................................................... 2 1.3 Research goals and objectives ................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research questions and hypothesis ......................................................................... 4 1.5 Scope and limitations ................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Overview of contents .................................................................................................... 6 2 State of the art and theoretical background........................................................ 7 2.1 Indoor navigation systems .......................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Indoor positioning .................................................................................................. 7 2.1.2 Route planning ....................................................................................................... 9 2.1.3 Route communication ........................................................................................ 11 2.2 Indoor data visualization ............................................................................................ 12 2.2.1 Visualization of indoor spaces .......................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Landmarks in indoor navigation systems ....................................................... 15 2.2.3 User interface design .......................................................................................... 17 2.3 Evaluation of interactive web map applications .................................................... 19 2.4 Campus routing systems ........................................................................................... 22 3 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 28 3.1 Research design .......................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Data pre-processing ................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Data processing ........................................................................................................... 30 3.4 Interactive web map applications ............................................................................ 31 3.5 Campus routing evaluation – user studies ............................................................ 33 4 Case study......................................................................................................... 34 4.1 The TUM Campus ....................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Software used .............................................................................................................. 35 4.3 Development of the TUM Campus Routing System ............................................ 36 4.3.1 Indoor data pre-processing ............................................................................... 37 v Table of contents 4.3.2 Indoor data processing ....................................................................................... 41 4.3.3 Campus routing web application ...................................................................... 51 4.4 User Studies ................................................................................................................. 54 4.4.1 First evaluation: Map design and visualization .............................................. 54 4.4.2 Second evaluation: Usability and utility ........................................................... 56 5 Results .............................................................................................................
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